Defined negatively, health is the absence of illness, functionally, as the ability to cope with everyday activities, or positively, as fitness and well-being. In any organism, health is a form of homeostasis. This is a state of balance, with inputs and outputs of energy and matter in equilibrium (allowing for growth). Health also implies good prospects for continued survival. In sentient creatures such as humans, health is a broader concept. Many definitions of health have been offered from time to time. Webster's Dic ...

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• Health - Notes and references

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Medicine is the branch of health science concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. It is both an area of knowledge – a science of body systems, their diseases and treatment – and the applied practice of that knowledge. The practice of medical care is shared between the medical profession (physicians or doctors) and other groups of professionals such as nurses and pharmacists (sometimes known as allied health professionals). Historically, only th ...

Including:

• Medicine - History of medicine
• Medicine - Practice of medicine
• Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems
• Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship
• Medicine - Clinical skills
• Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered
• Medicine - Branches of medicine
• Medicine - Basic sciences
• Medicine - Diagnostic specialties
• Medicine - Clinical disciplines
• Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields
• Medicine - Medical education
• Medicine - Medical devices
• Medicine - Legal restrictions
• Medicine - Criticism

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The practice of medicine combines both science and art. Science and technology are the evidence base for many clinical problems for the general population at large. The art of medicine is the application of this medical knowledge in combination with intuition and clinical judgment to determine the proper diagnoses and treatment plan for this unique patient and to treat the patient accordingly. Central to medicine is the patient-doctor relationship established when a person with a health concern or problem seeks the help of a physician ...

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Medicine, Medicine - History of medicine, Medicine - Practice of medicine, Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems, Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship, Medicine - Clinical skills, Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered, Medicine - Branches of medicine, Medicine - Basic sciences, Medicine - Diagnostic specialties, Medicine - Clinical disciplines, Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields, Medicine - Medical education, Medicine - Medical devices, Medicine - Legal restrictions, Medicine - Criticism

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Drug discovery is the process by which drugs are discovered and/or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. The new approach has been to understand how disease and infection are controlled at the molecular and physiology level and to target specific entities based on this knowledge. New drugs begin in the laboratory with chemists, scientists and pharmacologists who identify cellular and genetic factors that play a role in ...

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Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical company - History, Pharmaceutical company - Biotechnology company, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical company - Target identification, Pharmaceutical company - Target prioritization/validation, Pharmaceutical company - Lead identification, Pharmaceutical company - Lead optimization, Pharmaceutical company - Drug development, Pharmaceutical company - Phase I Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase II Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase III Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - New Drug Application, Pharmaceutical company - Orphan drug, Pharmaceutical company - Post-approval surveillance, Pharmaceutical company - Phase IIIb/IV Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Post-Market Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Products, Pharmaceutical company - Drug information, Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG, Pharmaceutical company - Revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Patents and Generics, Pharmaceutical company - Medicare Part D, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing, Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different, Pharmaceutical company - Advertising to physicians, Pharmaceutical company - Direct to consumer, Pharmaceutical company - The payers, Pharmaceutical company - Mergers acquisitions and co-marketing of drugs, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Bibliography, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery and development, Pharmaceutical company - Management mergers acquisitions co-marketing deals, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing

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Pharmaceutical company - Drug information. Drug information and data are provided by the FDA and are located at the Orange Book site. Drug information is commercially available at eKnowledgebase. Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG. Diseases are classified by ICD-9 codes. These ICD codes are aggregated into approximately 500 diagnosis-related g ...

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Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical company - History, Pharmaceutical company - Biotechnology company, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical company - Target identification, Pharmaceutical company - Target prioritization/validation, Pharmaceutical company - Lead identification, Pharmaceutical company - Lead optimization, Pharmaceutical company - Drug development, Pharmaceutical company - Phase I Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase II Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase III Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - New Drug Application, Pharmaceutical company - Orphan drug, Pharmaceutical company - Post-approval surveillance, Pharmaceutical company - Phase IIIb/IV Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Post-Market Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Products, Pharmaceutical company - Drug information, Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG, Pharmaceutical company - Revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Patents and Generics, Pharmaceutical company - Medicare Part D, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing, Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different, Pharmaceutical company - Advertising to physicians, Pharmaceutical company - Direct to consumer, Pharmaceutical company - The payers, Pharmaceutical company - Mergers acquisitions and co-marketing of drugs, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Bibliography, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery and development, Pharmaceutical company - Management mergers acquisitions co-marketing deals, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing

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Main articles: Medical education and Medical school Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, either the initial training to become a doctor or further training thereafter. Medical education and training varies considerably across the world, however typically involves entry level education at a university medical school, followed by a period of supervised practise and possibly postgraduate vocational training. Continuing medical education is ...

