Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics based on quantitative maximization of some good for a population. It is a single value system and a form of consequentialism and absolutism. This good is often happiness or pleasure, though some utilitarian theories might seek to maximize other consequences. Utilitarianism - History of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism was originally developed in 18th century England by Jeremy Bentham and others. Bentham was born at a time of great sci ...

Including:

Utilitarianism - History of utilitarianism Utilitarianism - Types of utilitarianism
Utilitarianism - Negative utilitarianism Utilitarianism - Act utilitarianism vs. rule utilitarianism Utilitarianism - Preference utilitarianism Utilitarianism - Happiness of other species Utilitarianism - Combinations with other ethical schools
Utilitarianism - Biological explanation for utilitarianism Utilitarianism - Criticism of utilitarianism Utilitarianism - Utilitarian criticism of other schools

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Bhutan - The Name Bhutan - History Bhutan - Geography Bhutan - Economy Bhutan - Government and politics Bhutan - Districts Bhutan - Military and foreign affairs Bhutan - Demographics Bhutan - Culture Bhutan - Current Affairs Bhutan - Notes

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Utilitarianism - Negative utilitarianism. Most utilitarian theories deal with producing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number. Negative utilitarianism requires us to promote the least amount of evil or harm, or to prevent the greatest amount of harm for the greatest number. Proponents argue that this is a more effective ethical formula, since, they contend, there are many more ways to do harm than to do good, and the grea ...

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Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - History of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Types of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Negative utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Act utilitarianism vs. rule utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Preference utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Happiness of other species, Utilitarianism - Combinations with other ethical schools, Utilitarianism - Biological explanation for utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Criticism of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Utilitarian criticism of other schools

Read more here: » Utilitarianism: Encyclopedia II - Utilitarianism - Types of utilitarianism

Utilitarianism was originally developed in 18th century England by Jeremy Bentham and others. Bentham was born at a time of great scientific and social change, and there were many demands for greater democracy. He worked on legal reform and wrote "Principles of Morals and Legislation" in which he set out his ethical theory. It can be divided into 3 parts: Views on what motivated human beings, the principle of utility, and the Felicific calculus. From the principle of utility, he found pain and pleasure to be the only absolutes in the world: ...

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Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - History of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Types of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Negative utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Act utilitarianism vs. rule utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Preference utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Happiness of other species, Utilitarianism - Combinations with other ethical schools, Utilitarianism - Biological explanation for utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Criticism of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Utilitarian criticism of other schools

Read more here: » Utilitarianism: Encyclopedia II - Utilitarianism - History of utilitarianism

The well-being or quality of life of a population is an important concern in economics and political science. There are many components to well-being. A large part is standard of living, the amount of money and access to goods and services that a person has; these numbers are fairly easily measured. Others like freedom, happiness, art, environmental health, and innovation are far harder to measure. This has created an inevitable imbalance as programs and policies are created to fit the easily available economic numbers while ignoring the other me ...

Including:

Quality of life - Measuring quality of life Quality of life - Application in politics Quality of life - New Zealand Quality of life - North America

Read more here: » Quality of life: Encyclopedia - Quality of life

It has been suggested that sociobiology, the study of the evolution of human society, provides support for the utilitarian point of view. For example, in The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology, the utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer argues that fundamentally utilitarian ethical reasoning has existed from the time primitive foraging bands had to cooperate, compromise, and make group decisions to survive. He elaborates: "In a dispute between members of a cohesive group of reasoning beings, the demand for a reason is a demand fo ...

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Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - History of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Types of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Negative utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Act utilitarianism vs. rule utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Preference utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Happiness of other species, Utilitarianism - Combinations with other ethical schools, Utilitarianism - Biological explanation for utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Criticism of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Utilitarian criticism of other schools

Read more here: » Utilitarianism: Encyclopedia II - Utilitarianism - Biological explanation for utilitarianism

Critics of utilitarianism claim that it suffers from a number of problems. One is that utilitarianism is not proved by science or logic to be the correct ethical system. However, supporters claim that this is common to all ethical schools (and indeed the system of logic itself) and will remain so until the problem of the regress argument or at least the is-ought problem is satisfactorily solved. It might instead be argued that almost all political arguments about a future society use an unspoken utilitarian principle, all sides claimi ...

