Han Zhao

By the 280s, a huge number (approximately 400,000) of Xiongnu herdsmen resided in the Ordos Desert and the Bing province, a political division including modern-day areas of the whole Shanxi province, southwestern part of Inner Mongolia and eastern part of Shaanxi province, after Cao Cao moved them there and split them into "five departments" (五部, pinyin Wǔbù) These Xiongnu seemed to substantially chang ...

See also:

Han Zhao, Han Zhao - The Condition of the Xiongnu in Northern China and their uprising, Han Zhao - Rulers of the Han Zhao

Read more here: » Han Zhao: Encyclopedia II - Han Zhao - The Condition of the Xiongnu in Northern China and their uprising

The Jin Dynasty (晉 pinyin: jìn, 265-420) followed the Three Kingdoms and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. The dynasty was founded by the Sima family (司馬 pinyin: Sīmǎ), the descendants of the great historian Sima Qian. The first of the two periods, the Western Jin Dynasty (ch: 西晉, 265-316), was founded by Emperor Wu. Although providing a brief period of unity after conquering the Kingdom of Wu in AD 280, the Jin could not contain the invasion and uprising of nomadic peoples after the dev ...

Including:

• Jin Dynasty 265-420 - Figure
• Jin Dynasty 265-420 - Sovereigns of Jin Dynasty
• Jin Dynasty 265-420 - Major events

Read more here: » Jin Dynasty 265-420: Encyclopedia - Jin Dynasty 265-420

The Xiongnu (Chinese: 匈奴; Hanyu Pinyin: Xiōngnú; Wade-Giles: Hsiung-nu) were a nomadic (and probably Hunnic/proto-Bulgar) people of Central Asia, generally based in present day Mongolia. From the 3rd century BC they controlled a vast steppe empire extending west as far as the Caucasus. They were active in the areas of southern Siberia, western Manchuria and the modern Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang. Very anci ...

Including:

• Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu
• Xiongnu - Confederation under Maodun
• Xiongnu - Nature of the Xiongnu state
• Xiongnu - The marriage treaty system
• Xiongnu - War with Han China
• Xiongnu - Leadership struggle among the Xiongnu
• Xiongnu - Tributary relations with the Han
• Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu
• Xiongnu - The Xiongnu after the Han Dynasty
• Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?
• Xiongnu - Footnotes

Read more here: » Xiongnu: Encyclopedia - Xiongnu

Heping (和平 Hépíng) 354-355 Shengping (升平 Shēngpíng) 361-363 ...

See also:

Former Liang, Former Liang - Rulers of the Former Liang

Read more here: » Former Liang: Encyclopedia II - Former Liang - Rulers of the Former Liang

Sima Rui was born in 276 in the then-Jin capital Luoyang, as the son of Sima Jin (司馬覲) the Prince of Langye and his wife Princess Xiahou Wenji (夏侯文姬). (The Wei Shu claimed that he was not Prince Jin's biological son but the product of an affair that Princess Xiahou had, but provided no real evidence, and the claim should be considered suspect.) His father died in 290, and he became the Prince of Langye. He was ...

See also:

Emperor Yuan of Jin, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early career, Emperor Yuan of Jin - After the fall of Luoyang, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early reign, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Confrontation with Wang Dun, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Era names, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Yuan of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early career

Emperor Huai was commonly regarded as an intelligent man, and he tried to institute reforms that he felt would allow the empire to recover from the ravages of the War of the Eight Princes and the subsequent Wu Hu and agrarian uprisings. However, Sima Yue maintained a tight grip on power and would not allow the emperor to exercise much actual authority. In spring 307, Emperor Huai created Sima Qin's brother (and therefore fellow son of Emperor Huai's brother Sima Yan (司馬晏) the Prince of Wu) Sima Quan (司馬詮) crown prince. (His apparent conclusion, at the young age of 23, that he should make a nephew his heir, may i ...

