Health disparities

There is debate about what causes health disparities between ethnic and racial groups. However, it is generally accepted that disparities can result from three main areas: From the personal, socioeconomic, and environmental characteristics of different ethnic and racial groups (such as how certain racial groups, on average, live in poorer areas with high incidents of lead-based paint, which can harm children). From the barriers certain racial and ethnic groups encounter when trying to enter into the health care delivery system; and From the qualit ...

See also:

Health disparities, Health disparities - Causes of health disparities, Health disparities - Disparities in access to health care, Health disparities - Disparities in quality of health care, Health disparities - Ending health disparities

Read more here: » Health disparities: Encyclopedia II - Health disparities - Causes of health disparities

To discriminate is to make a distinction. There are several meanings of the word, including statistical discrimination, or the actions of a circuit called a `discriminator`. This article addresses the most common colloquial sense of the word, invidious discrimination. That is, to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. Examples include social, racial, religious, sexual, disability, ethnic and age-related discrimination. Discrimination - Government san ...

Including:

• Discrimination - Government sanctioned discrimination
• Discrimination - Ageism
• Discrimination - The paradox of discrimination
• Discrimination - Gender Discrimination

Read more here: » Discrimination: Encyclopedia - Discrimination

Defined negatively, health is the absence of illness, functionally, as the ability to cope with everyday activities, or positively, as fitness and well-being. In any organism, health is a form of homeostasis. This is a state of balance, with inputs and outputs of energy and matter in equilibrium (allowing for growth). Health also implies good prospects for continued survival. In sentient creatures such as humans, health is a broader concept. Many definitions of health have been offered from time to time. Webster's Dic ...

Including:

• Health - Notes and references

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By virtue of establishing nationalism (as opposed to globalism) every government has formalized and supported discrimination. Examples of discrimination within countries include: apartheid in South Africa; institutionalized racial segregation in the USA from the Civil War through the 1960s; the "Jewish problem" in Nazi Germany; and re-education camps in some communist countries. Many governments have attempted to control discrimination through civil rights legislation, equal opportunity laws and institutionalised policies ...

See also:

Discrimination, Discrimination - Government sanctioned discrimination, Discrimination - Ageism, Discrimination - The paradox of discrimination, Discrimination - Gender Discrimination

Read more here: » Discrimination: Encyclopedia II - Discrimination - Government sanctioned discrimination

Any action that specifically denies opportunities, privileges, or rewards to a person or a group because of their sex. Internationally, the United Nations concludes that women are facing a global glass ceiling and that in no society do women enjoy the same opportunities as men. In the most developed country, the USA, the Glass Ceiling Commission states that between 95 and 97 per cent of senior managers in the country's biggest corporations are men (...)The term 'glass ceiling' describes the process by which wo ...

See also:

Discrimination, Discrimination - Government sanctioned discrimination, Discrimination - Ageism, Discrimination - The paradox of discrimination, Discrimination - Gender Discrimination

Read more here: » Discrimination: Encyclopedia II - Discrimination - Gender Discrimination

Ageism is discrimination against a person or group on the grounds of age. Although theoretically the word can refer to the discrimination against any age group, ageism usually comes in one of two forms: discrimination against youth, and discrimination against the elderly. In many countries, companies more or less openly refuse to hire people above a certain age despite the increasing lifespans and average age of the population. The reasons for this range from vague feelings that younger people are more "dynamic" and create a positive ...

See also:

Discrimination, Discrimination - Government sanctioned discrimination, Discrimination - Ageism, Discrimination - The paradox of discrimination, Discrimination - Gender Discrimination

Read more here: » Discrimination: Encyclopedia II - Discrimination - Ageism

Many people assume that when there is discrimination, one group of people is given more favorable treatment than others. This is not always the case. It is possible to have cases where it is not at all clear which group is given the more favorable treatment. Example: A country is under attack during wartime. The war is so ferocious that 80% of the combatants are killed. A law has been passed to forcefully conscript males between 18-24 years of age into the frontline, but females are forbidden to participate.See also:

Discrimination, Discrimination - Government sanctioned discrimination, Discrimination - Ageism, Discrimination - The paradox of discrimination, Discrimination - Gender Discrimination

Read more here: » Discrimination: Encyclopedia II - Discrimination - The paradox of discrimination

In 19th century Europe and America, some scientists developed various theories about biological differences among races, and these theories were in turn used to legitimize racist beliefs and practices. Much of this work has since been rejected by the scientific community as flawed and even as pseudoscience. Today there are some scientists who claim that "race", in the general sense in which the term is used, is a social construct: the way in which individuals are classified into racial groups varies from person to person, and from pla ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Racism by country

Further information: Genocides In 19th century Europe and America, some scientists developed various theories about biological differences among races, and these theories were in turn used to legitimize racist beliefs and practices. As did Michel Foucault show in Society Must Be Defended (1978-79), the old notion of "race" was biologized by racist scholars and eugenicists, paving the way to 20th century "state racism" (See above). This work has since been rejected by the scientific co ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Racism by country

