Aparadha - offenses committed against the holy name, the Vaisnavas, the guru, the sastras, the holy places, the Deity and so on. The verbal root radha means to give pleasure or satisfy and the prefix apa means taking away. Thus the word aparadha signifies all activities that are displeasing to Bhagavan and His bhaktas.

(See also: Aparadha, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

guru [one who dispels darkness]: a spiritual teacher who initiates seekers into the secrets of the sacred scriptures by the clearing of ignorance and misconceptions of life, thereby revealing the Eternal Truth. Colloquially, a teacher of any specialized knowledge.

(See also: guru, Hinduism, Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

Guru

Guru is often used for a Hindu spiritual teacher or Guide.

Also the word is used for each of the ten first leaders of the Sikh religion.

The word Guru comes from Sanskrit guru 'weighty, grave' (compare with Latin gravis). It means "with weightage (a big importance)".

Also it is often (correctly from spiritual point-of-view) interpreted as being derived from two root words Gu (meaning darkness), and ru (dispeller or remover). A real Guru (sad-Guru) is an awakened human who transmits higher consciousness to the disciples and devotees - to take them from an ordinary path to the path-of-truth. An aspirant who is accepted by a Guru and who is considered to be worthy to be initiated is called shisya (disciple).

From the spiritual point of view -The Guru is as good as the God. It has been said that:

Guru Brahmaa, Guru Vishnu, Gurudeva Maheswara

Guru saakhsaat Parambrahma, tasmayi Shri Gurave Namoh.

Guru himself is Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva-

And is representative of the Supreme-Soul, hence regards and obligations to Guru.

When we offer respects to the guru, we are offering respects to God. In Baba Buddhanath Das's words, the Supreme-God becomes invisible in the living world and makes the Guru visible. Hence, for realizing God's mercy, it is required that we learn to offer respects to God through God's representative. The origin is from Sanskrit. [The word is introduced in New English Oxford Dictionary].€€€

(See also: Guru, Hinduism, Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

Strong faith in God was a natural quality that shined brightly in Sridhara Maharaja from his earliest childhood. As an adult he yearned to meet a personality that he might accept as his guru spiritual preceptor. In 1926 while living in Calcutta, Sridhara Maharaja met his guru, Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Thakura Prabhupada (Saraswati Thakura) for the first time. In April of 1927 Sridhara Maharaja became a formally initiated disciple of Saraswati Thakura and a full time member of the Gaudiya Matha Insti ...

See also:

Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Deva Gosvami Maharaja, Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Deva Gosvami Maharaja - Studies and Youth, Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Deva Gosvami Maharaja - Spiritual Life, Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Deva Gosvami Maharaja - Books and Sanskrit Writings

Read more here: » Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Deva Gosvami Maharaja: Encyclopedia II - Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Deva Gosvami Maharaja - Spiritual Life

This was due to His devout devotion to Guru, His competence in rendering all kinds of service, and His untiring enthusiasm and diligence to serve Vishnu and the Vaishnavas. Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura Prabhupada, seeing His undaunted spirit to contribute to the objective of the Institution by way of practicing and propagating the Gospel of Divine Love of Lord Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, used to commend Him by saying, "His energy is volcanic energy". Srimad Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura never hesitated to send Him to perform any imp ...

See also:

Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj, Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - His Early Life, Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - Divine Vision, Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - Taking Shelter of the Divine Master, Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - Srila Prabhupad's Volcanic Energy, Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - Taking Sanyasa, Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - Acquiring Prabhupad's birth Place in Puri, Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - His Preaching, Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - His Successor

Read more here: » Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj: Encyclopedia II - Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj - Srila Prabhupad's Volcanic Energy

satguru (sadguru): (Sanskrit) "True weighty one."

A spiritual preceptor of the highest attainment - one who has realized the ultimate Truth, Parasiva, through nirvikalpa samadhi - a jivanmukta able to lead others securely along the spiritual path. He is always a sannyasin, an unmarried renunciate.

