Hard rock mining

Accessing underground ore can be achieved via a decline or a shaft. A decline is a generally spiral tunnel which circles either the flank of the deposit or circles around the deposit. The decline begins with a box cut, which is the portal to the surface. A shaft is vertical and is either sunk on ore or adjacent to ore. Often a mine with have a decline for personnel and machinery access, and a shaft for ore haulage. Drives are then bored horizintally off the decline or shaft to access the ore body. Stopes are then mined from the ...

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Hard rock mining, Hard rock mining - Access, Hard rock mining - Ore extraction, Hard rock mining - Stope and retreat, Hard rock mining - Stope and fill, Hard rock mining - Extraction, Hard rock mining - Trivia, Hard rock mining - Hardrock mining terms

Read more here: » Hard rock mining: Encyclopedia II - Hard rock mining - Access

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel, phosphate, rock salt, tin, and uranium. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes must be mined. Mining in a wider sense can also include extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and even water. Mining - History. The oldest kno ...

Including:

• Mining - History
• Mining - Mining techniques
• Mining - Extractive metallurgy
• Mining - Environmental effects
• Mining - Mining industry
• Mining - Mine Planning Software

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Modern mining companies in many countries are required to follow strict environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the area mined is returned to its original state, or an even better environmental state than before mining took place. Past mining methods have had, and methods used in countries with lax environmental regulations continue to have, devastating environmental and public health effects. The result can be unnaturally high concentrations of some chemical elements over a significantly wider area of surface. Combined with the eff ...

See also:

Mining, Mining - History, Mining - Mining techniques, Mining - Extractive metallurgy, Mining - Environmental effects, Mining - Mining industry, Mining - Mine Planning Software

Read more here: » Mining: Encyclopedia II - Mining - Environmental effects

Modern mining companies in many countries are required to follow strict environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the area mined is returned to its original state, or an even better environmental state than before mining took place. Past mining methods have had, and methods used in countries with lax environmental regulations continue to have, devastating environmental and public health effects. The result can be unnaturally high concentrations of some chemical elements over a significantly wider area of surface. Combined with the eff ...

See also:

Mining, Mining - History, Mining - Steps in the Mining Process, Mining - Mining techniques, Mining - Extractive metallurgy, Mining - Environmental effects, Mining - Mining industry, Mining - Mine Planning Software

Read more here: » Mining: Encyclopedia II - Mining - Environmental effects

The oldest known mine in the archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Swaziland. At this site, which has a radiocarbon age of 43,000 years, paleolithic humans mined for the iron-containing mineral hematite, which they ground to produce the red pigment ochre. Sites of a similar age where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons and tools have been found in Hungary. Another early mining operation was the turquoise mine operated by the ancient Egyptians at Wady Maghareh on the Sinai Peninsula. Turquoise was also mined in pre-Colu ...

See also:

Mining, Mining - History, Mining - Steps in the Mining Process, Mining - Mining techniques, Mining - Extractive metallurgy, Mining - Environmental effects, Mining - Mining industry, Mining - Mine Planning Software

Read more here: » Mining: Encyclopedia II - Mining - History

The oldest known mine in the archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Swaziland. At this site, which has a radiocarbon age of 43,000 years, paleolithic humans mined for the iron-containing mineral hematite, which they ground to produce the red pigment ochre. Sites of a similar age where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons and tools have been found in Hungary. Another early mining operation was the turquoise mine operated by the ancient Egyptians at Wady Maghareh on the Sinai Peninsula. Turquoise was also mined in pre-Colu ...

See also:

Mining, Mining - History, Mining - Mining techniques, Mining - Extractive metallurgy, Mining - Environmental effects, Mining - Mining industry, Mining - Mine Planning Software

Read more here: » Mining: Encyclopedia II - Mining - History

Ore must be freed from the solid rock by blasting. This requires drilling shot holes into the ore face. Coarse ore is mucked out using boggers, which are similar to skid loaders. Gravity is used to help move it down ore raises or shafts to the lower drives. Conveyor belts, trucks and rarely trains are used to haul ore to the surface along a drive or decline. Where possible, ore is hauled by buckets in shafts. Ore is also moved in skip buckets hauled up shafts and emptied into bins beneath surface headframe towers for transport to the mill. Open pit mining is used in shallow orebodies ...

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Hard rock mining, Hard rock mining - Access, Hard rock mining - Ore extraction, Hard rock mining - Stope and retreat, Hard rock mining - Stope and fill, Hard rock mining - Extraction, Hard rock mining - Trivia, Hard rock mining - Hardrock mining terms

Read more here: » Hard rock mining: Encyclopedia II - Hard rock mining - Extraction

There are a number of mining methods that are used to extract the mineral bearing rock (ore) from the uneconomic rock, also known as mullock or gangue. Typically some means of support is required in order to maintain the openings that are made by mining. This can be done by pillars which are then mined following the backfilling of the initial stopes. Local to the ore drive, rock bolts, mesh and shotcrete are used to secure working faces and the backs (tops) of the drives. However, leaving pillars of ore is wasteful, as that ore cannot be extracted and processed. See also:

Hard rock mining, Hard rock mining - Access, Hard rock mining - Ore extraction, Hard rock mining - Stope and retreat, Hard rock mining - Stope and fill, Hard rock mining - Extraction, Hard rock mining - Trivia, Hard rock mining - Hardrock mining terms

Read more here: » Hard rock mining: Encyclopedia II - Hard rock mining - Ore extraction