Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938), until 1934 Mustafa Kemal, Turkish army officer and revolutionist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. Acccording to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish Grand Assembly gave "Atatürk" (Father of Turks) as last name to Mustafa Kemal on 24 November 1934. Kemal Atatürk - Early Life. Atatürk was born in the city of Thessalonica (Turkish: Selanik) in Macedonia (Northern Greece; part of Ottoman Empire of ...

Including:

• Kemal Atatürk - Early Life
• Kemal Atatürk - Early career
• Kemal Atatürk - Later Military Career
• Kemal Atatürk - GeliboluGallipoli
• Kemal Atatürk - Final WWI years
• Kemal Atatürk - Turkish Emancipation
• Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms
• Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation
• Kemal Atatürk - Cultural reform
• Kemal Atatürk - Women's rights
• Kemal Atatürk - Culture and the Arts
• Kemal Atatürk - Legacy

Read more here: » Kemal Atatürk: Encyclopedia - Kemal Atatürk

Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia. The border between Armenia and Turkey was defined in the Treaty of Sèvres, but the Turks refused to accept this border due to its existence in the Treaty of Sèvres and attacked the Armenian Republic. There was a newly proclaimed Armenian Republic, Georgia, and Bolsheviks against the nationalists. One of the most important fights had been in this border. Even though there is a pressing Greek danger on the west as the Greeks were advancing very rap ...

See also:

Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War

Istanbul Pogrom - Planning. In his 2005 book, Harvard-trained Byzantinist historian, Speros Vryonis, documents the direct role of the Demokrat Parti organisation and government-controlled trade unions in amassing the rioters that swept Istanbul. Most of the rioters came from western Asia Minor. His case study of Eskişehir shows how the party there recruited 400 to 500 workers from local factories, who were carted by train with third class-tickets to Istanbul. These recruits were promised the equivalent of $6 USD ...

See also:

Istanbul Pogrom, Istanbul Pogrom - Background, Istanbul Pogrom - The Greeks of Constantinople/Istanbul, Istanbul Pogrom - Context, Istanbul Pogrom - Organisation, Istanbul Pogrom - The Pogrom, Istanbul Pogrom - Planning, Istanbul Pogrom - Execution, Istanbul Pogrom - Personal violence, Istanbul Pogrom - Material damage, Istanbul Pogrom - Witnesses, Istanbul Pogrom - Secondary action, Istanbul Pogrom - Documentation, Istanbul Pogrom - Reactions, Istanbul Pogrom - Aftermath, Istanbul Pogrom - Sources

Read more here: » Istanbul Pogrom: Encyclopedia II - Istanbul Pogrom - The Pogrom

Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation. Kemal Pasha spent the next several years consolidating his control over Turkey and instituting a variety of wide-ranging political, economic and social reforms. These reforms caused some opposition in the Republican People's Party which was founded by Mustafa Kemal in September 9th 1923. Then Mustafa Kemal directed General Kazım Karabekir to establish the Progressive Republican Party for opposition in Turkish National Assembly. This party opposed state socialism of the R ...

See also:

Kemal Atatürk, Kemal Atatürk - Early Life, Kemal Atatürk - Military Career, Kemal Atatürk - Gelibolu Gallipoli, Kemal Atatürk - Final WWI years, Kemal Atatürk - Turkish Emancipation, Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms, Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation, Kemal Atatürk - Cultural reform, Kemal Atatürk - Women's rights, Kemal Atatürk - Culture and the Arts, Kemal Atatürk - Legacy

Read more here: » Kemal Atatürk: Encyclopedia II - Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms

Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation. Kemal Pasha spent the next several years consolidating his control over Turkey and instituting a variety of wide-ranging political, economic and social reforms.These reforms caused some opposition in Republican People's Party which was founded by Mustafa Kemal in September 9th 1923. Then Mustafa Kemal directed General Kazım Karabekir to establish Progressive Republican Party for opposition in Turkish National Assembly. This party opposed state socialism of Republican Peo ...