All Hindu denominations teach that the grace and guidance of a living satguru is a necessity for Self Realization. He is recognized and revered as the embodiment of God, Sadasiva, the source of grace and of liberation.

See: guru bhakti, guru, guru-shishya relationship, padapuja.

(See also: Satguru, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

 kula guru: spiritual teacher of the household or clan.

(See also:  kula guru, Hinduism, Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

Narayana Guru (1856-1928): Born in the low Ezahava caste in Kerala, he was a respected reformer who spent his life building temples, teaching Vedanta and preaching against social injustice.

(See also: Narayana Guru, Hinduism, Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

Sadhya, susiddha, siddha and ari - These are four kinds of dosa (faults) calculated according to jyotisa-sastra concerning the nature of a sisya in accordance with his purva-karma. Some of them appear to be good qualities, but from the absolute perspective, anyone who takes a material birth has fault.

In this context sadhya indicates that the candidate has the adhikara to attain  prema-bhakti if he endeavors fully in this life. Susiddha has the adhikara to attain perfection with very little endeavor and siddha has somewhat less  adhikara than him. Ari indicates that the sisya has so many ari (inauspicious planets) in his chart that almost any endeavor he makes for bhaktiwill simply create further hindrances. However, when these four kinds of sisyas accept krsna-mantra from sad-guru all of their hindrances can be removed.

(See also: Dosa, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

The eldest, Nivrutti, joined the nath sect and became Nivruttinath. He also become the guru of Dnyaneshwar. He, at the age of fourteen, instructed Dnyaneshwar, who was twelve, to write a commentry on the Bhagavad Gita. Thus was born the Bhagawad Deepika which is better know as the Dnyaneshwari. Shortly after the completion of Bhavarthadeepika, Dnyaneshwar started the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra ( locally called Varkari movement ) along with saint Namdev. Lat ...

See also:

Dnyaneshwar, Dnyaneshwar - Family background, Dnyaneshwar - The outcast, Dnyaneshwar - Great works at young age, Dnyaneshwar - Influences

Read more here: » Dnyaneshwar: Encyclopedia II - Dnyaneshwar - Great works at young age

The Swaminarayan Sampradaya is a Bhakti Sampradaya which advocates God within the disciplines of Dharma. Lord Swaminarayan has propagated a philosophy where He says that God is Supreme, has a divine form, is the all doer and always present on earth. He simply states that jivas never merge or dissolve into God and neither are they part of God but always subservient to God. The Jiva, through absolute surrender and attachment toward the Guru, attains the ...

See also:

Swaminarayan, Swaminarayan - Philosophy and claims of Godhood, Swaminarayan - Present-day followers, Swaminarayan - || Shree Swaminarayan Sampraday ||, Swaminarayan - BAPS

Read more here: » Swaminarayan: Encyclopedia II - Swaminarayan - Philosophy and claims of Godhood

Raganuga-sadhana - Sri Rupa Gosvami’s conclusions regarding the method for performing raganuga-bhajana are stated in Bhaktirasamrta-sindhu (1.2.294-296) as follows: "One should constantly remember one’s dearest nava-kisora Sri Nanda-nandana and the beloved associates of Krsna who are possessed of sajatiya-bhava or the identical mood for which one aspires. One should always reside in Sri Vraja-dhama with great attachment for hearing topics regarding Krsna and His devotees.

If one is physically unable to live in Vraja, one should do so mentally. This is the method of raganuga-bhakti-sadhana.” Sri Rupa Gosvami continues: "A sadhaka who has lobha for raganuga-bhakti should serve Sri Krsna both in the sadhaka-rupa and the siddha-rupa in accordance with the bhava of the Vrajaparikaras who possess the same mood for which he aspires. The angas of bhakti such as sravana, kirtana, sri guru-padasraya, and others in regard to vaidhi-bhakti, are also useful and necessary in raganuga-bhakti. But judicious sadhakas will adopt only those angas which nourish their specific bhava, avoiding those which hamper it.”

