Hattusili III

Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Nineteenth Dynasty. The Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, New Kingdom. The Nineteenth Dynasty was founded by Vizier Ramesses I, whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne. This period is best known for its military conquests in modern Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. New Kingdom Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II, who ca ...

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Immanuel Velikovsky (June 10, 1895 (NS) – November 17, 1979) is best known as the author of a number of controversial books on pre-history, particularly Worlds in Collision (1950), Ages in Chaos (1952), and Earth in Upheaval (1956). Earlier in his life, he played a role in the founding of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and was a respected psychiatrist/psychoanalyst. His books primarily used comparative mythology and ancient literary sources (not least the Bible) to propose that the Earth had suffered ...

Including:

• Immanuel Velikovsky - Biography
• Immanuel Velikovsky - Velikovsky's Theories
• Immanuel Velikovsky - The Revised Chronology
• Immanuel Velikovsky - Criticism
• Immanuel Velikovsky - Books by Velikovsky
• Immanuel Velikovsky - Organisations sympathetic to Velikovsky's work:

Read more here: » Immanuel Velikovsky: Encyclopedia - Immanuel Velikovsky

The archaeological complex of Abu Simbel (Arabic أبو سنبل or أبو سمبل) comprises two massive rock temples in southern Egypt, on the western bank of Lake Nasser, some 290 km southwest of Aswan. It is part of the Nubian Monuments UNESCO World Heritage Site, which runs from Abu Simbel downriver as far as Philae (near Aswan). The twin temples were carved out of the mountainside under the rule of Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 13th century BC.Nubian neighbors and as a lasting monument to himself and hi ...

Including:

• Abu Simbel - History
• Abu Simbel - Construction
• Abu Simbel - Rediscovery
• Abu Simbel - Relocation
• Abu Simbel - Temples
• Abu Simbel - The greater temple
• Abu Simbel - The Smaller Abu Simbel Temple

Read more here: » Abu Simbel: Encyclopedia - Abu Simbel

The Battle of Kadesh (also spelled Qadesh) took place between Egypt and the Hittite forces of Muwatalli, on the Orontes River of modern Syria, generally dated to 1274 BC during the reign of Ramesses II (1279 – 1213 BC). It was probably the largest chariot-battle ever fought, with some 5,000 chariots involved. Battle of Kadesh - Background. For most of the 18th and 19th Dynasties the Egyptians had been gradually pushed back from upper retnu (The Orontes River watershed into the djadi (The Jo ...

Including:

• Battle of Kadesh - Background
• Battle of Kadesh - Battle

Read more here: » Battle of Kadesh: Encyclopedia - Battle of Kadesh

This article is about Kadesh in Syria. For the other Kadesh, see Kadesh (South of Israel) Kadesh (the most popular spelling; more accurately Qadesh) was an ancient city of the Levant, located on the Orontes River, probably identical to the remains at Tell Nebi Mend, about 24 km southwest of Hims (ca. 34°35′N 36°31′E) in what is now western Syria. Kadesh - History. Kadesh is first noted as one of two Canaanite cities (the other being Megiddo) that led a coalition of ...

Including:

• Kadesh - History

Read more here: » Kadesh: Encyclopedia - Kadesh

The Chronology of the Ancient Near East deals with the notoriously difficult task of assigning dates to various events, rulers and dynasties of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. The chronology of this region is based on five sets of primary materials. They are, from the most recent to the earliest: The Canon of Kings from Ptolemy. An unbroken series of Neo-Assyrian king's names. Babylonian King Lists A and B, the Synchronistic Chronicle, the Assyrian King List, and a number of shorter lists of year na ...

Including:

• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views
• Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia - Chronology of the Ancient Near East

One of the earliest recorded peace treaties was between the Hittite and Egyptian empires after the Battle of Kadesh c. 1280 BC. The battle took place in what is now modern day Syria, the entire area of the Levant being at that time a contested area between the two empires. After an extremely costly four-day battle, in which neither side gained any significant advantage, both sides claimed victory. The lack of resolution led to a further battle looking imminent just a few years. Neither side could afford another war at that time as each were being threatened by ot ...

