Encyclopedia - Hans Jonas: Encyclopedia Ii - Hans Jonas - Biography
Jonas was born in Mönchengladbach May 10, 1903. He studied philosophy and theology in Freiburg, Berlin and Heidelberg, and finally achie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Philosophers: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Philosophers - Notes
Note O: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia - Gnosticism
Gnosticism is a blanket term for various mystical initiatory religions, sects and knowledge schools, which were most prominent in the fir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia - Existentialism
Existentialism is a philosophical movement that views human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jonas: Encyclopedia - Jonas
Jonas (Иона in Russian) (died 1461?), was the Metropolitan of Moscow, commencing 1448. Since the late 1420s, Jonas had been living in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Gnosticism In Modern Times
Gnosticism has been treated at length by several modern authors, philosophers and psychologists: William Blake, the nineteenth century R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martin Heidegger: Encyclopedia Ii - Martin Heidegger - Philosophy
Martin Heidegger - Being and Time. Heidegger's most important work is the dense and challenging Being and Time (German Sein und Zeit, 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Major Thinkers And Authors Associated With The Movement
Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Michel Gondry Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Miche...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eric Voegelin: Encyclopedia Ii - Eric Voegelin - Work
Voegelin worked throughout his life to account for the endemic political violence of the twentieth century in an effort that is variously...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jürgen Habermas: Encyclopedia Ii - Jürgen Habermas - Theory
Jürgen Habermas's main aim has been to construct a social theory that advances the goals of human emancipation, while maintaining an inc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Sources
Gnosticism - Heresiologists and gnostic detractors. Prior to the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library in 1945 (arguably until its trans...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intellectual History: Encyclopedia Ii - Intellectual History - Western Intellectual History
The social/intellectual context in the writings of western European history includes: The Enlightenment - human rights, new science, demo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Ethics In Rabbinic Literature
Hillel the elder formulated the Golden rule of Jewish ethics "What is painful to you, do not do unto others". (Talmud, tracate Shabbat 31...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Gnosticism In Modern Times
Gnosticism has been treated at length by several modern authors, philosophers and psychologists: William Blake, the nineteenth century R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Major Thinkers And Authors Associated With The Movement
Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Michel Gondry Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Miche...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism And Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism And Evolution - Jewish Views In Reaction To Darwin
With the advent of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, the Jewish community found itself engaged in a discussion of Jewish principles o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Major Thinkers And Authors Associated With The Movement
Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antoni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism In Psychotherapy
With complete freedom to decide and being responsible for the outcome of said decisions comes anxiety--or angst--about the choices made. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism Before 1970
An early forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental theme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Major Concepts In Existentialism
Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Overview
Existentialism was inspired by the works of Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Overview
The complex nature of gnostic teaching and the fact that much of the material relating to the schools comprising Gnosticism has tradition...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism Since 1970
Although postmodernist thought became the focus of intellectuals in the 1970s and thereafter (whether the movement is strong today, and w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Criticisms Of Existentialism
Herbert Marcuse criticized existentialism, especially in Sartre's Being and Nothingness, for projecting certain features, such as anxiety...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Nature And Structure Of Gnosticism
Gnosticism - A typological model: the main features of gnosticism. Though difficulties have arisen in offering a definitive, categorica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Theology And Cosmology
Some historians accept that there is a significant amount of Buddhist/Hindu influence in Gnostic interpretations of the Bible. The standa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Background And Origins Of Gnosticism
The ultimate foundational elements of gnosticism are pre-Christian. That said, the exact origins of Gnosticism are a subject of dispute a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Matter
Some Gnostics, again in common with such Neoplatonic philosophers as Plotinus, held matter to be evil, but only as a method of depicting ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Lifestyle
Most Gnostics practiced celibacy and asceticism, on the grounds that the pleasures of the flesh induced the subject to remain ignorant of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Sources
We have two main historical sources for information on Gnosticism: critiques on Gnosticism by orthodox Christians (i.e. Heresiologies suc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Gnostic Sects
(Note: It is a matter of controversy if these sects had a real succession of ideas or communion with each other, or if they more or less ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Etymology
The word gnosticism comes from the Greek word for knowledge, gnosis (γνώσις), referring to the idea that there is special esoteric ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Overview
The occult nature of gnostic teaching (as seen from a modern viewpoint) and the fact that much of the material relating to the schools co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism Since 1970