Examples of the angas of bhakti in regard to raganuga-sadhana are as follows: sravanam in madhura-rasa means that one will hear how a maidservant serves Lalita, Visakha, Radha and Krsna. Kirtana means that one will learn how to do pati-vancanam, that is speaking sweet words to the husband in order to cheat him and go to participate in the lila of Radha and Krsna. Smaranam means to remember how Lalita and Visakha are rendering service to Srimati Radharani. Pada-sevanam means to take Srimati Radharani to meet with Krsna at night. Arcanam is done with the corner of the eyes. When Krsna is returning from the cow-pastures with the cowherd boys and the cows, all the gopis are standing at their doorsteps doing arcana with the corner of their eyes. Everything is there; the flame is there, water is there, sneha, mana, pranaya and everything else is there. Krsna also accepts their worship with the corner of His eyes. This is called arcana. Atma-nivedanam means gopijana-vallabhaya svaha: "I am the maidservant of Radha and Krsna, and I am offering my entire being to Them.”

(See also: Raganuga-sadhana, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

Diksa - receiving initiation from a spiritual master.

In the Bhaktisandarbha (Anuccheda 283) Jiva Gosvami has defined diksa as follows: divyam jnanam yato dadyat kuryat papasya sanksayam tasmad dikseti sa prokta desikais tattva-kovikaih - "Learned exponents of the Absolute Truth declare that the process by which the spiritual master imparts divya-jnana to the disciple and eradicates all sins is known as diksa.” He then explains divya-jnana, or divine knowledge: divyam jnanam hy atra srimati mantre bhagavat svarupajnanam tena bhagavata-sambandha-visesa-jnanam ca - "

Divya-jnana is transcendental knowledge of the Lord’s form and one’s specific relationship with the Lord contained within a mantra.” This means at the time of intiation, the guru gives the disciple a mantra which, in course of time, reveals the particular form of the Lord who is the object of one’s worship and the bhakta’s specific relationship with the Lord in one of the relationships of dasya, sakhya, vatsalya, or madhurya.

(See also: Diksa, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

Ramanuja was born Ilaya Perumal to a brahmin family in the village of Perumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India in 1017 AD. From a young age, his intelligence and ability to comprehend highly abstract philosophical points were legendary. He took initiation from Yadavacharya, a renowned Advaitic scholar. Though his new guru was highly impressed with his analytical ability, he was quite concerned by how much emphasis Ramanuja placed on bhakti. After frequent clashes over interpretation, Yadavacharya decided the young Ramanuja was becoming too much of a th ...

See also:

Ramanuja, Ramanuja - Formative years, Ramanuja - Visishtadvaita philosophy, Ramanuja - God alone exists, Ramanuja - Differences with Sankara, Ramanuja - Caste system, Ramanuja - Writings, Ramanuja - Samadhi

Read more here: » Ramanuja: Encyclopedia II - Ramanuja -
Formative years

Mantra - a mystical sloka composed of the names of Sri Bhagavan which addresses any individual deity.

Mantras are given to a disciple by a guru at the time of diksa. The question may be raised that since bhagavan-nama is independent, how can mantras, which are composed of the names of the Lord (bhagavan-nama) , be dependent upon diksa?

Srila Jiva Gosvami has discussed this question in Bhakti-sandarbha (Anuccheda 284). He says that mantras are bhagavannamatmika. This means that mantras are composed of the names of Bhagavan. The difference is that mantras also contain some special words like nama, svaha, and klim. Sri Bhagavan and the rsis have invested mantras with special power by which those mantras reveal one’s own specific relationship with Krsna. Therefore it may seem that mantras are endowed with some special potencies that are not invested in nama.

A contradiction arises because if bhagavan-nama (which is lacking these special attributes) is able to bestow the supreme object of attainment (parama-purusartha) without any need for diksa, how is it that mantras are dependent on diksa when they are even more powerful than nama?