Further information: Genocides In 19th century Europe and America, some scientists developed various theories about biological differences among races, and these theories were in turn used to legitimize racist beliefs and practices. As did Michel Foucault show in Society Must Be Defended (1978-79), the old notion of "race" was biologized by racist scholars and eugenicists, paving the way to 20th century "state racism" (See above). This work has since been rejected by the scientific co ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Racism by country

Racism - The word and the concept of race. Further information: Race (historical definitions) Before considering racism, it is an important methodological point to distinguish historically when the concepts of "race" and "racism" became known as such. Historians disagree largely when "race" emerged as a concept, ranging from those who believe aspects of it have always existed among humans, to those who place it as a concept separate from general dis ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - From racial theory to racism

One view of the origins of racism emphasizes stereotypes, which psychologists generally believe are influenced by cultural factors. People generally respond to others differently based on what they know, which may include superficial characteristics often associated with race. A "white" person walking after dark in a primarily "black" neighborhood in an American city might be anxious for a combination of reasons. The same may be said for a black person walking in a white neighborhood. A police officer who spends most of his day in that same ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Origins of racism

The terms racialism and racialist is sometimes used by those who think it is a different concept in which negativity or hatred is not prescribed. People who call themselves "racialists" tend to be separatists (white nationalists or sometimes black nationalists) and sometimes see a difference between themselves and racial supremacists. Many people who study racism, such as Betty A. Dobratz and Stephanie Shanks-Meile, contend that terms such as white separatism and white nationalism are euphemisms that have b ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Related terminology

The terms racialism and racialist is sometimes used by those who think it is a different concept in which negativity or hatred is not prescribed. People who call themselves "racialists" tend to be separatists (white nationalists or sometimes black nationalists) and sometimes see a difference between themselves and racial supremacists. Many people who study racism, such as Betty A. Dobratz and Stephanie Shanks-Meile, contend that terms such as white separatism and white nationalism are euphemisms that have b ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Related terminology

Racism may be expressed individually and consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequalities among "races", as in institutional racism. Although some speakers attempt to express a semantic distinction by using the word racism rather than racialism (or vice versa), many treat the terms as synonymous (see below). The concept of "Hate speech" has been created in order to prosecute discriminative discourse, which may be penalized in various countries (US, ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - Turkey, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Expressions

The terms racialism and racialist is sometimes used by those who think it is a different concept in which negativity or hatred is not prescribed. People who call themselves "racialists" tend to be separatists (white nationalists or sometimes black nationalists) and sometimes see a difference between themselves and racial supremacists. Many people who study racism, such as Betty A. Dobratz and Stephanie Shanks-Meile, contend that terms such as white separatism and white nationalism are euphemisms that have b ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Related terminology

One view of the origins of racism emphasizes stereotypes, which psychologists generally believe are influenced by cultural factors. People generally respond to others differently based on what they know, which may include superficial characteristics often associated with race. A "white" person walking after dark in a primarily "black" neighborhood in an American city might be anxious for a combination of reasons. The same may be said for an African-American walking in a white neighborhood. A police officer who spends most of his day in that ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Origins of racism

Before considering racism, it is an important methodological point to distinguish historically when the concepts of "race" and "racism" became known as such. Historians disagree largely when "race" emerged as a concept, ranging from those who believe aspects of it have always existed among humans, to those who place it as a concept separate from general distrust of "difference" (in which case it emerged either in the Age of Exploration or even as late as the 19th century). In any event, the division of people into discrete groups, usu ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - From racial theory to racism

Racism may be expressed individually and consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequalities among "races". Although some speakers attempt to express a semantic distinction by using the word racism rather than racialism (or vice versa), many treat the terms as synonymous (see below). Racism may be divided in three major subcategories: individual racism, stru ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - Expressions

Racism - The word and the concept of race. Further information: Race (historical definitions) Before considering racism, it is an important methodological point to distinguish historically when the concepts of "race" and "racism" became known as such. Historians disagree largely when "race" emerged as a concept, ranging from those who believe aspects of it have always existed among humans, to those who place it as a concept separate from general dis ...

See also:

Racism, Racism - From racial theory to racism, Racism - The word and the concept of race, Racism - Origins of racism, Racism - Expressions, Racism - Individual racism structural racism and ideological racism, Racism - Reverse racism minority vs. majority, Racism - Racial discrimination as an offical government policy, Racism - Racism by country, Racism - Australia, Racism - Austria, Racism - Brazil, Racism - Canada, Racism - Finland, Racism - France, Racism - Germany, Racism - India, Racism - Indonesia, Racism - Ireland, Racism - Italy, Racism - Japan, Racism - Netherlands, Racism - New Zealand, Racism - Northern Ireland, Racism - Scotland, Racism - Spain, Racism - Soviet Union U.S.S.R. Russia etc, Racism - United Kingdom, Racism - United States of America, Racism - South Africa, Racism - Sri Lanka, Racism - Switzerland, Racism - Rhodesia, Racism - Some examples of specific types of alleged racism, Racism - Related concepts, Racism - Some examples of organizations often accused of racism, Racism - Related terminology

Read more here: » Racism: Encyclopedia II - Racism - From racial theory to racism