See also:

Kemal Atatürk, Kemal Atatürk - Early Life, Kemal Atatürk - Early career, Kemal Atatürk - Later Military Career, Kemal Atatürk - GeliboluGallipoli, Kemal Atatürk - Final WWI years, Kemal Atatürk - Turkish Emancipation, Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms, Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation, Kemal Atatürk - Cultural reform, Kemal Atatürk - Women's rights, Kemal Atatürk - Culture and the Arts, Kemal Atatürk - Legacy

Read more here: » Kemal Atatürk: Encyclopedia II - Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms

As private insurance did not exist in Turkey at the time, the only hope the pogrom’s victims had for compensation was from the Turkish state. Although Turkish President Mahmut Celal Bayar announced that "the victims of the destruction shall be compensated", there was little political will or financial means to carry out such a promise. In the end, Greeks ended up receiving about 20 percent of their claims due to the fact that the assessed values of thei ...

See also:

Istanbul Pogrom, Istanbul Pogrom - Background, Istanbul Pogrom - The Greeks of Constantinople/Istanbul, Istanbul Pogrom - Context, Istanbul Pogrom - Organisation, Istanbul Pogrom - The Pogrom, Istanbul Pogrom - Planning, Istanbul Pogrom - Execution, Istanbul Pogrom - Personal violence, Istanbul Pogrom - Material damage, Istanbul Pogrom - Witnesses, Istanbul Pogrom - Secondary action, Istanbul Pogrom - Documentation, Istanbul Pogrom - Reactions, Istanbul Pogrom - Aftermath, Istanbul Pogrom - Sources

Read more here: » Istanbul Pogrom: Encyclopedia II - Istanbul Pogrom - Aftermath

Istanbul Pogrom - The Greeks of Constantinople/Istanbul. Although Constantinople was capital of the Byzantine Empire until 1453, the conquest of the city by Ottoman forces did not spell the end of its Greek population. On the contrary, the city’s Greek population, particularly the Phanariotes, came to play a significant role in the social and economic life of the city and of the political and diplomatic life of the Ottoman Empire in general. This continued after the establ ...

See also:

Istanbul Pogrom, Istanbul Pogrom - Background, Istanbul Pogrom - The Greeks of Constantinople/Istanbul, Istanbul Pogrom - Context, Istanbul Pogrom - Organisation, Istanbul Pogrom - The Pogrom, Istanbul Pogrom - Planning, Istanbul Pogrom - Execution, Istanbul Pogrom - Personal violence, Istanbul Pogrom - Material damage, Istanbul Pogrom - Witnesses, Istanbul Pogrom - Secondary action, Istanbul Pogrom - Documentation, Istanbul Pogrom - Reactions, Istanbul Pogrom - Aftermath, Istanbul Pogrom - Sources

Read more here: » Istanbul Pogrom: Encyclopedia II - Istanbul Pogrom - Background

In Damascus, he soon joined a small secret revolutionary society of reform-minded officers called Vatan ve Hürriyet (Motherland and Liberty), and became an active opponent of the Ottoman regime. In 1907 he was posted to Selânik and joined the Committee of Union and Progress commonly known as the Young Turks. The Young Turks seized power from the Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1908, and Mustafa Kemal became a senior military figure. In 1911, he went to the province of Libya to take part in the defence against the Italian invasion. D ...

See also:

Kemal Atatürk, Kemal Atatürk - Early Life, Kemal Atatürk - Early career, Kemal Atatürk - Later Military Career, Kemal Atatürk - GeliboluGallipoli, Kemal Atatürk - Final WWI years, Kemal Atatürk - Turkish Emancipation, Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms, Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation, Kemal Atatürk - Cultural reform, Kemal Atatürk - Women's rights, Kemal Atatürk - Culture and the Arts, Kemal Atatürk - Legacy

Read more here: » Kemal Atatürk: Encyclopedia II - Kemal Atatürk - Early career

August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. August 30 - Events. 711 - K'inich K'an Joy Chitam, king of the Maya city of Palenque, disappears from history. He was probably taken prisoner by a rivalling city state. 1574 - Guru Ram Das became the Fourth Sikh Guru/Master 1590 - Tokugawa Ieyasu enters Edo Castle. (Traditional Japanese date: August 1, 1590) 1813 - Battle of Kulm: Fr ...

Including:

• August 30 - Events
• August 30 - Births
• August 30 - Deaths
• August 30 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » August 30: Encyclopedia - August 30

Greece, (Greek: Ελλάδα, older form: Ελλάς, Hellas), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellinikí Dimokratía; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is a country in southern Europe on the tip of the Balkan peninsula. It has land boundaries with Bulgaria, FYROM, and Albania to the north and with Turkey to the east. The waters of the Aegean Sea border Greece to the east, and those of the Ionian and Mediterranean Sea to the west and south ...

