The identification, purification and later synthesis of growth hormone is associated with Choh Hao Li. The history of GH use, from extraction of GH from human pituitary glands to the limited catastrophe of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease to the expanded use and enormous costs of synthetic GH is outlined in the article on GH treatment. As of 2005, synthetic growth hormones available in the United States (and their manufacturers) included Nutropin (Genentech), Humatrope (Lilly), Genotropin (Pfizer), Norditropin (Novo), and Saizen (Serono). Th ...

See also:

Growth hormone, Growth hormone - Terminology, Growth hormone - Structure and gene of the human GH molecule, Growth hormone - Secretion of GH, Growth hormone - Functions of GH, Growth hormone - Clinical problems: too much and too little, Growth hormone - Growth hormone excess: acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, Growth hormone - Growth hormone deficiencyGHD, Growth hormone - Other GH uses and treatment indications, Growth hormone - Risks of GH treatment, Growth hormone - History, Growth hormone - HGH quackery

Read more here: » Growth hormone: Encyclopedia II - Growth hormone - History

In the early 1970s, transportation and community planners begin to promote the idea of compact cities and communities. Architect Peter Calthorpe then popularized and promoted the idea of urban villages that relied on public mass transportation, walking and cycling instead of automobile use. Another architect named Andrés Duany then promoted the idea of changing design codes to promote a sense of community and to discourage driving. Colin Buchanan and Stephen Plowden helped to lead the debate in the United Kingdom. The sheer cost and difficu ...

See also:

Smart growth, Smart growth - Elements of Smart Growth, Smart growth - Rationale for Smart Growth, Smart growth - Economic Analysis of Development, Smart growth - Policy Tools Used to Achieve Smart Growth, Smart growth - Zoning Ordinances, Smart growth - Environmental Impact Assessments, Smart growth - Examples of Communities Implementing Smart Growth Principles, Smart growth - Timeline, Smart growth - Criticisms of smart growth, Smart growth - External links

Read more here: » Smart growth: Encyclopedia II - Smart growth - Timeline

In the early 1970s, transportation and community planners begin to promote the idea of compact cities and communities. Architect Peter Calthorpe then popularized and promoted the idea of urban villages that relied on public mass transportation, walking and cycling instead of automobile use. Another architect named Andrés Duany then promoted the idea of changing design codes to promote a sense of community and to discourage driving. Colin Buchanan and Stephen Plowden helped to lead the debate in the United Kingdom. The sheer cost and difficu ...

See also:

Smart growth, Smart growth - Rationale for Smart Growth, Smart growth - Economic Analysis of Development, Smart growth - Policy Tools Used to Achieve Smart Growth, Smart growth - Zoning Ordinances, Smart growth - Environmental Impact Assessments, Smart growth - Examples of Communities Implementing Smart Growth Principles, Smart growth - Timeline, Smart growth - Criticisms of smart growth, Smart growth - External Links

Read more here: » Smart growth: Encyclopedia II - Smart growth - Timeline

Smart growth - Zoning Ordinances. The most widely used tool for achieving smart growth is the local zoning law. Through zoning, new development can be restricted to specific areas, and additional density incentives can be offered for brownfield and greyfield land. Zoning can also reduce the minimum amount of parking required to be built with new development, and can be used to require set-asides for parks and other community amenities. ...

See also:

Smart growth, Smart growth - Elements of Smart Growth, Smart growth - Rationale for Smart Growth, Smart growth - Economic Analysis of Development, Smart growth - Policy Tools Used to Achieve Smart Growth, Smart growth - Zoning Ordinances, Smart growth - Environmental Impact Assessments, Smart growth - Examples of Communities Implementing Smart Growth Principles, Smart growth - Timeline, Smart growth - Criticisms of smart growth, Smart growth - External links

Read more here: » Smart growth: Encyclopedia II - Smart growth - Policy Tools Used to Achieve Smart Growth

In the early modern period, European nations began conceiving of the idea that economies could "grow", that is produce a greater surplus of value which could be expended on something other than mere subsistence. This surplus could then be used for consumption, warfare, or civic and religious projects. The previous view was that only increasing either population or tax rates could generate more surplus money. In the mercantile period, growth was seen as an increase in the total amount of specie, that is circulating medium such as silve ...

