Jonas was born in Mönchengladbach May 10, 1903. He studied philosophy and theology in Freiburg, Berlin and Heidelberg, and finally achieved his Doctor of Philosophy at Marburg where he studied under Martin Heidegger and Rudolf Bultmann. In Marburg he met Hannah Arendt who was also pursuing her PhD there, and the two of them were to become friends for the rest of their lives. In 1933, Heidegger joined the German Nazi party, which Jonas took personally as he was of Jewish descent and active Zionist. The fact that the great philosopher ...

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Hans Jonas, Hans Jonas - Biography, Hans Jonas - Works, Hans Jonas - External link

Read more here: » Hans Jonas: Encyclopedia II - Hans Jonas - Biography

Gnosticism is a blanket term for various mystical initiatory religions, sects and knowledge schools, which were most prominent in the first few centuries AD. It is also applied to modern revivals of these groups and, sometimes, by analogy to all religious movements based on secret knowledge gnosis, thus can lead to confusion. The occult nature of gnostic teaching (as seen from a modern viewpoint) and the fact that much of the material relating to the schools comprising Gnosticism has traditionally come from critiques by orthodo ...

Including:

• Gnosticism - Etymology
• Gnosticism - Background and origins of gnosticism
• Gnosticism - Theology and cosmology
• Gnosticism - The classic gnostic myth
• Gnosticism - The Valentinian Gnostic creation myth
• Gnosticism - Matter
• Gnosticism - Gnostic conceptions of humanity
• Gnosticism - Lifestyle
• Gnosticism - Gnostic sects
• Gnosticism - Sources
• Gnosticism - Gnostic texts
• Gnosticism - Notable Gnostics
• Gnosticism - Gnosticism in modern times
• Gnosticism - Gnosticism in popular culture

Read more here: » Gnosticism: Encyclopedia - Gnosticism

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that views human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing, that are primary. That is, they cannot be reduced to or be explained by a natural-scientific approach or any approach that attempts to detach itself from or rise above these themes. Human beings are exposed to or, to use the philosopher Martin Heidegger's phrase, "thrown" into, existence. Existentialists consider being ...

Including:

• Existentialism - Overview
• Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism
• Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970
• Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970
• Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism
• Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy
• Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement
• Existentialism - Film directors
• Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights
• Existentialism - Philosophers
• Existentialism - Psychologists
• Existentialism - Theologians
• Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture
• Existentialism - Film
• Existentialism - Humour

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Jonas (Иона in Russian) (died 1461?), was the Metropolitan of Moscow, commencing 1448. Since the late 1420s, Jonas had been living in the Simonov Monastery. He was close to Metropolitan Photius, who would make him Bishop of Ryazan and Murom. After Photius's death in 1431, Grand Prince Vasili II nominated Jonas for the post of Metropolitan. Due to Vasili's war with the appanage princes, Jonas did not leave for Constantinople until the end of 1435. However, before Jonas arrived the Patriarch of Constantinople had already chosen Isidore the Ap ...

Including:

• Jonas - Other Jonas

Read more here: » Jonas: Encyclopedia - Jonas

Martin Heidegger - Being and Time. Heidegger's most important work is the dense and challenging Being and Time (German Sein und Zeit, 1927). Although the book as published represents only a third of the total project outlined in its introduction, it marked a turning point in continental philosophy. It has been massively influential and remains one of the most discussed works of 20th century philosophy; many subsequent philosophical views and approaches, such as existentialism and deconstruction, have bee ...

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Martin Heidegger, Martin Heidegger - Early life and education, Martin Heidegger - Philosophy, Martin Heidegger - Being and Time, Martin Heidegger - Later works, Martin Heidegger - Influences and difficulties of French reception, Martin Heidegger - Criticism, Martin Heidegger - Heidegger and Nazi Germany, Martin Heidegger - Der Spiegel interview, Martin Heidegger - Obligations and unsplendid silence: Celan at Todtnauberg, Martin Heidegger - Conclusion, Martin Heidegger - Selected Bibliography, Martin Heidegger - Cinema, Martin Heidegger - Quotes

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Gnosticism - Heresiologists and gnostic detractors. Prior to the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library in 1945 (arguably until its translation and eventual publication in 1977), gnosticism was known primarily only through the works of heresiologists, Church Fathers who worked to chronicle those movements perceived to be deviating from the developing orthodox church, and to refute their teachings as they did so, with the ultimate aim of demonstrating their moral inferiority. The problems with such sources are immed ...