Srila Jiva Gosvami analyzes that by the constitutional nature of mantras, they are not dependent on diksa. Nonetheless, people in general are influenced by the bodily conception and their hearts are polluted with abominable desires. In order to curb these tendencies, the rsis have established regulations to be followed in the arcana-marga. Otherwise, by constitutional nature, there is no difference between nama and mantra in the matter of their independence of any formalities.

Nama, being non-different from nami, or Bhagavan Himself, is already invested with all potencies. Therefore in actuality, the glory of nama is superior to that of mantras. Yet Jiva Gosvami says that the diksa-mantras are invested with the power to reveal the sadhakas’ specific relationship with the Lord - sri bhagavata samam atmasambandha- visesa-pratipadakas ca (Bhakti-sandarbha, Anuccheda 284). The same thing is stated in Anuccheda 283: divyam-jnanam hy atra srimati mantre bhagavat-svarupa-jnanam tena bhagavata sambandha-visesa-jnanam ca (see diksa). This means that when a guru who is situated on the platform of bhava gives diksa, the mantras are invested with the knowledge of Bhagavan’s svarupa and knowledge of one’s specific relationship with Him. Therefore, those who are desiring to attain the prema-seva of Sri Krsna in Vraja in one of the four relationships of dasya, sakhya, vatsalya, or madhura should accept diksa-mantras from a guru who is established in one of these moods.

(See also: Mantra, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

tapas: (Sanskrit) "Warmth, heat," hence psychic energy, spiritual fervor or ardor.

1)    Purificatory spiritual disciplines, severe austerity, penance and sacrifice. The endurance of pain, suffering, through the performance of extreme penance, religious austerity and mortification. By comparison, sadhana is austerity of a simple, sustained kind, while tapas is austerity of a severe, psychetransforming nature. Tapas is extreme bodily mortification, long term sadhanas, such as meditating under a tree in one place for 12 years, taking a lifetime vow of silence and never speaking or writing, or standing on one leg for a prescribed number of years. Scriptures warn against extreme asceticism that harm the body.

2)    On a deeper level, tapas is the intense inner state of kundalini "fire" which stimulates mental anguish and separates the individual from society. Life does not go on as usual when this condition occurs. The association with a satguru, Sadasiva, brings the devotee into tapas; and it brings him out of it. The fire of tapas burns on the dross of sanchita karmas. This is the source of heat, dismay, depression and striving until final and total surrender, prapatti. The individual can mollify this heated condition by continuing his regular sadhana as outlined by the guru. The fires of self-transformation may be stimulated by the practice of tapas, or come unbidden. One can "do" tapas, but the true tapas is a condition of being and consciousness which is a state of grace, bringing positive change, transformation and purification of one's nature. Guru bhakti is the only force that can cool the fires of tapas.

See: kundalini, penance, sadhana.

(See also: Tapas, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

Since the death of Prabhupada, ISKCON experienced a variety of what they now describe as "heresies" over the next two decades. These heresies include: 1) The Guru is God Heresy 2) The Centralisation Heresy 3) The Zonal Acarya Heresy 4) The Proxy-Initiation Heresy 5) Heresies of Continuity 6) The Sannyasi-Householder Controversy 7) The Gopi-bhava Club Heresy 8) The Rasika-bhakti Heresy 9) The Origin of the Soul Heresy [3] [4]. Over the years ISKCON and its leadership have been accused of kidnapping, child molestation, obstruction of ju ...