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Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - History of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Types of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Negative utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Act utilitarianism vs. rule utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Preference utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Happiness of other species, Utilitarianism - Combinations with other ethical schools, Utilitarianism - Biological explanation for utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Criticism of utilitarianism, Utilitarianism - Utilitarian criticism of other schools

Read more here: » Utilitarianism: Encyclopedia II - Utilitarianism - Criticism of utilitarianism

Most economists assess the progress in welfare of the people in a country over time by comparing the gross domestic product over time, that is, by adding up the annual dollar value of all the goods and services produced within the country over successive years. However, under the standard application of GDP, ecological disasters such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill improve the GDP, because the calculation of GDP adds as a bonus economic activity the lump sum of ...

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Genuine Progress Indicator, Genuine Progress Indicator - Motivations for developing a Genuine Progress Indicator, Genuine Progress Indicator - Theoretical foundation of Genuine Progress Indicator, Genuine Progress Indicator - Hicks: Distinguish income from capital depletion, Genuine Progress Indicator - Fisher: Distinguish enjoyment of life from production of goods, Genuine Progress Indicator - Applying the Genuine Progress Indicator to legislative decisions, Genuine Progress Indicator - Activists, Genuine Progress Indicator - Articles

Read more here: » Genuine Progress Indicator: Encyclopedia II - Genuine Progress Indicator - Motivations for developing a Genuine Progress Indicator

Stone tools, weapons, and remnants of large stone structures provide evidence that Bhutan was inhabited as early as 2000 BC. Historians have theorised that the state of Lhomon (literally, "southern darkness"), or Monyul ("Dark Land", a reference to the Monpa – the aboriginal peoples of Bhutan) may have existed between 500 BC and 600 AD. The names Lhomon Tsendenjong (Sandalwood Country), and Lhomon Khashi, or Southern ...

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Bhutan, Bhutan - The Name, Bhutan - History, Bhutan - Geography, Bhutan - Economy, Bhutan - Government and politics, Bhutan - Districts, Bhutan - Military and foreign affairs, Bhutan - Demographics, Bhutan - The Nepali minority and human rights issues, Bhutan - Language, Bhutan - Culture, Bhutan - Notes

Read more here: » Bhutan: Encyclopedia II - Bhutan - History

Most economists assess the progress in welfare of the people in a country over time by comparing the gross domestic product over time, that is, by adding up the annual dollar value of all the goods and services produced within the country over successive years. However, under the standard application of GDP, ecological disasters such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill improve the GDP, because the calculation of GDP adds as a bonus econom ...

See also:

Genuine Progress Indicator, Genuine Progress Indicator - Motivations for developing a Genuine Progress Indicator, Genuine Progress Indicator - Theoretical foundation of Genuine Progress Indicator, Genuine Progress Indicator - Hicks: Distinguish income from capital depletion, Genuine Progress Indicator - Fisher: Distinguish enjoyment of life from production of goods, Genuine Progress Indicator - Applying the Genuine Progress Indicator to legislative decisions, Genuine Progress Indicator - Activists, Genuine Progress Indicator - Articles

Read more here: » Genuine Progress Indicator: Encyclopedia II - Genuine Progress Indicator - Motivations for developing a Genuine Progress Indicator

History of Bhutan - Assamese separatists. Several guerilla groups seeking to establish an independent Assamese state in northeast India have set up guerilla bases in the forests of southern Bhutan from which they launch cross-border attacks on targets in Assam. The largest guerilla group is ULFA (United Liberation Front of Asom). Negotiations aimed at removing them peacefully from these bases failed in the spring of 2003. Bhutan is faced with the prospect of having to strengthen it ...