Including:

• Greece - Name
• Greece - History
• Greece - Prehistory and antiquity
• Greece - Roman rule and Middle Ages
• Greece - Ottoman rule
• Greece - Creation of the modern Greek state
• Greece - Politics
• Greece - Local government
• Greece - Geography
• Greece - Economy
• Greece - Tourism
• Greece - Demographics
• Greece - Religion
• Greece - Culture
• Greece - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Greece: Encyclopedia - Greece

When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of Germany, Mustafa Kemal was posted to Tekirdağ (on the Sea of Marmara. Kemal Atatürk - GeliboluGallipoli. He was later promoted to the rank of colonel and assigned the command of a division in the Gallipoli (Turkish: "Gelibolu") area. He played a critical role in the battle against the allied British, French and ANZAC forces during the Battle of Gallipoli in April 1915, where he held off allied forces at Conkbayırı and on the Anafarta hills. For ...

See also:

Kemal Atatürk, Kemal Atatürk - Early Life, Kemal Atatürk - Early career, Kemal Atatürk - Later Military Career, Kemal Atatürk - GeliboluGallipoli, Kemal Atatürk - Final WWI years, Kemal Atatürk - Turkish Emancipation, Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms, Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation, Kemal Atatürk - Cultural reform, Kemal Atatürk - Women's rights, Kemal Atatürk - Culture and the Arts, Kemal Atatürk - Legacy

Read more here: » Kemal Atatürk: Encyclopedia II - Kemal Atatürk - Later Military Career

Atatürk was born in the city of Thessalonica (Turkish: Selanik) in Macedonia (Northern Greece; part of Ottoman Empire of that day), where his birthplace is commemorated by a museum at the present day Turkish Consulate. In accordance with the then prevalent Turkish custom, he was given the single name Mustafa. His father, Ali Rıza, was a customs officer who died when Mustafa was seven. As such, it was left to his mother Z ...

See also:

Kemal Atatürk, Kemal Atatürk - Early Life, Kemal Atatürk - Early career, Kemal Atatürk - Later Military Career, Kemal Atatürk - GeliboluGallipoli, Kemal Atatürk - Final WWI years, Kemal Atatürk - Turkish Emancipation, Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms, Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation, Kemal Atatürk - Cultural reform, Kemal Atatürk - Women's rights, Kemal Atatürk - Culture and the Arts, Kemal Atatürk - Legacy

Read more here: » Kemal Atatürk: Encyclopedia II - Kemal Atatürk - Early Life

Although the Menderes government attempted to blame Turkish Communists for the pogrom, most foreign observers were aware of who was to blame. In a letter of 15 November 1955 to prime minister Menderes, Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras graphically described the crimes inflicted on his flock. “The very foundation of a civilisation which is the heritage of centuries, the property of all mankind, has been gravely attacked”, he wrote, adding: “All of us, without any defence, spent moments of agony, and in vain sought and waited for protection from tho ...

See also:

Istanbul Pogrom, Istanbul Pogrom - Background, Istanbul Pogrom - The Greeks of Constantinople/Istanbul, Istanbul Pogrom - Context, Istanbul Pogrom - Organisation, Istanbul Pogrom - The Pogrom, Istanbul Pogrom - Planning, Istanbul Pogrom - Execution, Istanbul Pogrom - Personal violence, Istanbul Pogrom - Material damage, Istanbul Pogrom - Witnesses, Istanbul Pogrom - Secondary action, Istanbul Pogrom - Documentation, Istanbul Pogrom - Reactions, Istanbul Pogrom - Aftermath, Istanbul Pogrom - Sources

Read more here: » Istanbul Pogrom: Encyclopedia II - Istanbul Pogrom - Reactions

The war followed World War I, and the Treaty of Sevres. It culminated with the establishment of the modern Turkish Republic, which was cleansed of minorities through the Greco-Turk population exchange of 1922, and the dissolution of the 500 year old Ottoman Empire. It also left the Kurdish question unresolved, as the Kurds were promised an independent state in the Treaty of Sevres, which was not ra ...

See also:

Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors

When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of Germany, Mustafa Kemal was posted to Tekirdağ (on the Sea of Marmara). Kemal Atatürk - Gelibolu Gallipoli. He was later promoted to the rank of colonel and assigned the command of a division in the Gallipoli (Turkish: "Gelibolu") area. He played a critical role in the battle against the allied British, French and ANZAC forces during the Battle of Gallipoli in April 1915, where he held off allied forces at Conkbayırı and on the Anafarta hills. F ...