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Medicine, Medicine - History of medicine, Medicine - Practice of medicine, Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems, Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship, Medicine - Clinical skills, Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered, Medicine - Branches of medicine, Medicine - Basic sciences, Medicine - Diagnostic specialties, Medicine - Clinical disciplines, Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields, Medicine - Medical education, Medicine - Medical devices, Medicine - Legal restrictions, Medicine - Criticism

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Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues. 2004 global dollar volume was $550 billion, a 7 percent increase over 2003—which in turn represented a 9 percent increase over 2002. US sales grew to $235.4 billion, a growth rate of 8.3 percent compared with 11.5 percent growth from 2002 to 2003 [8]. The United States accounts for 46 percent of the world's pharmaceutical market. According to Teradata Magazine,[9] "By 2007, $40 billion in U.S. sales will be lost at the top 10 pharma companies as a result of the ...

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Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical company - History, Pharmaceutical company - Biotechnology company, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical company - Target identification, Pharmaceutical company - Target prioritization/validation, Pharmaceutical company - Lead identification, Pharmaceutical company - Lead optimization, Pharmaceutical company - Drug development, Pharmaceutical company - Phase I Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase II Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase III Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - New Drug Application, Pharmaceutical company - Orphan drug, Pharmaceutical company - Post-approval surveillance, Pharmaceutical company - Phase IIIb/IV Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Post-Market Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Products, Pharmaceutical company - Drug information, Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG, Pharmaceutical company - Revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Patents and Generics, Pharmaceutical company - Medicare Part D, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing, Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different, Pharmaceutical company - Advertising to physicians, Pharmaceutical company - Direct to consumer, Pharmaceutical company - The payers, Pharmaceutical company - Mergers acquisitions and co-marketing of drugs, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Bibliography, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery and development, Pharmaceutical company - Management mergers acquisitions co-marketing deals, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing

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Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different. The pharmaceutical industry is different from most industries in that the products are usually not chosen by the consumers or paid for by the consumers. Physicians control the choice of many drugs through prescription writing. Private or public insurance often pays for most of the drugs. Moreover, insurance companies restrict the drugs that can be prescribed through the use of formularies. This along with the high margins for the industry make pharmaceutical marketing a complex discipline. ...

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Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical company - History, Pharmaceutical company - Biotechnology company, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical company - Target identification, Pharmaceutical company - Target prioritization/validation, Pharmaceutical company - Lead identification, Pharmaceutical company - Lead optimization, Pharmaceutical company - Drug development, Pharmaceutical company - Phase I Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase II Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase III Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - New Drug Application, Pharmaceutical company - Orphan drug, Pharmaceutical company - Post-approval surveillance, Pharmaceutical company - Phase IIIb/IV Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Post-Market Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Products, Pharmaceutical company - Drug information, Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG, Pharmaceutical company - Revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Patents and Generics, Pharmaceutical company - Medicare Part D, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing, Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different, Pharmaceutical company - Advertising to physicians, Pharmaceutical company - Direct to consumer, Pharmaceutical company - The payers, Pharmaceutical company - Mergers acquisitions and co-marketing of drugs, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Bibliography, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery and development, Pharmaceutical company - Management mergers acquisitions co-marketing deals, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing

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Medicine as it is practiced now is rooted in various traditions, but developed mainly in the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany (Rudolf Virchow) and France (Jean-Martin Charcot, Claude Bernard and others). The new, "scientific" medicine replaced earlier Western traditions of medicine, mostly based on the "four humours" and other pre-modern theories. The focal points of development of clinical medicine shifted to the United Kingdom and the USA by the early 1900s (Sir William Osler, Harvey Cushing). Evidence-based medicine is t ...

