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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Greco-bactrian Kingdom
The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising today's northern Afghanistan an...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Main Greco-bactrian Kings And Territories
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Diodotus.
Territories of Bactria, Sogdiana, Ferghana, Arachosia:
Diodotos I (reigned c. 250-240 BCE)...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Nomadic Invasions
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - First Yueh-Chih expansion c. 162 BCE.
According to the Han Chronicles, following a crushing defeat in 162 BCE ...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Geographic Expansion
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China.
To the north, Euthydemus also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana, and t...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Geographic Expansion
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China.
To the north, Euthydemus also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana, and t...
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Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia - Greco-buddhism
Greco-Buddhism, sometimes spelled Græco-Buddhism, is the cultural syncretism between the culture of Classical Greece and Buddhism, which...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom
The Indo-Greeks (or sometimes Greco-Indians) designate a series of Greek kings, who invaded and controlled parts of northwest and norther...
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Bactria: Encyclopedia - Bactria
Bactria (Bactriana) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush (Caucasus Indicus) and the Amu Darya (O...
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Kalasha: Encyclopedia - Kalasha
The Kalasha, also known as the Kalash, are an ethnic group that lives in the Hindu Kush region of Pakistan. They are an ancient Dardic pe...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia - Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over th...
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Azes Ii: Encyclopedia - Azes Ii
Azes II (reigned circa 35-12 BCE), was an Indo-Scythian king who completed the rule of the Scythians in northern India.
Azes II - Decline...
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Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia - Kushan Empire
The Kushan Empire (c. 1st–3rd centuries) was a state that at its height, about 105–250, stretched from Tajikistan to the Caspian Sea ...
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Ta-hsia: Encyclopedia - Ta-hsia
Ta-Hsia, or Daxia (Chinese: 大夏) is the name given in antiquity by the Chinese to the territory of Bactria.
The name Ta-Hsia appears i...
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128 Bc: Encyclopedia - 128 Bc
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC
Decades: 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC - 120s BC - 110s BC 100s BC ...
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Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhism - Religious Interactions
The length of the Greek presence in Central Asia and northern India provided opportunities for interaction, not only on the artistic, but...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Religion
In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins (Zeus, Herakles, Athena, Apollo...), the I...
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Apollodotus I: Encyclopedia Ii - Apollodotus I - Ruler Of The Indo-greek Kingdom
Apollodotus was one of the generals of Demetrius I of Bactria, the Greco-Bactrian king who invaded northern India around 180 BCE. He was ...
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Bactria: Encyclopedia Ii - Bactria - History
Bactria was originally a province of the Persian Empire in Central Asia.(Cotterell, 59) It was in these regions, where the fertile soil o...
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Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhism - Intellectual Influences In Asia
Through art and religion, the influence of Greco-Buddhism on the cultural make-up of East Asian countries, especially China, Korea and Ja...
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Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhism - Artistic Influences
Main article: Greco-Buddhist art
Numerous works of Greco-Buddhist art display the intermixing of Greek and Buddhist influences, around su...
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Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhism - Greco-buddhism And The West
In the direction of the West, the Greco-Buddhist syncretism may also have had some formative influence on the religions of the Mediterran...
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Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhism - Historical Outline
The interaction between Hellenistic Greece and Buddhism started when Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor and Central Asia in 334 BCE...
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Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhism - Greco-buddhism And The Rise Of The Mahayana
The geographical, cultural and historical context of the rise of Mahayana Buddhism during the 1st century BCE in northwestern India, all ...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Armed Forces
The coins of the Indo-Greeks provide rich clues on their uniforms and weapons. Typical Hellenistic uniforms are depicted, with helmets be...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Early History
Local turmoil preceded the invasion of northern India undertaken by Demetrius, son of the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus, circa 180 BCE. ...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Enduring Legacy Of The Indo-greek Kingdom
From the 1st century CE, the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern India lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the...
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Bactria: Encyclopedia Ii - Bactria - Tokharistan
Following the settlement of the Yuezhi (described in the West as "Tocharians"), the general area of Bactria came to be called Tokharistan...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Culture
Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Art
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art.
Main article: Greco-Buddhist art
In general, the art of the Indo-Greeks is poorly do...
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Kalasha: Encyclopedia Ii - Kalasha - Customs
Their unique culture and belief system differs drastically from the various ethnic groups surrounding them. The Kalasha believe in variou...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Indo-greeks In The Art Of Gandhara
The Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, beyond the omnipresence of Greek style and stylistic elements which might be simply considered as an ...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - The Indo-greeks And Buddhism
Main article: Greco-Buddhism
The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the ...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Economy
Very little is known about the economy of the Indo-Greeks. The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations, pa...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Later History
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories.
After around 100 BCE, Indian kings recovered the area of Mathura and Eastern Punjab east of t...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Historical Outline
The Indo-Greek kingdom was established by Demetrius, the son of the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus.