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Growth theory, Growth theory - Origins of the concept of Economic Growth, Growth theory - The Question of Growth, Growth theory - The limits to growth, Growth theory - External link

Read more here: » Growth theory: Encyclopedia II - Growth theory - Origins of the concept of Economic Growth

Limits to Growth attracted controversy as soon as it was published. Yale economist Henry C. Wallich labeled the book "a piece of irresponsible nonsense" in his March 13, 1972 Newsweek editorial. Wallich's main complaints are that the book was published as a publicity stunt with great fanfare at the Smithsonian in Washington, and that there was insufficient evidence for many of the variables used in the model. According to Wallich, "the quantitative content of the model comes for the authors' imagination, although they never reveal the equati ...

See also:

Limits to Growth, Limits to Growth - Exponential reserve index, Limits to Growth - Criticism, Limits to Growth - Notes, Limits to Growth - ISBNs

Read more here: » Limits to Growth: Encyclopedia II - Limits to Growth - Criticism

Only a single producer from Graves and Pessac-Léognan was included in the classification of 1855, and was assigned the status of Premier Cru: Château Haut-Brion (Pessac) After the Second World War the omission of the great wines of Graves from the official classification was having a noticeable effect on the price and desirability of wines from the region, and so in 1953 the region announced its own classification of red wines, with white wines being added in 1959. Sixteen wines were given special classifi ...

See also:

First Growth, First Growth - Médoc, First Growth - Sauternes, First Growth - Premier Cru Supérieur, First Growth - Premier Cru, First Growth - Graves, First Growth - Saint-Emilion, First Growth - Premiers Grands Crus Classés - A, First Growth - Premiers Grands Crus Classés - B, First Growth - Pomerol, First Growth - Burgundy

Read more here: » First Growth: Encyclopedia II - First Growth - Graves

Smart growth - Zoning Ordinances. The most widely used tool for achieving smart growth is the local zoning law. Through zoning, new development can be restricted to specific areas, and additional density incentives can be offered for brownfield and [[greyfield land|greyfield] land. Zoning can also reduce the minimum amount of parking required to be built with new development, and can be used to require set-asides for parks and other community amenities. ...

See also:

Smart growth, Smart growth - Rationale for Smart Growth, Smart growth - Economic Analysis of Development, Smart growth - Policy Tools Used to Achieve Smart Growth, Smart growth - Zoning Ordinances, Smart growth - Environmental Impact Assessments, Smart growth - Examples of Communities Implementing Smart Growth Principles, Smart growth - Timeline, Smart growth - Criticisms of smart growth, Smart growth - External Links

Read more here: » Smart growth: Encyclopedia II - Smart growth - Policy Tools Used to Achieve Smart Growth

Many botanists specifically define old growth in terms of meeting several criteria, under which system forests with sufficient age and minimal disturbance are considered old growth. Typical characteristics of old-growth forest include presence of older trees, minimal signs of human disturbance, mixed-age stands, presence of canopy openings due to tree falls, pit-and-mound topography, down wood in various stages of decay, standing snags (dead trees), multi-layered canopies, intact soils, a healthy fungal ecosystem, and relative stability of most slopes a ...

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Old growth forest, Old growth forest - Characteristics of old growth forest, Old growth forest - Mixed age, Old growth forest - Canopy openings, Old growth forest - Topography, Old growth forest - Decaying ground layer, Old growth forest - Standing snags, Old growth forest - Soil, Old growth forest - Importance of old growth forests, Old growth forest - Logging in old growth forests

Read more here: » Old growth forest: Encyclopedia II - Old growth forest - Characteristics of old growth forest

Due to the lack of severe disturbance, old growth is often associated with rich communities of plants and animals that may be dependent upon the unique environmental conditions created by these forests. The age of the oldest trees indicates that disturbance events during the long period of development were of moderate intensity at most and did not kill all vegetation. This long period of pseudostability allows the old growth forest to become occupied over time by a wide variety of species, some of them rare. Old growth forest serves as a reservoir for species which cannot thrive or easily regenera ...

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Old growth forest, Old growth forest - Characteristics of old growth forest, Old growth forest - Mixed age, Old growth forest - Canopy openings, Old growth forest - Topography, Old growth forest - Decaying ground layer, Old growth forest - Standing snags, Old growth forest - Soil, Old growth forest - Importance of old growth forests, Old growth forest - Logging in old growth forests

Read more here: » Old growth forest: Encyclopedia II - Old growth forest - Importance of old growth forests

Pediatric endocrinologists are the physicians who specialize in diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency and growth problems in children. Internist endocrinologists are the physicians with the most expertise in assessment and treatment of adult GH deficiency. Although GH can be readily measured in a blood sample, testing for GH deficiency is constrained by the fact that levels are nearly undetectable for most of the day. This makes simple measurement of GH in a single blood sample useless for detecting ...