Although postmodernist thought became the focus of intellectuals in the 1970s and thereafter (whether the movement is strong today, and w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - History
Gnosticism - The development of the Syrian-Egyptian school. Though the notion of a direct inheritance between the schools described abo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - 'gnosticism' As A Potentially Flawed Category
In 1966 in Messina, Italy, a conference was held concerning systems of gnosis. Among its several aim were the need to incept a program to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Gnosticism In Modern Times
Gnosticism - Scholars of gnosticism and those influenced by it. There follows a list of those figures who are known to have undertaken ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Gnosticism In Pop Culture
Gnosticism has also seen something of a resurgence in popular culture in recent years. This may be related, certainly, to the sudden avai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Etymology And Philosophical Context
Gnosticism - The meaning of 'gnosis'. The word gnosticism is a modern construction, though based on an antiquated linguistic expression...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Sanctification Of God's Name
The idea of God's holiness became in rabbinical ethics one of the most powerful incentives to pure and noble conduct. "Thou shalt love th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Matter
Some Gnostics, again in common with such Neoplatonic philosophers as Plotinus, held matter to be evil, but only as a method of depicting ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Theology And Cosmology
Some historians accept that there is a significant amount of Buddhist/Hindu influence in Gnostic interpretations of the Bible. The standa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Lifestyle
Most Gnostics practiced celibacy and asceticism, on the grounds that the pleasures of the flesh induced the subject to remain ignorant of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Gnostic Sects
(Note: It is a matter of controversy if these sects had a real succession of ideas or communion with each other, or if they more or less ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eric Voegelin: Encyclopedia Ii - Eric Voegelin - Biography
Voegelin was born in Cologne in 1901. He taught political theory and sociology at the University of Vienna after his habilitation there i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Sources
We have two main historical sources for information on Gnosticism: critiques on Gnosticism by orthodox Christians (i.e. Heresiologies suc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Background And Origins Of Gnosticism
The ultimate foundational elements of gnosticism are pre-Christian. That said, the exact origins of Gnosticism are a subject of dispute a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gnosticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gnosticism - Etymology
The word gnosticism comes from the Greek word for knowledge, gnosis (γνώσις), referring to the idea that there is special esoteric ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Major Concepts In Existentialism
Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Overview
Although the term "Existentialism" is often -albeit wrongly- used by many fundamentalist groups to refer to what we now define as Postmod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism Before 1970
A forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental themes of ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism Since 1970
Although postmodernist thought became the focus of intellectuals in the 1970s and thereafter (whether the movement is strong today, and w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jürgen Habermas: Encyclopedia Ii - Jürgen Habermas - Major Works
A very good interpretation in English of Habermas's earlier work is still Thomas McCarthy's The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (MIT ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martin Heidegger: Encyclopedia Ii - Martin Heidegger - Early Life And Education
Heidegger was born to a rural family in Meßkirch, Germany, and raised to be a clergyman. He was influenced as a teenager by Aristotle me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Peace And Hatred
Peace is everywhere recommended, and urged as the highest boon of man (Midrash Numbers Rabbah xi.; Talmud Pesachim i. 1.) Hatred, quarrel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Charity
The Jewish idea of righteousness ("tzedakah") includes benevolence and charity. The owner of property has no right to withhold from the p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Animals And The Environment
The Biblical commands regarding the treatment of the brute (Ex. xx. 10; Lev. xxii. 28; Deut. xxv. 4; Prov. xii. 10) are amplified in rabb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Overview
Existentialism was inspired by the works of Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Major Concepts In Existentialism
Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Truth And Peace
"The first question asked at the Last Judgment is whether one has dealt justly with his neighbor" (Talmud, tractate Shabbat 31a). "A good...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Justice
Social ethics is defined by Rabbi Simeon ben Gamaliel's words: "The world rests on three things: justice, truth, and peace" (Avot 1:18). ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism And Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism And Evolution - Classical Rabbinic Teachings
It is likely that the majority of classical rabbis held that God created the world some 6,000 years ago, and created Adam and Eve from cl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martin Heidegger: Encyclopedia Ii - Martin Heidegger - Heidegger And Nazi Germany
Heidegger joined the Nazi Party on May 1, 1933, before being appointed the rector of the university in Freiburg. He resigned from the rec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Jewish Family Ethics
Great stress is laid on reverence for parents. Central to society is the nuclear family. Its head is the father; yet the mother as his eq...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Altruistic Virtues
Honesty and truthfulness are absolutely prerequisite. Stealing, flattery, falsehood, perjury and false swearing, oppression, even if only...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Ethics - Prophetic Ethics
The Biblical prophets exhort all people to lead a righteous life. The ritual elements and sacerdotal institutions incidental to Israel's ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism Before 1970
An early forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental theme...   » Read the article