Greek literature

The classical tradition of Greek and Roman tragedy was largely forgotten in Western Europe from the Middle Ages to the beginning of 16th century, and public theater in this period was dominiated by mystery plays, morality plays, farces and miracle plays, etc. As early as 1503 however, original language versions of Sophocles, Seneca, Euripides, Aristophanes, Terence and Plautus were all available in Europe and the next forty years would see humanists and poets both translating these classics and adapting them. In the 1540s, the continental un ...

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Tragedy, Tragedy - Origin of Western tragedy, Tragedy - Theories of tragedy, Tragedy - Greek tragedy, Tragedy - Renaissance and 17th century tragedy, Tragedy - English Renaissance Tragedy, Tragedy - French Tragedy in the 16th and 17th centuries, Tragedy - Modern tragedy, Tragedy - Tragedy in film

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This section generally describes the post-Classic phonology of the Greek language. All phonetic transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet Greek language - Vowel sounds. Greek has 5 vowel sounds, all phonemic: Close vowels, when found in unstressed final syllables, tend to be voiceless, particularly if they are between voiceless consonants [e.g.: φάσης /ˈfasis/ → /ˈfasi̥s/ (→ /f ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

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The Telegony comprises two distinct episodes: Odysseus' voyage to Thesprotia, and the story of Telegonus. Probably each of the two books of the Telegony related one of these episodes. In current critical editions only two lines of the poem's original text survive. For its storyline we are almost entirely dependent on a summary of the Cyclic epics contained in the Chrestomatheia (see also chrestomathy) attributed to the 5th century CE philosopher Proclus Diadochos. A few other references also give ...

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Telegony, Telegony - Title, Telegony - Date, Telegony - Content, Telegony - Editions, Telegony - Other uses

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Jerome - Translations. Jerome was a noted scholar of Latin at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek. He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to Bethlehem to perfect his grasp of the language and to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, founded a monastery for him in Bethlehem - rather like a research institute, today - and he completed his translation there. He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin language ver ...

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Jerome, Jerome - Life, Jerome - Writings, Jerome - Translations, Jerome - Historical writings, Jerome - Letters, Jerome - Theological writings, Jerome - Theological position

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The main forms and themes of this period include scholarly and popular epic songs celebrating the new champions of Hellenism; long compositions; verse romance, which bore the stamp of influence from western courtly tradition, but a genre nevertheless rooted in the Hellenistic and Roman imperial ages; ancient stories reviving mythical and historical figures such as Achilles and Theseus and Alexander the Great; and didactic, sardonic texts, concerned with philosophy and the allegory of daily life, with birds and animals taking the leading role ...

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Modern Greek literature, Modern Greek literature - The emergence of modern Greek literature 11th - 15th century, Modern Greek literature - Cretan literature 15th - 17th centuries, Modern Greek literature - Enlightenment era 17th century - 1821, Modern Greek literature - 19th century literature 1821 - 1880, Modern Greek literature - Early 20th century 1880 - 1930, Modern Greek literature - 1930 -1974

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The first usage of the word parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598: "A Parodie, a parodie! to make it absurder than it was." The next notable citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was not in common use. In his "Preface to the Satires", he says: "We may find, that they were Satryrique Poems, full of Parodies; that is, of Verses patch'd up from great Poets, and turn'd into another ...

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Parody, Parody - Western origin, Parody - Use in classical music, Parody - English term, Parody - Alternate meaning, Parody - Film parodying film, Parody - Copyright issues, Parody - Examples, Parody - Historical examples, Parody - Contemporary examples

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Mycenaean Greece, also known as Bronze Age Greece, is the Late Helladic Bronze Age civilization of Ancient Greece. It lasted from the arrival of the Greeks in the Aegean around 1600 BC to the collapse of their Bronze Age civilization around 1100 BC. It is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology. The Mycenaean period takes its name from the archaeological site Mycenae in the northeastern Argolid, in the Peloponnesos of southern Greece. Athens, Pylos, Thebes, and Tiryns are also important Mycenaean sites.