See also:

Growth hormone deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Terminology, Growth hormone deficiency - Causes of GH deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Adult GH deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Treatment of GH deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Treatment of GH deficiency in childhood, Growth hormone deficiency - History, Growth hormone deficiency - GH resistance

Read more here: » Growth hormone deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Growth hormone deficiency - Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency

Smart growth tries to take into consideration the total long-term economic costs of development decisions, rather than merely an aggregation of the short term profits that can be made by improving each individual parcel of land. For example, a person wishing to convert a farm 20 kilometers outside a city center to an office building may profit from the increased rents, but the community may pay more in the long run if more roads, commuting time and pollution is generated by the distance the office building at ...

See also:

Smart growth, Smart growth - Elements of Smart Growth, Smart growth - Rationale for Smart Growth, Smart growth - Economic Analysis of Development, Smart growth - Policy Tools Used to Achieve Smart Growth, Smart growth - Zoning Ordinances, Smart growth - Environmental Impact Assessments, Smart growth - Examples of Communities Implementing Smart Growth Principles, Smart growth - Timeline, Smart growth - Criticisms of smart growth, Smart growth - External links

Read more here: » Smart growth: Encyclopedia II - Smart growth - Economic Analysis of Development

Let x be a quantity growing exponentially with respect to time t. By definition, the rate of change dx/dt obeys the differential equation: where k > 0 is the constant of proportionality (the average number of offspring per individual in the case of the population). (See logistic function for a simple correction of this growth model where k is not constant). The solution to this equation is the exponential function -- hence the name exponential growth ('e' being a mathematical constant). The consta ...

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Exponential growth, Exponential growth - Intuition, Exponential growth - Technical details, Exponential growth - Examples of exponential growth, Exponential growth - Exponential stories, Exponential growth - Rice on a chessboard, Exponential growth - The water lily

Read more here: » Exponential growth: Encyclopedia II - Exponential growth - Technical details

The surprising characteristics of exponential growth have fascinated people through the ages. Exponential growth - Rice on a chessboard. A courtier presented the Persian king with a beautiful, hand-made chessboard. The king asked what he would like in return for his gift and the courtier surprised the king by asking for one grain of rice on the first square, two grains on the second, four grains on the third etc. The king readily agreed and asked for the rice to be brought. All went well at first, but the ...

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Exponential growth, Exponential growth - Intuition, Exponential growth - Technical details, Exponential growth - Examples of exponential growth, Exponential growth - Exponential stories, Exponential growth - Rice on a chessboard, Exponential growth - The water lily

Read more here: » Exponential growth: Encyclopedia II - Exponential growth - Exponential stories

Effects of growth hormone on the tissues of the body can generally be described as anabolic (building up). Like most other protein hormones GH acts by interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of cells. Height growth in childhood is the best known effect of GH action, and appears to be stimulated by at least two mechanisms. 1. GH directly stimulates division and multiplication of chondrocytes of cartilage. These are the primary cells in the growing ends (epiphyses) of children's long bones (arms, legs, digits). 2. GH also st ...

See also:

Growth hormone, Growth hormone - Terminology, Growth hormone - Structure and gene of the human GH molecule, Growth hormone - Secretion of GH, Growth hormone - Functions of GH, Growth hormone - Clinical problems: too much and too little, Growth hormone - Growth hormone excess: acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, Growth hormone - Growth hormone deficiencyGHD, Growth hormone - Other GH uses and treatment indications, Growth hormone - Risks of GH treatment, Growth hormone - History, Growth hormone - HGH quackery

Read more here: » Growth hormone: Encyclopedia II - Growth hormone - Functions of GH

The TGF receptor (TGFR) is part of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase family of receptors. It exists in many different isoforms that can be homo- or heterodimeric. The number of characterized ligands in the TGF superfamily far exceed the number of known receptors, suggesting the promiscuity that exists between the ligand and receptor interactions. TGFR is a single pass, serine/threonine kinase transmembrane receptor. It can be found in many different tissue types, including brain, heart, kidney, liver and testes. ...