See also:

Peace treaty, Peace treaty - Ancient history, Peace treaty - Elements of treaties, Peace treaty - Role of UN, Peace treaty - Famous peace treaties

Read more here: » Peace treaty: Encyclopedia II - Peace treaty - Ancient history

In the 1920s and 1930s, when practicing as a psychiatrist in Palestine, Velikovsky had a dozen or so of his papers on psychiatry and psychoanalysis published in various German and English-language medical and psychoanalytic journals. Topics included a proposal that epileptic patients could be diagnosed by means of their abnormal EEG readings, and a precocious analysis of Sigmund Freud's own dreams. However, the work for which Velikovsky became best known was developed by him during the early 1940s, whilst living in New York. He summar ...

See also:

Immanuel Velikovsky, Immanuel Velikovsky - Biography, Immanuel Velikovsky - Velikovsky's Theories, Immanuel Velikovsky - The Revised Chronology, Immanuel Velikovsky - Criticism, Immanuel Velikovsky - Books by Velikovsky, Immanuel Velikovsky - Organisations sympathetic to Velikovsky's work:

Read more here: » Immanuel Velikovsky: Encyclopedia II - Immanuel Velikovsky - Velikovsky's Theories

See also:

Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt - Nineteenth dynasty timeline

Read more here: » Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt - Nineteenth dynasty timeline

As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley. Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy). Cuneiform texts from Mari mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both Amurru (Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for Urshum and Hashshum, and tablets from Alalakh (layer VII, from the later part of the old-Babylonian period) ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwaza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - History

For most of the 18th and 19th Dynasties the Egyptians had been gradually pushed back from upper retnu (The Orontes River watershed into the djadi (The Jordan River Watershed). During the reign of Amenophis I the Mittani empire had begun to expand in Syria. It was against this foe that the farthest extent of Egyptian occupation had occurred during the reign of Thutmosis I whose campaigns may have reached the Euphrates River pr ...

See also:

Battle of Kadesh, Battle of Kadesh - Background, Battle of Kadesh - Battle, Battle of Kadesh - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Kadesh: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kadesh - Background

With the reign of Tudhaliya I (who may actually not have been the first of that name; see also Tudhaliya), the Hittite Empire reëmerges from the fog of obscurity. During his reign (c. 1400), he again allied with Kizzuwadna, vanquished the Hurrian states of Aleppo and Mitanni, and expanded to the west at the expense of Arzawa (a Luwian state). Another weak phase followed Tudhaliya I, and the Hittites' enemies from all directions were able to advance even to Hattusa and raze it. However, the Empire recovered its former glory under Supp ...

See also:

History of the Hittites, History of the Hittites - Hattians and Hittites, History of the Hittites - Origins of the Hittite Kingdom, History of the Hittites - The Hittite Old Kingdom, History of the Hittites - The New Kingdom, History of the Hittites - Battle of Kadesh, History of the Hittites - Downfall and Demise of the Empire, History of the Hittites - The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms, History of the Hittites - Timeline

Read more here: » History of the Hittites: Encyclopedia II - History of the Hittites - The New Kingdom

For most of the 18th and 19th Dynasties the Egyptians had been gradually pushed back from upper retnu (The Orontes River watershed into the djadi (The Jordan River Watershed). During the reign of Amenophis I the Mittani empire had begun to expand in Syria. It was against this foe that the farthest extent of Egyptian occupation had occurred during the reign of Thutmosis I whose campaigns may have reached the Euphrates River pr ...

