In 1875, German scientists found spiral bacteria in the lining of the human stomach; the bacteria could not be grown in culture and the results were eventually forgotten[2]. In 1892, the Italian researcher Giulio Bizzozero described spiral bacteria living in the acidic environment of the stomach of dogs. Professor Walery Jaworski of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków investigated sediments of gastric washings obtained from humans in 1899 ...

See also:

Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter pylori - History, Helicobacter pylori - Structure of the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori - Infection and diagnosis, Helicobacter pylori - Treatment, Helicobacter pylori - Gastric cancer connection, Helicobacter pylori - Acid reflux and esophageal cancer, Helicobacter pylori - Genome studies of different strains

Read more here: » Helicobacter pylori: Encyclopedia II - Helicobacter pylori - History

Classical causes of ulcers (tobacco smoking, blood groups, spices and a large array of strange things) are of relatively minor importance in the development of peptic ulcers. A major causative factor (90% of gastric and 75% of duodenal ulcers) is chronic inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori, a spirochaete that inhabits the antral mucosa and increases gastrin production. Gastrin, in turn, stimulates t ...

See also:

Peptic ulcer, Peptic ulcer - Signs and symptoms, Peptic ulcer - Diagnosis, Peptic ulcer - Pathophysiology, Peptic ulcer - Epidemiology, Peptic ulcer - Treatment

Read more here: » Peptic ulcer: Encyclopedia II - Peptic ulcer - Pathophysiology

Campylobacteriosis is among the most common bacterial infections of humans. It produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea or dysentery syndrome. It is responsible for proctocolitis in participants of anoreceptive intercourse, bacteremia in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised patients, and travelers' diarrhea. Helicobacter pylori is closely related to Campylobacter and causes peptic ulcer disease. Campylobacteriosis - Epidemiology. An estimated 2 million cases of Campylobacte ...

Including:

• Campylobacteriosis - Epidemiology
• Campylobacteriosis - Pathophysiology
• Campylobacteriosis - Features
• Campylobacteriosis - Diagnosis
• Campylobacteriosis - Treatment
• Campylobacteriosis - Prognosis
• Campylobacteriosis - Prevention

Read more here: » Campylobacteriosis: Encyclopedia - Campylobacteriosis

Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. For example, the medicinal compound hydroxyurea (old British Approved Name) is now hydroxycarbamide. Urea - Physiology. The individual atoms of urea come from carbon dioxide, water, aspartate and ammonia in a ...

Including:

• Urea - Physiology
• Urea - Discovery
• Urea - Commercial Production
• Urea - Industrial use
• Urea - Laboratory use
• Urea - Medical use
• Urea - Drug use
• Urea - Physiological diagnosis
• Urea - Other diagnostic use

Read more here: » Urea: Encyclopedia - Urea

Barry J. Marshall, MBBS (born 30 September 1951 in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia) is an Australian physician and Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. He is well-known for proving that the bacteria Helicobacter pylori is the cause of most stomach ulcers, reversing decades of medical doctrine which held that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. Professor Marshall (Medicine and Pharmacology) completed his undergraduate medical degree at UWA in 1974. He met Robin ...

Including:

• Barry Marshall - Other awards

Read more here: » Barry Marshall: Encyclopedia - Barry Marshall

Pancreatic cancer (also called cancer of the pancreas) is represented by the growth of a malignant tumour within the small pancreas organ. Each year about 31,000 individuals in the United States are diagnosed with this condition, with more than 60,000 in Europe. Pancreatic cancer - Types. M8140/3: The most common form of this disease is known as adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. It is one of the most lethal forms of cancer with few victims still alive 5 years after diagnosis, and complete remissi ...

Including:

• Pancreatic cancer - Types
• Pancreatic cancer - Risk factors
• Pancreatic cancer - Diagnosis
• Pancreatic cancer - Treatment
• Pancreatic cancer - Prognosis
• Pancreatic cancer - Prevention
• Pancreatic cancer - Victims of pancreatic cancer all deceased

Read more here: » Pancreatic cancer: Encyclopedia - Pancreatic cancer

The University of Adelaide The University of Adelaide (or Adelaide University) is located in Adelaide, South Australia. It was founded in 1874, making it the third oldest university in Australia. It is a member of the "Group of Eight", an association of research intensive Australian universities. The main campus of the University is at North Terrace in the central business district of Adelaide, but it has four other campuses; Roseworthy, Wait ...