See also:

Kemal Atatürk, Kemal Atatürk - Early Life, Kemal Atatürk - Military Career, Kemal Atatürk - Gelibolu Gallipoli, Kemal Atatürk - Final WWI years, Kemal Atatürk - Turkish Emancipation, Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms, Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation, Kemal Atatürk - Cultural reform, Kemal Atatürk - Women's rights, Kemal Atatürk - Culture and the Arts, Kemal Atatürk - Legacy

Read more here: » Kemal Atatürk: Encyclopedia II - Kemal Atatürk - Military Career

The first communication between nationals and the Entente build when the first time Entente began to see the need to make some kind of arrangement with the Turkish nationalists. To salvage the Sevres Treaty between February 21 and March 12 1921 conference was staged at London. Entente forced the nationalists to agree with the Istanbul government. Bekir Sami, from Ankara, insisted that the delegate from Istanbul can not enter the negotiations. Also he refused to make Sêvres the basis for the discussions. Sêvres was the Ottoman agreement wit ...

See also:

Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923

The new government in Constantinople hoping to dissolute the national movement passed a fatwa from Şeyhülislam (legal opinion). The fatwa stated that true believer should not go along with the nationalist (rebels) movement. Along with this religious decree, government prosecuted Mustafa Kemal and prominent nationalist to death in absentia. At the same time, müfti of Ankara in defense of national movement gave a counter acting fatwa declaring that Constantinople is under control of Entente and the Ferit Paşa government. In this tex ...

See also:

Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922

Atatürk was born in the city of Thessalonica (Turkish: Selanik) in Macedonia (Northern Greece; part of Ottoman Empire of that day), where his birthplace is commemorated by a museum at the present day Turkish Consulate. In accordance with the then prevalent Turkish custom, he was given the single name Mustafa. His father, Ali Rıza, was a customs officer who died when Mustafa was seven. As such, it was left to his mother Z ...

See also:

Kemal Atatürk, Kemal Atatürk - Early Life, Kemal Atatürk - Military Career, Kemal Atatürk - Gelibolu Gallipoli, Kemal Atatürk - Final WWI years, Kemal Atatürk - Turkish Emancipation, Kemal Atatürk - Post war life and reforms, Kemal Atatürk - Political consolidation, Kemal Atatürk - Cultural reform, Kemal Atatürk - Women's rights, Kemal Atatürk - Culture and the Arts, Kemal Atatürk - Legacy

Read more here: » Kemal Atatürk: Encyclopedia II - Kemal Atatürk - Early Life

Atatürk needed national support. His notoriety from his position, and his status as a hero after the battle of Gallipoli, gave him some credentials. It was not enough to mobilize anything. Besides his task was to disarm the army, he had to secure some relations to gain more movement. He met with Rauf Orbay, Ali Fuat Cebesoy, and Refet Bele on June 21 1919. Before Amasya Agrement, Atatürk met with a Bolshevik delegation headed by Colonel Semion M. Budienny. Bolsheviks wanted to annex the Armenian Republic and other parts of the Cauca ...

See also:

Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline

Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920

Population transfer - United States: Native American relocations. In the nineteenth century, the United States government removed a number of Native American nations to federally owned and designated Indian reservations. In the 1830's, the policy known as Indian Removal relocated many nations living east of the Mississippi River to the Indian Territory in the west, a process that resulted in the "Trail of Tears" for the Cherokees. Resistance to Indian Removal led to several violent conflicts, including the Second Seminole War in Florida. Later in the century, the establishment ...

See also:

Population transfer, Population transfer - Issues arising from population transfer, Population transfer - Changing legal opinions, Population transfer - Cases of population transfer, Population transfer - United States: Native American relocations, Population transfer - Expulsion of Jews and Gypsies, Population transfer - France, Population transfer - Other kinds of transfer, Population transfer - Ancient World, Population transfer - Ottomans and Turkey, Population transfer - Central Europe, Population transfer - Soviet Union, Population transfer - South East Europe, Population transfer - Caucasus, Population transfer - South Asia, Population transfer - Middle East, Population transfer - Footnotes, Population transfer - Other sources

Read more here: » Population transfer: Encyclopedia II - Population transfer - Cases of population transfer