See also:

International Society for Krishna Consciousness, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - An overview, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - The great mantra, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - Philosophy and history, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - The Seven Purposes of ISKCON, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - Spreading the word, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - ISKCON after Prabhupada's Death, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - Scandal and controversy, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - Controversial Points, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - Sources, International Society for Krishna Consciousness - Reform Issues Replies

Read more here: » International Society for Krishna Consciousness: Encyclopedia II - International Society for Krishna Consciousness - Scandal and controversy

YOGA

(Sanskrit for "union," related to our "yoke.") Conquering the self is known as Yoga, the esoteric Eastern teaching of human perfection that lies behind all occult wisdom. It is a thread that binds the individual to the "Supreme Reality" (or, as Watts would say, "The Supreme Identity"). In the Upanishads is written:

"By Vayu, the Inner Controller, as by a thread, O Gautama, are  this world, the other world, and all beings held together.

"Quite so... Now describe the Inner Controller.

"He who inhabits the earth, yet is within the earth, whom the earth does  not know, whose body the earth is, and who controls the earth from within --  he is your Self, the Inner Controller, The Immortal."

A teacher of Yoga is called a guru and a student is called a chela, a practitioner of Yoga is called a Yogi or Yogin. Yoga reveals the beginning yogi's weaknesses and also what transcendent strengths are available to him. There are 12 essential types of Yoga, here presented in arbitrary order:

Hatha-Yoga (The Breath: physical vitality). Bhakti-Yoga (Loving: The way of Devotion of Religion). Shakti-Yoga (Energy: The way of nature). Mantra-Yoga (Sound: Power through sound vibrations). Laya-Yoga (The Will: Mental powers). Yantra-Yoga (Formation: Powers through the use of geometric forms). Dhyana-Yoga (Thinking: Way of thought). Raja-Yoga (Methodology: Power to discriminate and develop consciousness). Jnana-Yoga (Knowledge: Intellectual power). Kundalini-Yoga (Kundalini energy: Development of psychic nerve energy). Samadhi-Yoga (The Self: The way of ecstasy). Karma-Yoga (Action: The way of right action). To these we must also add the esoteric Martya Yoga (willed death).

(See also: YOGA, Magick, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul, )

Vira Saivism (Saiva): (Sanskrit) "Heroic Saivism." Made

prominent by Basavanna in the 12th century. Also called

Lingayat Saivism. Followers, called Lingayats,

Lingavantas or Sivasharanas, always wear a Sivalinga on

their person. Vira Saivites are proudly egalitarian and

emphasize the personal relationship with Siva, rather than

temple worship. Vira Saiva priests, jangamas, conduct

marriages and other domestic rites and also act as gurus or

teachers. Among the most central texts are Basavanna's

Vachanas, Allama Prabhu's Mantragopya,

Chennabasavanna's Karana Hasuge, and the collected

work called Shunya Sampadane. The monistic-theistic

doctrine of Vira Saivism is called Shakti Vishishtadvaita -

a version of qualified nondualism which accepts both difference and nondifference between soul and God, like

rays are to the sun. In brief, Siva and the cosmic force or

existence are one ("Siva are you; you shall return to

Siva."). Yet, Siva is beyond His creation, which is real,

not illusory. God is both efficient and material cause. In

Vira Saivism, Siva divides from His Absolute state into

Linga (Supreme Lord) and anga, individual soul, the two

eventually reuniting in undifferentiated oneness. There are

three aspects of Sivalinga. 1) Ishtalinga, personal form of

Siva, in which He fulfills desires and removes afflictions -

God as bliss or joy; 2) Bhavalinga, Siva beyond space and

time, the highest divine principle, knowable through

intuition; 3) Pranalinga, the reality of God which can be

apprehended by the mind. The soul merges with Siva by a

progressive, six-stage path called shatsthala, consisting of

bhakti (devotion), mahesha (charity and selfless service),

prasada (seeking Siva's grace), Pranalinga (experience of

all as Siva), sharana (egoless refuge in Siva) and aikya

(oneness with Siva). Today Vira Saivism is a vibrant faith,

particularly strong in its religious homeland of Karnataka,

South Central India. Roughly 40 million people live here,

of which perhaps 25% are members of the Vira Saiva

religion. Early on, they rejected brahminical authority, and

along with it the entire caste system and the Vedas. By

rejecting the Vedas, they continue to stand outside

mainstream Hinduism, but in their profound love of Siva

and acceptance of certain Saiva Agamas, as well as the

main truths of the Vedic wisdom, they have identified

themselves as a unique Saiva sect. Though they have

established their faith as a distinct and independent

religion in Indian courts of law, they are still widely

embraced as devout brothers and sisters of the Hindu

dharma.