See also:

Battle of Kadesh, Battle of Kadesh - Background, Battle of Kadesh - Battle

Read more here: » Battle of Kadesh: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kadesh - Background

The divergent chronologies of Babylonia and Assyria can cause confusion for readers with no specialist knowledge. In this section an attempt is made to indicate briefly the causes which have led to so great a diversity of opinion, and to describe in outline the principles underlying the chief schemes of chronology that have been suggested. A short account will then be given of the latest discoveries in t ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views

As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley. Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy). Cuneiform texts from Mari mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both Amurru (Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for Urshum and Hashshum, and tablets from Alalakh (layer VII, from the later part of the old-Babylonian period) ...

See also:

Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwazza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - History

Abu Simbel - Construction. Construction of the temple complex started in approximately 1284 BC and lasted for circa 20 years, until 1264 BC. Known as the "Temple of Ramesses, beloved by Amun", it was one of six rock temples erected in Nubia during the long reign of Ramesses. Their purpose was to impress Egypt's southern neighbours, and to reinforce the status of Egyptian religion in the region. See also:

Abu Simbel, Abu Simbel - History, Abu Simbel - Construction, Abu Simbel - Rediscovery, Abu Simbel - Relocation, Abu Simbel - Temples, Abu Simbel - The greater temple, Abu Simbel - The Smaller Abu Simbel Temple

Read more here: » Abu Simbel: Encyclopedia II - Abu Simbel - History

It is possible that mutual influences existed between the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia since very early times. Some authorities believed that Mesopotamian influence affected predynastic Upper Egypt (also known as the Mesopotamian Stimulation) between 34th–31st centuries BC. As of this date, the evidence is not conclusive. On the other hand Iron age Hama (Hamath) shows strong Egyptian influence. The Amarna letters provide the earliest known synchronisms between Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. They provide clear evidence that the New Ki ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt

The chronology of Babylon and Assur can be aligned by the list of wars and treaties between the two cities from the time of king Ashurbanipal. Hittite chronology is dependent on Assyria and Egypt. For times earlier than 1500 BC, various systems based on the Venus tablets of Ammisaduqa have been proposed. The death of Shamshi-Adad I of Assur in the 17th year of the reign of Hammurabi (1712 BC short ch.) is another synchronism which is helpful. The Palace at Acemhöyük burned to the ground, allowing for Dendochronological dating of the seal i ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon

The chronology of this region is based on five sets of primary materials. They are, from the most recent to the earliest: 1. The Canon of Ptolemy. This is a list of the kings of Babylon and the Persian Empire, from Nabonassar down to Alexander the Great, which Claudius Ptolemy added to one of his books because of the astronomical observations connected with this information. 2. An unbroken series of Neo-Assyrian king names ranging from Ashur-uballit II (died in 609) up to Adad-nirari II (ascended in 911). These years, all named ...

See also:

Chronology of the Ancient Near East, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Assur and Babylon, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and Egypt, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Synchronisms between Mesopotamia and the Hittite Empire, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Babylon and Assyria, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Chronology and notes, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Divergent chronological views, Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Notes

Read more here: » Chronology of the Ancient Near East: Encyclopedia II - Chronology of the Ancient Near East - Primary sources

Pharaoh Ramesses II and the Hittite king met at Kadesh in the mountains containing the headwaters of the Orontes in northern Syria around May 1274 B.C. Ramesses II recorded the names of the Hittite allies who opposed him; among them are the following: 1) Pi-da-sa, 2) Da-ar-d(a)-an-ya, 3) Ma-sa, 4) Qa-r(a)-qi-sa, 5) Ru-ka, and 6) Arzawa. The first name has been associated with Pedasos in Mysia of the Troad south of Troy, the second with the Dardanoi of the Troad, the third with southwest Anatolia, the fourth with Caria, the fifth with Lukka/Lycia, and the sixth with Arzawa in western Anatolia (Barnett 1975, 359-62; Breasted ...

See also:

Battle of Kadesh, Battle of Kadesh - Background, Battle of Kadesh - Battle, Battle of Kadesh - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of Kadesh: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kadesh - Battle