Including:

• University of Adelaide - History
• University of Adelaide - Academia
• University of Adelaide - Alumni
• University of Adelaide - Student Organisations
• University of Adelaide - Campuses
• University of Adelaide - North Terrace
• University of Adelaide - Waite
• University of Adelaide - Roseworthy
• University of Adelaide - Thebarton
• University of Adelaide - Residential Colleges
• University of Adelaide - External link

Read more here: » University of Adelaide: Encyclopedia - University of Adelaide

Virulence is a term used to refer to either the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent. Virulence - Virulent bacteriophage. Virulent phage infect their bacterial hosts and lyse them after intracellular propagation. Rather than integrating their genome in the host genome a production of new phage progeny is started. Virulence - Virulent bacteria. The ability of bacteria to cause disease is described in ...

Including:

• Virulence - Virulent bacteriophage
• Virulence - Virulent bacteria
• Virulence - Virulent virus

Read more here: » Virulence: Encyclopedia - Virulence

Symptoms of a peptic ulcer can be: Abdominal pain; Hematemesis (vomiting blood); Melena (tarry feces due to oxidised iron from hemoglobin); Weight loss; Rarely, an ulcer can lead to a gastric or duodenal perforation. This is extremely painful and requires immediate surgery. A history of heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and use of certain forms of medication can raise the suspicion for peptic ulcer. Medicines associated with peptic ulcer are NSAID (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs) that inhibit cyclooxygenas ...

See also:

Peptic ulcer, Peptic ulcer - Signs and symptoms, Peptic ulcer - Diagnosis, Peptic ulcer - Pathophysiology, Peptic ulcer - Epidemiology, Peptic ulcer - Treatment

Read more here: » Peptic ulcer: Encyclopedia II - Peptic ulcer - Signs and symptoms

The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. Although highly controversial when first proposed, it is now a cornerstone of modern medicine and clinical microbiology, leading to such important innovations as antibiotics and hygienic practices. Germ theory of disease - Historical view of disease. The historical view is that disease was spontaneously generated instead of being created by microorganisms w ...

Including:

• Germ theory of disease - Historical view of disease
• Germ theory of disease - List of pathogenic / microorganism theories

Read more here: » Germ theory of disease: Encyclopedia - Germ theory of disease

Younger patients with ulcer-like symptoms are often treated with antacids or H2 antagonists before EGD is undertaken. Bismuth compounds may actually reduce or even clear organisms. When H. pylori infection is present, the most effective treatments are combinations of 2 antibiotics (e.g. Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, Metronidazole) and 1 proton pump inhibitor (PPI). An effective combination would be Amoxicillin + Metronidazole + Pantoprazole (a PPI). In the absence of H. pylori, ...

See also:

Peptic ulcer, Peptic ulcer - Signs and symptoms, Peptic ulcer - Diagnosis, Peptic ulcer - Pathophysiology, Peptic ulcer - Epidemiology, Peptic ulcer - Treatment

Read more here: » Peptic ulcer: Encyclopedia II - Peptic ulcer - Treatment

Apitherapy is the medical use of honeybee products. This can include the use of honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly, and bee venom, but most commonly refers to use of bee venom, called bee venom therapy (BVT). Beekeepers have noted anecdotally that bee stings help arthritis, and other inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Recently there has been more interest in studying bee venom for other autoimmune diseases. In some cases, bee venom is used to treat chronic symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Assoc ...

Including:

• Apitherapy - External link

Read more here: » Apitherapy: Encyclopedia - Apitherapy

In Western countries the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections roughly matches age (i.e., 20% at age 20, 30% at age 30, 80% at age 80 etc). Prevalence is higher in third world countries. Transmission is by food and human contact, sharing food utensils etc. A minority of cases of Helicobacter infection will eventually lead to an ulcer and a larger proportion of people will get non-spec ...

See also:

Peptic ulcer, Peptic ulcer - Signs and symptoms, Peptic ulcer - Diagnosis, Peptic ulcer - Pathophysiology, Peptic ulcer - Epidemiology, Peptic ulcer - Treatment

Read more here: » Peptic ulcer: Encyclopedia II - Peptic ulcer - Epidemiology

In patients in whom peptic ulcer is suspected, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, a form of endoscopy) is indicated. By direct visual identification, the location and severity of an ulcer can be described. Moreover, if no ulcer is present, EGD can often provide an alternative diagnosis. The diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori can be by: Biopsy during EGD; Breath testing (does not require EGD); Direct culture from an EGD biopsy specimen; Direct detection of urease activity in a biopsy sp ...