See also:

Emperor Huai of Jin, Emperor Huai of Jin - As Prince of Yuzhang and crown prince, Emperor Huai of Jin - Reign, Emperor Huai of Jin - After capture by Han Zhao, Emperor Huai of Jin - Era name, Emperor Huai of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Huai of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Huai of Jin - Reign

In 361, Emperor Mu died without a son. Emperor Mu's mother Empress Dowager Chu thus ordered that Sima Pi be made emperor, and he took the throne as Emperor Ai, at age 20. He created his wife Princess Wang as empress, and his brother Sima Yi, who previously carried the title the Prince of Donghai, as the Prince of Langye. Since he was an adult, Empress Dowager Chu did not serve as regent for him, and he honored his mother Consort Zhou as Consort Dowager (皇太妃) in 362, but with supplies and ceremonies similar to the empress dowager. However, the decision-making process was largely in the hands of the general Huan Wen and Emperor Ai ...

See also:

Emperor Ai of Jin, Emperor Ai of Jin - Early life, Emperor Ai of Jin - Reign, Emperor Ai of Jin - Era names, Emperor Ai of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Ai of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Ai of Jin - Reign

During his 17 year reign, Emperor Hui would come under the control of a number of regents, never being able to assert authority on his own. The rough succession order of the regents were: Yang Jun: 290-291 Sima Liang/Wei Guan: 291 Empress Jia Nanfeng: 291-300 Sima Lun: 300-301 Sima Jiong: 301-302 Sima Ai: 302-304 Sima Ying: 304 Sima Yong: 304-306 Sima Yue: 306-307 Empe ...

See also:

Emperor Hui of Jin, Emperor Hui of Jin - Life prior to ascension, Emperor Hui of Jin - Reign, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of Yang Jun, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of Sima Liang and Wei Guan, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of Empress Jia, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of and usurpation by Sima Lun, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of Sima Jiong, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of Sima Ai, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of Sima Ying, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of Sima Yong, Emperor Hui of Jin - Regency of Sima Yue and death, Emperor Hui of Jin - Era names, Emperor Hui of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Hui of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Hui of Jin - Reign

One of the first things that Emperor Ming did was locating his birth mother Lady Xun, putting her in a mansion, and creating her the Lady of Jian'an. However, perhaps out of respect for his deceased stepmother Princess Yu (who had died in 312 but was posthumously honored as an empress), he never gave her an empress dowager title -- and Emperor Ming honored Princess Yu's family as appropriately he would a mother's family -- and he was particularly close to Princess Yu's brother Yu Yin (虞胤). A few months later, Lady Xun moved into the palace. Emperor Ming also ...

See also:

Emperor Ming of Jin, Emperor Ming of Jin - Early life, Emperor Ming of Jin - As crown prince, Emperor Ming of Jin - Reign, Emperor Ming of Jin - Era name, Emperor Ming of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Ming of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Ming of Jin - Reign

Some thought that a power balance that Emperor Wu had hoped for at his death might be restored, as Princes Jiong and Ying were each given regent titles (and awarded the nine bestowments, in one rare case where the nine bestowments were not signs of an impending usurpation, although Prince Ying declined the bestowments), and many talented officials were promoted into important positions. However, the Princes Jiong and Ying were actually apprehensive of each other's power, and Prince Ying decided to yield the central government regency to Prin ...

See also:

Sima Ying, Sima Ying - Early career, Sima Ying - After overthrowing Sima Lun, Sima Ying - As regent and crown prince, Sima Ying - After removal as crown prince

Read more here: » Sima Ying: Encyclopedia II - Sima Ying - After overthrowing Sima Lun

Seeing Wang Dun's ambition, Emperor Yuan began to fear him, and he began to group men around him who were against Wang Dun as well, such as Liu Huai (劉隗) and Diao Xie (刁協) -- men of mixed reputation who, in their efforts to suppress the Wangs' power offended many other people. He also reduced the roles that Wang Dun's relatives, including Wang Dao, had in his government, which angered Wang Dun further. Wang Dun was further encouraged by his assistants Qian Feng (錢鳳) and Shen Chong (沈充), both of whom persuaded him to plan a mi ...