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History of Bhutan, History of Bhutan - Prehistory, History of Bhutan - Arrival of Tantric Buddhism, History of Bhutan - Bhutan emerges as a country, History of Bhutan - Treaties with Britain, History of Bhutan - Civil wars, History of Bhutan - Establishment of the monarchy, History of Bhutan - End of absolute rule, History of Bhutan - Emergence from isolation, History of Bhutan - Draft of the Constitution distributed March 2005, History of Bhutan - Current threats to stability, History of Bhutan - Assamese separatists, History of Bhutan - Ethnic Nepalese refugees, History of Bhutan - Bhutanese Communist Party BCP

Read more here: » History of Bhutan: Encyclopedia II - History of Bhutan - Current threats to stability

By allowing mathematical expression of altruism, Altuistic Economics generalises the standard neoclassical model, which is founded on the selfish homo economicus. Like the neoclassical model, Altruistic Economics assumes people are maximisers, but it breaks the assumption that their welfare is independent of others. It also abandons the assumption that everyone is identical. Individual human relationships are modelled, so that everyone can specify how they feel about anyone else. Sympathy for someone is defined as a willingness to for ...

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Altruistic Economics, Altruistic Economics - Concept

Read more here: » Altruistic Economics: Encyclopedia II - Altruistic Economics - Concept

PAE has challenged standard neoclassical assumptions and incorporated ideas from sociology and psychology into economic analysis. Specifically, the notions of utility theory, (consumer choice), production and efficiency theory (pareto optimality) as well as game theory have been criticised: one much discussed article read Is There Anything Worth Keeping in Standard Microeconomics?. Other topics include "Gross National Happiness", realism vs. mathematical consistency, "Thermodynamics and Economics", or "Irrelevance and Ideology" ...

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Post-Autistic Economics, Post-Autistic Economics - Concept, Post-Autistic Economics - Criticism of the Term

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The term has often been used, since the 1980s, in connection with the presence or absence of so-called victimless crimes, its users in this sense citing the incidence of these to gauge the inherent level of disorder in a society at a particular time. Users of the term in this application — who tend to be political and/or social conservatives — often refer to victimless crimes by the alternate name of "quality-of-life crimes." In conjunction with this, American sociologist James Q. Wilson has articulated what he calls the Broken Window ...

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Quality of life, Quality of life - Measuring quality of life, Quality of life - Application in politics, Quality of life - New Zealand, Quality of life - North America

Read more here: » Quality of life: Encyclopedia II - Quality of life - North America

Stone tools, weapons, and remnants of large stone structures provide evidence that Bhutan was inhabited as early as 2000 BC. Historians have theorised that the state of Lhomon (literally, "southern darkness"), or Monyul ("Dark Land", a reference to the Monpa – the aboriginal peoples of Bhutan) may have existed between 500 BC and 600 AD. The names Lhomon Tsendenjong (Sandalwood Country), and Lhomon Khashi, or Southern Mon (country of four approaches) have been found in ancient ...

See also:

Bhutan, Bhutan - The Name, Bhutan - History, Bhutan - Geography, Bhutan - Economy, Bhutan - Government and politics, Bhutan - Districts, Bhutan - Military and foreign affairs, Bhutan - Demographics, Bhutan - Culture, Bhutan - Current Affairs, Bhutan - Notes

Read more here: » Bhutan: Encyclopedia II - Bhutan - History

Bhutan's economy is one of the world's smallest and least developed, and is based on agriculture, forestry, and the sale of hydroelectric power to India. Agriculture provides the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agrarian practices consist largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Handicrafts are a small cottage industry and a source of income for many. The sculpting of religious figurines is a popular occupation, and gilded Buddha statues and Buddhist saints are sold to tourists. A landscape that varies from hi ...