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Gnosticism, Gnosticism - Overview, Gnosticism - Etymology and philosophical context, Gnosticism - The meaning of 'gnosis', Gnosticism - The Platonist and Aristotelian traditions, Gnosticism - Neoplatonism and Plotinus' 'Address to the Gnostics', Gnosticism - Sources, Gnosticism - Heresiologists and gnostic detractors, Gnosticism - Gnostic texts preserved before 1945, Gnosticism - The Nag Hammadi library, Gnosticism - History, Gnosticism - The development of the Syrian-Egyptian school, Gnosticism - The development of the Persian school, Gnosticism - Nature and Structure of Gnosticism, Gnosticism - A typological model: the main features of gnosticism, Gnosticism - Dualism and monism, Gnosticism - Moral and ritual practise, Gnosticism - Major gnostic schools and their texts, Gnosticism - 'Gnosticism' as a potentially flawed category, Gnosticism - Gnosticism in modern times, Gnosticism - Scholars of gnosticism and those influenced by it, Gnosticism - Modern gnostic 'revivals', Gnosticism - Gnosticism in pop culture, Gnosticism - Literature, Gnosticism - Film and television, Gnosticism - Music, Gnosticism - Art, Gnosticism - Computer console and 'tabletop' games

Read more here: » Gnosticism: Encyclopedia II - Gnosticism - Sources

Gnosticism has been treated at length by several modern authors, philosophers and psychologists: William Blake, the nineteenth century Romantic poet and artist, was according to some sources well-versed in the doctrines of the Gnostics, and his own personal mythology contains many points of cohesion with several Gnostic myths (for example, the Blakean figure of Urizen bears many resemblances to the Gnostic Demiurge). However, efforts to dub Blake a "Gnostic" have been complicated by the complex nature and extent of Blake's own m ...

See also:

Gnosticism, Gnosticism - Etymology, Gnosticism - Background and origins of gnosticism, Gnosticism - Theology and cosmology, Gnosticism - The classic gnostic myth, Gnosticism - The Valentinian Gnostic creation myth, Gnosticism - Matter, Gnosticism - Gnostic conceptions of humanity, Gnosticism - Lifestyle, Gnosticism - Gnostic sects, Gnosticism - Sources, Gnosticism - Gnostic texts, Gnosticism - Notable Gnostics, Gnosticism - Gnosticism in modern times, Gnosticism - Gnosticism in popular culture

Read more here: » Gnosticism: Encyclopedia II - Gnosticism - Gnosticism in modern times

Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Michel Gondry Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antonioni Jean-Luc Godard François Truffaut Mamoru Oshii Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights. Existentialist novelists were generally seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon that continued until the mid- to late 1970s. Most of the major writers we ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Atheistic Existentialism, Existentialism - Christian Existentialism, Existentialism - Common Threads, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement

Jürgen Habermas's main aim has been to construct a social theory that advances the goals of human emancipation, while maintaining an inclusive universalist moral framework. The framework rests on the argument (called "universal pragmatics") that all speech acts have an inherent telos (the Greek word for "purpose" or "goal") — the goal of mutual understanding, and that human beings possess the communicative competence to bring about such understanding. Habermas built the framework out of the speech-act philosophy of Wittgenstein, J. L. Aus ...