History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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In the older sense of the word, parody can occur when whole elements of one work are lifted out of their context and reused. Pastiche is a form of parody, and parody can also occur when characters or settings belonging to one work are used in a humorous way in another. In Flann O'Brien's novel At Swim-Two-Birds, for example, mad King Sweeney, Finn MacCool, a pookah, and an assortment of cowboys all assemble in an inn in Dublin: the mixture of mythic characters, characters from genre fiction, and a quotidian setting combine for ...

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Parody, Parody - Western origin, Parody - Use in classical music, Parody - English term, Parody - Alternate meaning, Parody - Film parodying film, Parody - Copyright issues, Parody - Examples, Parody - Historical examples, Parody - Contemporary examples

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Main article: Music of Greece There have been excellent composers and performers in all kinds of music but traditional Greek music is noted as a mixture of influences from indigenous Greek culture and Western and Middle Eastern cultures. Turkish and Ottoman elements can be most clearly heard in the traditional songs, dhimotiká, as well as the modern bluesy rembétika music. The best-known Greek musical instrument is the bouzouki. "Bouzouki" is a descriptive Turkish name, but the instrument is ...

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Culture of Greece, Culture of Greece - Art and architecture, Culture of Greece - Architecture, Culture of Greece - Painting and sculpture, Culture of Greece - Pottery and coins, Culture of Greece - Literature, Culture of Greece - Religion, Culture of Greece - Philosophy science and mathematics, Culture of Greece - Music, Culture of Greece - Cuisine, Culture of Greece - Sports

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Main articles: Greek religion, Eastern Orthodoxy The Greek Orthodox Church, largely due to the importance of Byzantium in Greek History, as well as its role in the revolution, is a highly popular institution in Modern Greece. Its roles in society and larger role in overarching Greek Culture are extremely important, the vast majority of Greeks attend Church at least once a month and the Eastern Orthodox holiday of Easter (different to Protestant an ...

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Culture of Greece, Culture of Greece - Art and architecture, Culture of Greece - Architecture, Culture of Greece - Painting and sculpture, Culture of Greece - Pottery and coins, Culture of Greece - Literature, Culture of Greece - Religion, Culture of Greece - Philosophy science and mathematics, Culture of Greece - Music, Culture of Greece - Cuisine, Culture of Greece - Sports

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Main articles: Ottoman Greece and History of Modern Greece When the Ottomans arrived, two Greek migrations occurred. The first migration entailed the Greek intelligentsia migrating to Western Europe and influencing the advent of the Renaissance. The second migration entailed Greeks leaving the plains of the Greek peninsula and resettling in the mountains. Greece being mostly mountainous, the Ottomans could not conquer the entire Greek peninsula since they created neither a military no ...

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History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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Main article: Greek literature The trebecki works in Trillville literary tradition recorded in writing are the epic poems of Homer and Hesiod. Early Greek lyric poetry, as represented by poets like Sappho and Pindar, were responsible for defining the lyric genre as it is still understood in western literature. Aesop wrote his Fables in the 6th century BC. In theatre, Aeschylus introduced the ideas of dialogue and interacting characters to playwriting. In doing so, he essentially invented ...

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Culture of Greece, Culture of Greece - Art and architecture, Culture of Greece - Architecture, Culture of Greece - Painting and sculpture, Culture of Greece - Pottery and coins, Culture of Greece - Literature, Culture of Greece - Religion, Culture of Greece - Philosophy science and mathematics, Culture of Greece - Music, Culture of Greece - Cuisine, Culture of Greece - Sports

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Mycenaean Greece, also known as Bronze Age Greece, is the Late Helladic Bronze Age civilization of Ancient Greece. It lasted from the arrival of the Greeks in the Aegean around 1600 BC to the collapse of their Bronze Age civilization around 1100 BC. It is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology. The Mycenaean period takes its name from the archaeological site Mycenae in the northeas ...

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History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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The history of the Byzantine Empire is described by scholar August Heisenberg as the history "of the Roman state of the Greek nation, that turned Christian". The division of the empire into East and West and the subsequent collapse of the Western Roman Empire were developments that constantly accentuated the position of the Greeks in the empire and eventually allowed them to become identified with it altogether. The leading role of Constantinople began when Constantine the Great turned Byzantium into the new capital of the Roman Empire, henc ...