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Bhutan, Bhutan - The Name, Bhutan - History, Bhutan - Geography, Bhutan - Economy, Bhutan - Government and politics, Bhutan - Districts, Bhutan - Military and foreign affairs, Bhutan - Demographics, Bhutan - Culture, Bhutan - Current Affairs, Bhutan - Notes

Read more here: » Bhutan: Encyclopedia II - Bhutan - Economy

On March 26, 2005, "an auspicious day when the stars and elements converge favourably to create an environment of harmony and success"[1], the king and government distribute a draft of the country's first Constitution, requesting that every citizen review it. A new house of parliament, the National Council, is chartered consisting of 20 elected representatives from each of the dzonghags along with 5 distinguished persons selected by the King. The National ...

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History of Bhutan, History of Bhutan - Prehistory, History of Bhutan - Arrival of Tantric Buddhism, History of Bhutan - Bhutan emerges as a country, History of Bhutan - Treaties with Britain, History of Bhutan - Civil wars, History of Bhutan - Establishment of the monarchy, History of Bhutan - End of absolute rule, History of Bhutan - Emergence from isolation, History of Bhutan - Draft of the Constitution distributed March 2005, History of Bhutan - Current threats to stability, History of Bhutan - Assamese separatists, History of Bhutan - Ethnic Nepalese refugees, History of Bhutan - Bhutanese Communist Party BCP

Read more here: » History of Bhutan: Encyclopedia II - History of Bhutan - Draft of the Constitution distributed March 2005

Under the direction of Bhutan's third king, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Bhutan adopted a policy of gradual exposure to the outside world. Bhutan gained United Nations recognition as a sovereign country in 1971. Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the present and fourth king in the line, ascended to the throne in 1972 at age 17 upon the death of his father. His coronation in June 1974 was the occasion for inviting a select number of diplomats and guests from around the world to the isolated kingdom, marking the begin ...

See also:

History of Bhutan, History of Bhutan - Prehistory, History of Bhutan - Arrival of Tantric Buddhism, History of Bhutan - Bhutan emerges as a country, History of Bhutan - Treaties with Britain, History of Bhutan - Civil wars, History of Bhutan - Establishment of the monarchy, History of Bhutan - End of absolute rule, History of Bhutan - Emergence from isolation, History of Bhutan - Draft of the Constitution distributed March 2005, History of Bhutan - Current threats to stability, History of Bhutan - Assamese separatists, History of Bhutan - Ethnic Nepalese refugees, History of Bhutan - Bhutanese Communist Party BCP

Read more here: » History of Bhutan: Encyclopedia II - History of Bhutan - Emergence from isolation

The origins of the name Bhutan are unclear; historians have suggested that it may have originated in variations of the Sanskrit words Bhota-ant (the end of Bhot – a variation of the Indian Sanskrit word "Buddha" meaning enlightened, another word for Tibet), or Bhu-uttan (highlands). The word Bhutan as a name for the country dates from the late 19th century. The Dzongkha (and Tibetan) name for the country is ...

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Bhutan, Bhutan - The Name, Bhutan - History, Bhutan - Geography, Bhutan - Economy, Bhutan - Government and politics, Bhutan - Districts, Bhutan - Military and foreign affairs, Bhutan - Demographics, Bhutan - Culture, Bhutan - Current Affairs, Bhutan - Notes

Read more here: » Bhutan: Encyclopedia II - Bhutan - The Name

The question of whether Bhutan is a sovereign country is a difficult one. Bhutan was treated as a suzerainty by the British Raj, which set up a monarchy and allowed it to administer Bhutan's internal affairs. Foreign and defense policy, however, was decided by the British. In 1949, after Indian independence, Bhutan and India agreed to a ten-article, perpetual treaty which effectively continued the relationship, but with India taking the place of Britain as the imperial power. That is, India agreed not to interfere in Bhutan's internal relati ...

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Bhutan, Bhutan - The Name, Bhutan - History, Bhutan - Geography, Bhutan - Economy, Bhutan - Government and politics, Bhutan - Districts, Bhutan - Military and foreign affairs, Bhutan - Demographics, Bhutan - The Nepali minority and human rights issues, Bhutan - Language, Bhutan - Culture, Bhutan - Notes

Read more here: » Bhutan: Encyclopedia II - Bhutan - Government and politics