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Jürgen Habermas, Jürgen Habermas - Theory, Jürgen Habermas - The Public Sphere, Jürgen Habermas - Major works

Read more here: » Jürgen Habermas: Encyclopedia II - Jürgen Habermas - Theory

Voegelin worked throughout his life to account for the endemic political violence of the twentieth century in an effort that is variously referred to as a philosophy of politics, history, or consciousness. Voegelin published several books and scores of essays and reviews in his lifetime. An early work was Die Politischen Religionen (1938) - the political religions, on totalitarian ideologies and their structural similarities to religion. His magnum opus was the multi-volume (English-language) Order and History, wh ...

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Eric Voegelin, Eric Voegelin - Biography, Eric Voegelin - Work, Eric Voegelin - Voegelin on Gnosticism, Eric Voegelin - Immanentizing the eschaton

Read more here: » Eric Voegelin: Encyclopedia II - Eric Voegelin - Work

The social/intellectual context in the writings of western European history includes: The Enlightenment - human rights, new science, democracy (scholarly sources Kant, Dilthey). The Royal Society - a secular creation of an intellectual world led by figures such as Newton, Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren, Joseph Addison, Bishop Sprat. The Encyclopaedists - the creation of central repositories of knowledge available to all outside of academies, including mass market encyclopaedias and dictionaries: Diderot, Samuel Johnson, Voltaire. Romanticism - individual, subjective, imaginative, pe ...

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Intellectual history, Intellectual history - Western intellectual history, Intellectual history - Far eastern intellectual history, Intellectual history - Prominent historians

Read more here: » Intellectual history: Encyclopedia II - Intellectual history - Western intellectual history

Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Michel Gondry Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antonioni Jean-Luc Godard François Truffaut Mamoru Oshii Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights. Existentialist novelists were generally seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon that continued until the mid- to late 1970s. Most of the major writers we ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement

Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antonioni Jean-Luc Godard François Truffaut Mamoru Oshii Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights. Existentialist novelists were generally seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon that continued until the mid- to late 1970s. Most of the major writers were either French or fro ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement

Gnosticism has been treated at length by several modern authors, philosophers and psychologists: William Blake, the nineteenth century Romantic poet and artist, was according to some sources well-versed in the doctrines of the Gnostics, and his own personal mythology contains many points of cohesion with several Gnostic myths (for example, the Blakean figure of Urizen bears many resemblances to the Gnostic Demiurge). However, efforts to dub Blake a "Gnostic" have been complicated by the complex nature and extent of Blake's own m ...

See also:

Gnosticism, Gnosticism - Overview, Gnosticism - Etymology, Gnosticism - Background and origins of gnosticism, Gnosticism - Theology and cosmology, Gnosticism - The classic gnostic myth, Gnosticism - The Valentinian Gnostic creation myth, Gnosticism - Matter, Gnosticism - Gnostic conceptions of humanity, Gnosticism - Lifestyle, Gnosticism - Gnostic sects, Gnosticism - Sources, Gnosticism - Gnostic texts, Gnosticism - Notable Gnostics, Gnosticism - Gnosticism in modern times, Gnosticism - Gnosticism in popular culture

Read more here: » Gnosticism: Encyclopedia II - Gnosticism - Gnosticism in modern times

Hillel the elder formulated the Golden rule of Jewish ethics "What is painful to you, do not do unto others". (Talmud, tracate Shabbat 31a; Midrash Avot de Rabbi Natan.) His contemporary, Akiva states "Whatever you hate to have done unto you, do not do to your neighbor; wherefore do not hurt him; do not speak ill of him; do not reveal his secrets to others; let his honor and his property be as dear to thee as thine own" (Midrash Avot deRabbi Natan.) Ben Azzai says: "The Torah, by beginning with the book of the generations of man, laid down the great rule for the application of the Law: Love t ...

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Jewish ethics, Jewish ethics - Medieval and early modern ethical literature, Jewish ethics - Jewish family ethics, Jewish ethics - Altruistic virtues, Jewish ethics - Prophetic ethics, Jewish ethics - Ethics in rabbinic literature, Jewish ethics - Justice, Jewish ethics - Truth and Peace, Jewish ethics - Charity, Jewish ethics - Peace and hatred, Jewish ethics - Sanctification of God's name, Jewish ethics - Animals and the environment, Jewish ethics - Bioethics

Read more here: » Jewish ethics: Encyclopedia II - Jewish ethics - Ethics in rabbinic literature

Note O: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0198661320 Note R: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in the Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 2000. ISBN 0415223644 ...