See also:

Wang Dun, Wang Dun - Early career, Wang Dun - First campaign against the Jin imperial government, Wang Dun - Second campaign against the Jin imperial government

Read more here: » Wang Dun: Encyclopedia II - Wang Dun - First campaign against the Jin imperial government

After Shi Hu's death in 349, his youngest son and crown prince Shi Shi became emperor, but the government was controlled by Shi Shi's mother Empress Dowager Liu and the official Zhang Chai (張豺). Shi Shi's older brother Shi Zun the Prince of Pengcheng was unhappy about the situation, and a number of generals who were unimpressed with Empress Dowager Liu and Zhang, including Shi Min, suggested that he march to the capital Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei) and overthrow them. Shi Zun did so -- and also promised to create Shi Min cro ...

See also:

Ran Min, Ran Min - Family background, Ran Min - During Shi Hu's reign, Ran Min - During the confusion after Shi Hu's death, Ran Min - As emperor of Ran Wei, Ran Min - Ran Wei, Ran Min - Personal information

Read more here: » Ran Min: Encyclopedia II - Ran Min - During the confusion after Shi Hu's death

Liu Shan - Zhuge Liang's regency. During the early years of his reign, Liu Shan was not an unwise ruler. While Zhuge Liang was alive, Liu Shan treated him as a father, allowing the chancellor to handle all state affairs. Zhuge Liang recommended many trusted officials, including Guo Youzhi (郭攸之), Fei Yi (費禕), Dong Yun (董允) and Xiang Chong (向寵) into key positions. Also under Zhuge's advice, Liu Shan entered into an alliance with Eastern Wu, helping both states to survive against the much larger Ca ...

See also:

Liu Shan, Liu Shan - Early life, Liu Shan - Reign, Liu Shan - Zhuge Liang's regency, Liu Shan - Jiang Wan's regency, Liu Shan - Fei Yi's regency, Liu Shan - Jiang Wei's semi-regency, Liu Shan - Shu Han's destruction, Liu Shan - Life after Shu Han's destruction, Liu Shan - Liu Shan in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Shan - Battle of Changban, Liu Shan - Zhao Yun rescues A Dou from Lady Sun, Liu Shan - Personal information, Liu Shan - Reference

Read more here: » Liu Shan: Encyclopedia II - Liu Shan - Reign

Due to Emperor Mu's young age, his mother Empress Dowager Chu became the ruling authority at court and served as regent, although she largely followed the advice of He Chong and Sima Yu the Prince of Kuaiji, who served as co-prime ministers. (Sima Yu took that position after Empress Dowager Chu's father, Chu Pou (褚裒), declined.) After He Chong's death in 346, his role was taken by Cai Mo (蔡謨). In 345, after Yu Yi, who had served as the commander of military forces in the western provinces (roughly covering modern Hubei, Hunan, ...

See also:

Emperor Mu of Jin, Emperor Mu of Jin - Prior to reign, Emperor Mu of Jin - Under Empress Dowager Chu's regency, Emperor Mu of Jin - As adult emperor, Emperor Mu of Jin - Era names, Emperor Mu of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Mu of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Mu of Jin - Under Empress Dowager Chu's regency

After Liu Cong took the throne, he created his brother Liu Ai crown prince, promising to eventually give Liu Ai the throne that he offered to Liu Cong instead. He created his wife Princess Huyan empress, and created her son Liu Can the Prince of Jin, putting him in charge of much of his troops, along with his cousin Liu Yao the Prince of Shi'an. Both Liu Yuan's empress Empress Dan and Liu Cong's own mother Consort ...