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Medicine, Medicine - History of medicine, Medicine - Practice of medicine, Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems, Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship, Medicine - Clinical skills, Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered, Medicine - Branches of medicine, Medicine - Basic sciences, Medicine - Diagnostic specialties, Medicine - Clinical disciplines, Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields, Medicine - Medical education, Medicine - Medical devices, Medicine - Legal restrictions, Medicine - Criticism

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Some medications only show to have safety issues after they are marketed, as clinical trials are of a limited size, such as the 3,000 test subjects required by the FDA. Post-marketing surveillance ensures that after marketing the safety of a drug is monitored closely. In certain instances, its indication may need to be limited to particular patient groups, and in others the substance is withdrawn from the market completely. After the FDA (or other regulatory agency for drugs marketed outside the U.S.) approves a new drug, pharmaceutic ...

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Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical company - History, Pharmaceutical company - Biotechnology company, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical company - Target identification, Pharmaceutical company - Target prioritization/validation, Pharmaceutical company - Lead identification, Pharmaceutical company - Lead optimization, Pharmaceutical company - Drug development, Pharmaceutical company - Phase I Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase II Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase III Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - New Drug Application, Pharmaceutical company - Orphan drug, Pharmaceutical company - Post-approval surveillance, Pharmaceutical company - Phase IIIb/IV Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Post-Market Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Products, Pharmaceutical company - Drug information, Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG, Pharmaceutical company - Revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Patents and Generics, Pharmaceutical company - Medicare Part D, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing, Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different, Pharmaceutical company - Advertising to physicians, Pharmaceutical company - Direct to consumer, Pharmaceutical company - The payers, Pharmaceutical company - Mergers acquisitions and co-marketing of drugs, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Bibliography, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery and development, Pharmaceutical company - Management mergers acquisitions co-marketing deals, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing

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Pharmaceutical company - Controversy. Ray Moynihan, Alan Cassels: Selling sickness: How the world's biggest pharmaceutical companies are turning us all into patients". Nation Books, New York, 2005. Merrill Goozner: The $800 million pill. [14] University of California Press, Berkeley, 2004, 297 S. ISBN 0-520-23945-8. Marcia Angell: The truth about the drug companies. Random House, New York, 2004, 305 S. ISBN 0-375-50846-5. On The Take: How Medicine's Complicity With B ...

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Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical company - History, Pharmaceutical company - Biotechnology company, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical company - Target identification, Pharmaceutical company - Target prioritization/validation, Pharmaceutical company - Lead identification, Pharmaceutical company - Lead optimization, Pharmaceutical company - Drug development, Pharmaceutical company - Phase I Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase II Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase III Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - New Drug Application, Pharmaceutical company - Orphan drug, Pharmaceutical company - Post-approval surveillance, Pharmaceutical company - Phase IIIb/IV Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Post-Market Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Products, Pharmaceutical company - Drug information, Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG, Pharmaceutical company - Revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Patents and Generics, Pharmaceutical company - Medicare Part D, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing, Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different, Pharmaceutical company - Advertising to physicians, Pharmaceutical company - Direct to consumer, Pharmaceutical company - The payers, Pharmaceutical company - Mergers acquisitions and co-marketing of drugs, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Bibliography, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery and development, Pharmaceutical company - Management mergers acquisitions co-marketing deals, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing

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See also clinic, hospital, and hospice Medicine is a diverse field and the provision of medical care is therefore provided in a variety of locations. Primary care medical services are provided by physicians or other health professionals who has first contact with a patient seeking medical treatment or care. These occur in physician's office, clinics, nursing homes, schools, home visits and other places close to patients. About 90% of medical visits can be treated by the primary care provider. These include treatment of acute and chronic illne ...

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Medicine, Medicine - History of medicine, Medicine - Practice of medicine, Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems, Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship, Medicine - Clinical skills, Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered, Medicine - Branches of medicine, Medicine - Basic sciences, Medicine - Diagnostic specialties, Medicine - Clinical disciplines, Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields, Medicine - Medical education, Medicine - Medical devices, Medicine - Legal restrictions, Medicine - Criticism

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Working together as an interdisciplinary team, many highly trained health professionals besides medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health care. Some examples include: nurses, laboratory scientists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, dietitians and bioengineers. The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. Dentistry and psychology, while separate disciplines from medicine, are sometimes also considered medical fields. Physician assistants ...