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List of philosophers, List of philosophers - A, List of philosophers - B, List of philosophers - C, List of philosophers - D, List of philosophers - E, List of philosophers - F, List of philosophers - G, List of philosophers - H, List of philosophers - I, List of philosophers - J, List of philosophers - K, List of philosophers - L, List of philosophers - M, List of philosophers - N, List of philosophers - O, List of philosophers - P, List of philosophers - Q, List of philosophers - R, List of philosophers - S, List of philosophers - T, List of philosophers - U, List of philosophers - V, List of philosophers - W, List of philosophers - X, List of philosophers - Y, List of philosophers - Z, List of philosophers - Notes, List of philosophers - General philosophy lists, List of philosophers - General philosophy topics, List of philosophers - General online philosophy resources

Read more here: » List of philosophers: Encyclopedia II - List of philosophers - Notes

With the advent of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, the Jewish community found itself engaged in a discussion of Jewish principles of faith and modern scientific findings. By the early 1900s, the majority of Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism came to accept the existence of evolution as a scientific fact. They interpreted Genesis and related Jewish teachings in light of this fact. Orthodox Judaism offered significantly more resistance to this idea, with many Orthodox rabbis developing rejections of evolution that exactly par ...

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Judaism and evolution, Judaism and evolution - Classical rabbinic teachings, Judaism and evolution - Medieval rabbinic teachings, Judaism and evolution - Kabbalistic rabbinic teachings, Judaism and evolution - Jewish views in reaction to Darwin, Judaism and evolution - Post-1800 Kabbalistic views of compatibility, Judaism and evolution - Late 1800s Orthodox embrace of evolution, Judaism and evolution - Modern day Orthodox Jewish views, Judaism and evolution - Modern day Conservative Jewish views, Judaism and evolution - Sources

Read more here: » Judaism and evolution: Encyclopedia II - Judaism and evolution - Jewish views in reaction to Darwin

With complete freedom to decide and being responsible for the outcome of said decisions comes anxiety--or angst--about the choices made. Anxiety's importance in existentialism makes it a popular topic in psychotherapy. Therapists often use existential philosophy to explain the patient's anxiety. Psychotherapists using an existential approach believe that the patient can harness his or her anxiety and use it constructively. Instead of suppressing anxiety, patients are advised to use it as grounds for change. By embracing anxiety as inevitable, ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy

An early forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental themes of existentialism. Pascal argued that without a God, life would be meaningless and miserable. People would only be able to create obstacles and overcome them in an attempt to escape boredom. These token-victories would ultimately become meaningless, since people would eventually die. This was good enough reason not to choose to become an atheist according to Pascal. Sartre takes this idea of avoiding the ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Atheistic Existentialism, Existentialism - Christian Existentialism, Existentialism - Common Threads, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970

Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the idea that the most certain and primary reality is rational consciousness. Descartes argued that humans could think away everything that exists and doubt its reality but that humans could not think away or doubt the thinking consciousness, whose reality is therefore more certain than any other reality. Existentialism decisively rejects this argument, asserting instead that as conscious beings humans always fi ...

See also:

Existentialism, Existentialism - Overview, Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism, Existentialism - Atheistic Existentialism, Existentialism - Christian Existentialism, Existentialism - Common Threads, Existentialism - Existentialism before 1970, Existentialism - Existentialism since 1970, Existentialism - Criticisms of existentialism, Existentialism - Existentialism in psychotherapy, Existentialism - Major thinkers and authors associated with the movement, Existentialism - Film directors, Existentialism - Novelists and playwrights, Existentialism - Philosophers, Existentialism - Psychologists, Existentialism - Theologians, Existentialism - Existentialism in popular culture, Existentialism - Film, Existentialism - Humour

Read more here: » Existentialism: Encyclopedia II - Existentialism - Major concepts in existentialism