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History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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Some genre film theorists see parody as a natural development in the life cycle of any genre, especially in film. Western movies, for example, after the classic stage defined the conventions of the genre, underwent a parody stage, in which those same conventions were lampooned. Because audiences had seen these classic Westerns, they had expectations for any new Westerns, and when these expectations were inverted, the audience laughed. Sometimes the reputation of a parody outlasts the reputation of what is being parodied. A notable cas ...

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Parody, Parody - Western origin, Parody - Use in classical music, Parody - English term, Parody - Alternate meaning, Parody - Film parodying film, Parody - Copyright issues, Parody - Examples, Parody - Historical examples, Parody - Contemporary examples

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With the publication of The Waste Land, modernist poetry appeared to have made a breakthrough into wider critical discourse and a broader readership. However, the economic collapse of the late 1920s and early 1930s had a serious negative impact on the new writing. For American writers, living in Europe became more difficult as their incomes lost a great deal of their relative value. While Stein, Barney and Joyce remaind in the French city, much of the scene they had presided over scattered. Pound was in Italy, Eliot in London, H.D. moved between that city and Switzerland, and many of the other writers ass ...

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Modernist poetry in English, Modernist poetry in English - Modernist poetry, Modernist poetry in English - The emergence of English-language modernism, Modernist poetry in English - Imagism, Modernist poetry in English - World War I and after, Modernist poetry in English - Paris, Modernist poetry in English - Others, Modernist poetry in English - Maturity, Modernist poetry in English - 1930s modernism, Modernist poetry in English - Long poems, Modernist poetry in English - Politics, Modernist poetry in English - Legacy

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Crassus' death is important for a number of reasons. While one of the most successful businessmen in Roman history, he still hungered for the military glory of his colleagues, Caesar and Pompey. Instead, he would be remembered as the man responsible for one of Rome's greatest military disasters. More significantly, his death severed the bonds between Pompey and Caesar, already strained by the death of Pompey's wife, and Caesar's daughter, Julia, in 54 BC. It is possible that civil war would have resulted even if Crassus had live ...

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Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes

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Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this period, and perhaps the supreme achievement of modern Greek literature. It is a verse romance written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros (1553-1613). In over 10,000 lines of rhyming fifteen-syllable couplets, the poet relates the trials and tribulations suffered by two young lovers, Erotokritos and Aretousa, daughter of Heracles, King of Athens. It was a tale that enjoyed enormous popularity among its Greek readership and succeeded in making itself something of a folk hero, whose pedi ...

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Modern Greek literature, Modern Greek literature - The emergence of modern Greek literature 11th - 15th century, Modern Greek literature - Cretan literature 15th - 17th centuries, Modern Greek literature - Enlightenment era 17th century - 1821, Modern Greek literature - 19th century literature 1821 - 1880, Modern Greek literature - Early 20th century 1880 - 1930, Modern Greek literature - 1930 -1974

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As Greeks colonized from Asia Minor to Egypt to the Middle East, the Greek language began to evolve into multiple dialects. Alexander the Great (356 BC–323 BC) was instrumental in combining these dialects to form the Koiné (Κοινή; "common"). Imposing a common Greek dialect allowed Alexander's combined army to communicate internally. The language was also learned by the inhabitants of the regions that Alexander conquered, turning Greek into a world language. The Greek language continued to thrive after Alexander, during the Helleni ...

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History of Greek, History of Greek - Origins, History of Greek - Linear B, History of Greek - Ancient Greek dialects, History of Greek - Attic Greek, History of Greek - Hellenistic Greek - Koiné, History of Greek - Medieval and Modern Greek

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This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on Proto-Greek language. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest evidence of this is found in the Linear B tablets dating from 1500 BC. The later Greek alphabet (q.v.) is unrelated to Linear B, and was derived from the Phoenician alphabet (abjad); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventionally divided into the followin ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

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Ancient Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages, was highly inflected. For example nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative), three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated in four main tenses (present, a ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Grammar

Greek language - Some common words and phrases. Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /ˈe̞liˌnas/ Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /ˌe̞liˈniða/ Greek (language): Ελληνικά /e̞ˌliniˈka/ hello: γεια /ʝa/ (informal, literally "health"), you say this only t ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Examples