See also:

Peptic ulcer, Peptic ulcer - Signs and symptoms, Peptic ulcer - Diagnosis, Peptic ulcer - Pathophysiology, Peptic ulcer - Epidemiology, Peptic ulcer - Treatment

Read more here: » Peptic ulcer: Encyclopedia II - Peptic ulcer - Diagnosis

The University is divided into five faculties, the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, the Faculty of Health Sciences, the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, the Faculty of the Professions and the Faculty of Sciences. While marketable disciplines such as wine science, information studies and business studies have been given wide prominence recently, the university still has a reputation for quality basic research and teaching in mathematics, engineering and biotechnology. Some examples of influences to ...

See also:

University of Adelaide, University of Adelaide - History, University of Adelaide - Academia, University of Adelaide - Alumni, University of Adelaide - Student Organisations, University of Adelaide - Campuses, University of Adelaide - North Terrace, University of Adelaide - Waite, University of Adelaide - Roseworthy, University of Adelaide - Thebarton, University of Adelaide - Residential Colleges, University of Adelaide - External link

Read more here: » University of Adelaide: Encyclopedia II - University of Adelaide - Academia

The individual atoms of urea come from carbon dioxide, water, aspartate and ammonia in a metabolic pathway known as the urea cycle, an anabolic process. This expenditure of energy is necessary because ammonia, a common metabolic waste product, is toxic and must be neutralized. Urea production occurs in the liver and is under the regulatory control of N-acetylglutamate. Aquatic animals do not produce urea; living in an abundant supply of water, they can simply excrete ammonia immediately as it is produced. Birds, with more sever ...

See also:

Urea, Urea - Physiology, Urea - Discovery, Urea - Commercial Production, Urea - Industrial use, Urea - Laboratory use, Urea - Medical use, Urea - Drug use, Urea - Physiological diagnosis, Urea - Other diagnostic use

Read more here: » Urea: Encyclopedia II - Urea - Physiology

The historical view is that disease was spontaneously generated instead of being created by microorganisms which grow by reproduction. One of the earliest references to this theory appears in On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro (published in 36 BCE) wherein there is a warning about locating a homestead in the proximity of swamps which reads "...and because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and th ...

See also:

Germ theory of disease, Germ theory of disease - Historical view of disease, Germ theory of disease - List of pathogenic / microorganism theories

Read more here: » Germ theory of disease: Encyclopedia II - Germ theory of disease - Historical view of disease

Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is difficult because the symptoms are so non-specific and varied. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, significant weight loss, jaundice, digestive problems, and depression. Courvoisier's law is sometimes used to distinguish pancreatic cancer from gallstones. Pancreatic cancer is usually discovered during the course of the evaluation of these symptoms by e.g. abdominal CT. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is another procedure that can help visualize the tumo ...

See also:

Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatic cancer - Types, Pancreatic cancer - Risk factors, Pancreatic cancer - Diagnosis, Pancreatic cancer - Treatment, Pancreatic cancer - Prognosis, Pancreatic cancer - Prevention, Pancreatic cancer - Victims of pancreatic cancer all deceased

Read more here: » Pancreatic cancer: Encyclopedia II - Pancreatic cancer - Diagnosis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors. The rubric "lifestyle modifications" is the term physicians use when recommending non-pharmaceutical treatments for GERD. Certain foods and lifestyle tend to promote gastroesophageal reflux: Coffee, alcohol, calcium supplements, and excessive amounts of Vitamin C supplements are stimulants of gastric acid secretion. Taking these before bedtime especially can promote evening reflux. Calcium containing antacids such as TUMS (Calcium ...

See also:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Symptoms, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Adults, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD in Children, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Diagnosis, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Pathophysiology, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Avoiding aggravating factors, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Drug treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Surgical treatment, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Other treatments, Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Barrett's esophagus

Read more here: » Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Encyclopedia II - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Treatment

Esophageal cancer - General approaches. The treatment is determined by the cellular type of cancer (adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma vs. other types), the stage of the disease, the general condition of the patient and other diseases present. On the whole, adequate nutrition needs to be assured, and adequate dental care is vital. If the patient cannot swallow at all, a stent may be inserted to keep the esophagus patent; stents may also assist in occluding fistulas. A nasogastric tube may be necessa ...

See also:

Esophageal cancer, Esophageal cancer - Signs and symptoms, Esophageal cancer - Cause and risk factors, Esophageal cancer - Increased risk, Esophageal cancer - Decreased risk, Esophageal cancer - Diagnosis, Esophageal cancer - Staging, Esophageal cancer - Treatment, Esophageal cancer - General approaches, Esophageal cancer - Tumor treatments, Esophageal cancer - Follow-up and prognosis, Esophageal cancer - Epidemiology

Read more here: » Esophageal cancer: Encyclopedia II - Esophageal cancer - Treatment