See: Lingavanta, Saivism.

(See also: Vira Saivism, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

Sikhism - The Ten Gurus of Sikhism. Sikhism was established by ten Gurus — teachers or masters — over the period 1469 to 1708. Each master added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous, resulting to the creation of the religion of Sikhism. Guru Nanak was the first Guru and Guru Gobind Singh the final Guru in human form. When Guru Gobind Singh left this world, he made the Guru Granth Sahib the ultimate and final Sikh Guru. The Gurus are believed to have the same spiri ...

See also:

Sikhism, Sikhism - History of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Gurus of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Ten Gurus of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Guru Granth Sahib, Sikhism - Sikh religious philosophy, Sikhism - Primary beliefs and principles, Sikhism - Underlying values, Sikhism - Prohibited behavior, Sikhism - Technique and methods, Sikhism - Other observations, Sikhism - Observations, Sikhism - All welcomed, Sikhism - Followers of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Five Ks, Sikhism - Sikhs around the world, Sikhism - Sikhs and Punjabis, Sikhism - The Khalsa, Sikhism - Khalistan

Read more here: » Sikhism: Encyclopedia II - Sikhism - The Gurus of Sikhism

Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1538), considered to be the founder of Sikhism, was born in the village of Talwandi, now called Nankana Sahib, near Lahore (in what is present day Pakistan). His father, Mehta Kalu was a Patwari- an accountant of land revenue in the government. Nanak's mother was Mata Tripta and he had one older sister, Bibi Nanki. His parents, Kalu Mehta and Matta Tripat, were Hindus of the Khatri caste. From the very childhood, Bibi Nanki saw in him the Light of God but she did not reveal this secret to anyone. She is known as the firs ...

See also:

Sikhism, Sikhism - History of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Gurus of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Ten Gurus of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Guru Granth Sahib, Sikhism - Sikh religious philosophy, Sikhism - Primary beliefs and principles, Sikhism - Underlying values, Sikhism - Prohibited behavior, Sikhism - Technique and methods, Sikhism - Other observations, Sikhism - Observations, Sikhism - All welcomed, Sikhism - Followers of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Five Ks, Sikhism - Sikhs around the world, Sikhism - Sikhs and Punjabis, Sikhism - The Khalsa, Sikhism - Khalistan

Read more here: » Sikhism: Encyclopedia II - Sikhism - History of Sikhism

Practicing Sikhs are bound to wear five Kakaars, or articles of faith, known as The Five Ks, at all times. It is done either out of respect for the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, or out of sense of duty or from understanding of their function and purpose and relevance in daily life. It is important to note that The Five Ks are not merely present for symbolic purposes. The tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, ordered these Five Ks to be worn so that a Sikh could actively use them to make a difference to their own spirituality and to others' sp ...

See also:

Sikhism, Sikhism - History of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Gurus of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Ten Gurus of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Guru Granth Sahib, Sikhism - Sikh religious philosophy, Sikhism - Primary beliefs and principles, Sikhism - Underlying values, Sikhism - Prohibited behavior, Sikhism - Technique and methods, Sikhism - Other observations, Sikhism - Observations, Sikhism - All welcomed, Sikhism - Followers of Sikhism, Sikhism - The Five Ks, Sikhism - Sikhs around the world, Sikhism - Sikhs and Punjabis, Sikhism - The Khalsa, Sikhism - Khalistan

Read more here: » Sikhism: Encyclopedia II - Sikhism - The Five Ks