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Medicine, Medicine - History of medicine, Medicine - Practice of medicine, Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems, Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship, Medicine - Clinical skills, Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered, Medicine - Branches of medicine, Medicine - Basic sciences, Medicine - Diagnostic specialties, Medicine - Clinical disciplines, Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields, Medicine - Medical education, Medicine - Medical devices, Medicine - Legal restrictions, Medicine - Criticism

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See also Medical doctor (BE), Physician (AE), and Medical school. Medical training involves several years of university study followed by several more years of residential practice at a hospital. Entry to a medical degree in some countries (such as the United States) requires the completion of another degree first, while in other countries (such as the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand) medical training can be commenced as an undergraduate ...

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Medicine, Medicine - History of medicine, Medicine - Practice of medicine, Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems, Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship, Medicine - Clinical skills, Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered, Medicine - Branches of medicine, Medicine - Basic sciences, Medicine - Diagnostic specialties, Medicine - Clinical disciplines, Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields, Medicine - Medical education, Medicine - Medical devices, Medicine - Legal restrictions, Medicine - Criticism

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Criticism of medicine has a long history. In the Middle Ages, it was not considered a profession suitable for Christians, as disease was considered Godsent, and interfering with the process a form of blasphemy. Barber-surgeons generally had a bad reputation that was not to improve until the development of academic surgery as a speciality of medicine, rather than an accessory field. Through the course of the twentieth century, doctors focused increasingly on the technology that was enabling them to make dramatic improvements in patient ...

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Medicine, Medicine - History of medicine, Medicine - Practice of medicine, Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems, Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship, Medicine - Clinical skills, Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered, Medicine - Branches of medicine, Medicine - Basic sciences, Medicine - Diagnostic specialties, Medicine - Clinical disciplines, Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields, Medicine - Medical education, Medicine - Medical devices, Medicine - Legal restrictions, Medicine - Criticism

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See also the main articles: implant, artificial limbs, corrective lenses, cochlear implants, ocular prosthetics, facial prosthetics, somato prosthetics, surgical prosthetics, maxillo-facial prosthetics and dental implants Medical devices are devices used by health professionals as tools in diagnosis, treatment, or other aspects of patient care. ...

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Medicine, Medicine - History of medicine, Medicine - Practice of medicine, Medicine - Healthcare delivery systems, Medicine - Patient-doctor relationship, Medicine - Clinical skills, Medicine - Settings where medical care is delivered, Medicine - Branches of medicine, Medicine - Basic sciences, Medicine - Diagnostic specialties, Medicine - Clinical disciplines, Medicine - Interdisciplinary fields, Medicine - Medical education, Medicine - Medical devices, Medicine - Legal restrictions, Medicine - Criticism

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Drug development is considered a costly and intensive process. Of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction is eventually approved, and only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development,clinical trials, and safety monitoring to determine the safety and efficacy of a compound. Most clinical trials are randomized and controlled. The cost for a new drug (new chemical entity) is estimated to be about $1 billion US$. This figure is however hotly disputed.[3] Depending on a number of considerations, a company may app ...

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Pharmaceutical company, Pharmaceutical company - History, Pharmaceutical company - Biotechnology company, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery, Pharmaceutical company - Target identification, Pharmaceutical company - Target prioritization/validation, Pharmaceutical company - Lead identification, Pharmaceutical company - Lead optimization, Pharmaceutical company - Drug development, Pharmaceutical company - Phase I Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase II Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Phase III Clinical Studies, Pharmaceutical company - New Drug Application, Pharmaceutical company - Orphan drug, Pharmaceutical company - Post-approval surveillance, Pharmaceutical company - Phase IIIb/IV Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Post-Market Studies, Pharmaceutical company - Products, Pharmaceutical company - Drug information, Pharmaceutical company - ICD and DRG, Pharmaceutical company - Revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Industry revenues, Pharmaceutical company - Patents and Generics, Pharmaceutical company - Medicare Part D, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing, Pharmaceutical company - The pharmaceutical industry is different, Pharmaceutical company - Advertising to physicians, Pharmaceutical company - Direct to consumer, Pharmaceutical company - The payers, Pharmaceutical company - Mergers acquisitions and co-marketing of drugs, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Bibliography, Pharmaceutical company - Controversy, Pharmaceutical company - Drug discovery and development, Pharmaceutical company - Management mergers acquisitions co-marketing deals, Pharmaceutical company - Sales and marketing

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