See also:

Liu Cong, Liu Cong - Early career, Liu Cong - Early reign, Liu Cong - Late reign, Liu Cong - Era names, Liu Cong - Personal information

Read more here: » Liu Cong: Encyclopedia II - Liu Cong - Early reign

The Xiongnu's new power was met with a policy of appeasement by Emperor Guangwu. At the height of his power, Huduershi even compared himself to his illustrious ancestor, Modu. Due to growing regionalism among the Xiongnu, however, Huduershi was never able to establish unquestioned authority. When he designated his son as heir apparent (in contravention of the principle of fraternal succession established by Huhanye), Bi, the Rizhu king of the right, refused t ...

See also:

Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Origins and early history of the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Confederation under Maodun, Xiongnu - Nature of the Xiongnu state, Xiongnu - The marriage treaty system, Xiongnu - War with Han China, Xiongnu - Leadership struggle among the Xiongnu, Xiongnu - Tributary relations with the Han, Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu, Xiongnu - The Xiongnu after the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu - Did the Xiongnu become the Huns?, Xiongnu - Footnotes

Read more here: » Xiongnu: Encyclopedia II - Xiongnu - Northern and southern Xiongnu

In spring 313, the captured Emperor Huai was executed by the Han Zhao emperor Liu Cong. The news, however, took three months to get to Chang'an. Once it did, Crown Prince Ye held an official mourning for his uncle and then ascended the throne as Emperor Min. At that time, the city of Chang'an was so poor that it had less than a hundred households, and there were only four wagons available. The officials lacked official uniforms and seals. The military matters were largely entrusted to the generals Qu Yun (麴允) and Suo Lin (索綝). Empero ...

See also:

Emperor Min of Jin, Emperor Min of Jin - Prior to becoming emperor, Emperor Min of Jin - Reign, Emperor Min of Jin - After capture by Han Zhao, Emperor Min of Jin - Era name, Emperor Min of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Min of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Min of Jin - Reign

List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location. In and around what is now Bulgaria Third Bulgarian Kingdom (1878-1944) Principality of Bulgaria (1878-1908) Commonwealth of England - (non-existant) In and around what is now Scandinavia Grand Duchy of Finland Kalmar Union - (dissolved) Denmark-Norway - (dissolved) Sweden-Norway - (dissolved) In and around what is n ...

See also:

List of extinct states, List of extinct states - Ancient and medieval states, List of extinct states - Ancient Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - South Asia, List of extinct states - China and South East Asia, List of extinct states - Pre-Columbian Americas, List of extinct states - Medieval Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - Modern states, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by type

Read more here: » List of extinct states: Encyclopedia II - List of extinct states - Modern states

Emperor Wu immediately sought to change what he saw as what doomed Cao Wei -- the lack of power that the imperial princes held. In 265, immediately after he took the throne, he created many of his uncles, cousins, brothers, and sons as imperial princes, each with independent military commands and full authority within their principalities. This system, while it would be scaled back after the War of the Eight Princes and the loss of northern China, would remain in place as a Jin institution for the duration of ...

See also:

Emperor Wu of Jin, Emperor Wu of Jin - Life before establishment of the Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Jin - Early reign: establishment of the Jin political system, Emperor Wu of Jin - Middle reign: unification of the Chinese empire, Emperor Wu of Jin - Late reign: setting the stage for disasters, Emperor Wu of Jin - Era names, Emperor Wu of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Wu of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Wu of Jin - Early reign: establishment of the Jin political system

Ever since Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century identified the Huns with the Xiongnu or (H)siung-nu, the research and debate about the Asian ancestral origins of the Huns has continued. Recent research has suggested that many of the great confederations of steppe warriors were not entirely of the same race, but rather tended to be mixtures of Central Asian and eastern Caucasian. Also, many clans may have claimed to be Huns simply based on the prestige and fame of the name, or it was attributed to them by outsiders descr ...

See also:

Huns, Huns - Origins and research, Huns - History, Huns - 3rd-5th centuries, Huns - European Huns, Huns - Avars, Huns - Historiography, Huns - Modern ethnic Huns?, Huns - Possible Successor Nations

Read more here: » Huns: Encyclopedia II - Huns - Origins and research