See also:

Transforming growth factor, Transforming growth factor - Transforming growth factor alpha, Transforming growth factor - Transforming growth factor beta, Transforming growth factor - The transforming growth factor receptor

Read more here: » Transforming growth factor: Encyclopedia II - Transforming growth factor - The transforming growth factor receptor

GH is secreted into the blood by the somatotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland, in larger amounts than any other pituitary hormone. The transcription factor PIT-1 stimulates both the development of these cells and their production of GH. Failure of development of these cells, as well as destruction of the anterior pituitary gland, results in GH deficiency. Peptides released by neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus into the portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary are the major controllers of GH secretion by the ...

See also:

Growth hormone, Growth hormone - Terminology, Growth hormone - Structure and gene of the human GH molecule, Growth hormone - Secretion of GH, Growth hormone - Functions of GH, Growth hormone - Clinical problems: too much and too little, Growth hormone - Growth hormone excess: acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, Growth hormone - Growth hormone deficiencyGHD, Growth hormone - Other GH uses and treatment indications, Growth hormone - Risks of GH treatment, Growth hormone - History, Growth hormone - HGH quackery

Read more here: » Growth hormone: Encyclopedia II - Growth hormone - Secretion of GH

In the early modern period, some people in Western European nations began conceiving of the idea that economies could "grow", that is, produce a greater economic surplus which could be expended on something other than religious or governmental projects (such as war). The previous view was that only increasing either population or tax rates could generate more surplus money for the Crown or country. During much of the "Mercantilist" period, growth was seen as involving an increase in the total amount of specie, that is circulating medi ...

See also:

Economic growth, Economic growth - Origins of the concept of Economic Growth, Economic growth - The Question of Growth, Economic growth - The limits to growth

Read more here: » Economic growth: Encyclopedia II - Economic growth - Origins of the concept of Economic Growth

Smart growth tries to take into consideration the total long-term economic costs of development decisions, rather than merely an aggregation of the short term profits that can be made by improving each individual parcel of land. For example, a person wishing to convert a farm 20 kilometers outside a city center to an office building may profit from the increased rents, but the community may pay more in the long run if more roads, commuting time and pollution is generated by the distance the office building at ...

See also:

Smart growth, Smart growth - Rationale for Smart Growth, Smart growth - Economic Analysis of Development, Smart growth - Policy Tools Used to Achieve Smart Growth, Smart growth - Zoning Ordinances, Smart growth - Environmental Impact Assessments, Smart growth - Examples of Communities Implementing Smart Growth Principles, Smart growth - Timeline, Smart growth - Criticisms of smart growth, Smart growth - External Links

Read more here: » Smart growth: Encyclopedia II - Smart growth - Economic Analysis of Development

The sweet white wines of Sauternes and Barsac were classified in the original 1855 scheme, and have thus remained unchanged ever since. In addition to the 12 Premiers Crus, it assigned a further 14 wines the label Second Cru (sic). The first growths are listed here with the commune (village) into which they fell in 1855. First Growth - Premier Cru Supérieur. See also:

First Growth, First Growth - Médoc, First Growth - Sauternes, First Growth - Premier Cru Supérieur, First Growth - Premier Cru, First Growth - Graves, First Growth - Saint-Emilion, First Growth - Premiers Grands Crus Classés - A, First Growth - Premiers Grands Crus Classés - B, First Growth - Pomerol, First Growth - Burgundy

Read more here: » First Growth: Encyclopedia II - First Growth - Sauternes

Perhaps the most famous person who exemplified the appearance of untreated congenital growth hormone deficiency was Charles Sherwood Stratton (1838-1883), who was exhibited by P.T. Barnum as General Tom Thumb, and married Lavinia Warren. Pictures of the couple appear to show the typical adult features of untreated severe growth hormone deficiency. Despite the severe shortness, limbs and trunk are proportional. Like many other 19th century medical terms which lost precise meaning as they gained wider currency, “midget” as a term for someone with severe proportional shortness acquired pejorative con ...

See also:

Growth hormone deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Terminology, Growth hormone deficiency - Causes of GH deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Adult GH deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Treatment of GH deficiency, Growth hormone deficiency - Treatment of GH deficiency in childhood, Growth hormone deficiency - History, Growth hormone deficiency - GH resistance

Read more here: » Growth hormone deficiency: Encyclopedia II - Growth hormone deficiency - History