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Occupation of N...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Scythian And Kushan Invasions
From 130 BCE, Indo-European nomads (the Scythians and then the Yuezhi) started to invade Bactria from the north. In 125 BCE the Greco-Bac...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - The Indo-greeks And Other Faiths
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism.
The first known bilingual coins of the Indo-Greeks were issued by Agathocles around 180 BCE. These coins...
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King Diomedes: Encyclopedia Ii - King Diomedes - Overstrikes
One overstrike is known, of a coin of Strato and Agathokleia over a coin of Diomedes, suggesting that Diomedes may have been an earlier k...
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Amyntas: Encyclopedia Ii - Amyntas - Coinage
Amyntas minted the largest silver coins of Antiquity: some of his coins were double-decadrachms, of a weight of 85g. These huge coins wer...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - Collapse Of The Seleucid Empire
By 100 BC, the once formidable Seleucid Empire encompassed little more than Antioch and some Syrian cities. Despite the clear collapse of...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - Eclipse And Revival
By the time Antiochus II's son Seleucus II Callinicus came to the throne around 246 BC, the Seleucids seemed to be at a low ebb indeed. A...
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Apollodotus I: Encyclopedia Ii - Apollodotus I - An Abundant Multi-cultural Coinage
The coinage of Apollodotus is, together with that of Menander, one of the most abundant of the Indo-Greek kings. It is found mainly in th...
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Zoilos Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Zoilos Ii - Coin Types Of Zoilos Ii
Zoilos II has three main types of coins: "King in profile, with Athena and trident", "Apollo, with tripod and small elephant", "Elephant ...
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Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - Interaction With China 130 Bce Onward
The Ta-Yuan remained a healthy and powerful civilization which had numerous contacts and exchanges with China from 130 BCE.
Around 130 BC...
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Kalasha: Encyclopedia Ii - Kalasha - History
The Kalash people have been ruled by the Mehtar of Chitral since the 1700's and have enjoyed a cordial relationship with the major ethnic...
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Heliokles Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Heliokles Ii - A Relative Of The Western King Antialcidas?
Heliocles II seems to have been the successor of Strato I in Punjab - the two share several coinmarks. Still, the coins of Heliocles II a...
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Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - An Era Of East-west Trade And Cultural Exchange
The Silk Road essentially came into being from the 1st century BC/BCE, following the efforts of China to consolidate a road to the Wester...
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King Hermaeus: Encyclopedia Ii - King Hermaeus - Contacts With China
A Chinese historical record from the Hou Hanshu seems to indicate that Hermaeus received the support of the Chinese against Indo-Scythian...
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Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - An Era Of East-west Trade And Cultural Exchange
The Silk Road essentially came into being from the 1st century BC/BCE, following the efforts of China to consolidate a road to the Wester...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Main Indo-greek Kings Timeline And Territories
There were over 30 Indo-Greek kings, often in competition on different territories. Many of them are only known through their coins.
Not ...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Aftermaths
From the 1st century CE, the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern India lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the...
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Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - The Indo-greeks And Indian Culture
Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support...
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Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - Hellenistic Rule 329–160 Bce
The region of Ferghana was conquered by Alexander the Great in 329 BCE and became his most advanced base in Central Asia. He founded the ...
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Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - Saka Rule 160 Bce Onward
When the Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described Ta-Yuan around 128 BCE, he mentioned, besides the flourishing urban civilization, warriors "s...
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Demetrius I Of Bactria: Encyclopedia Ii - Demetrius I Of Bactria - Demetrius And Buddhism
There are many records of the Sunga empire persecuting Buddhism, but on the contrary Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and ...
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King Hermaeus: Encyclopedia Ii - King Hermaeus - Hermaeus And Kalliope
Hermaeus issued joint coins of himself with his queen Kalliope.
The coin type on the reverse departs from the traditional Hermaeus format...
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Heliokles Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Heliokles Ii - Overstrikes
The existence of numerous overstrikes helps locate the reign of Heliokles II in relation to other Indo-Greek kings. Heliokles overstruck ...
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King Hermaeus: Encyclopedia Ii - King Hermaeus - Biblical Connection
Although rather unlikely, some Biblical scholars have suggested that Hermaeus may have been one of the three Kings (or Magi) from the eas...
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King Hermaeus: Encyclopedia Ii - King Hermaeus - A Prosperous Reign
Hermaeus has one of the most abundant coinage of the Indo-Greek kings, suggesting a prosperous reign. His rule came to an end when the Yu...
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Demetrius I Of Bactria: Encyclopedia Ii - Demetrius I Of Bactria - Invasion Of India
Demetrius started the invasion of northern India from 190 BCE, following the destruction of the Mauryan dynasty by the general Pusyamitra...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - The Partition Of Alexander's Empire 323-281 Bc
Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire within a short time-frame and died young, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hell...
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Demetrius I Of Bactria: Encyclopedia Ii - Demetrius I Of Bactria - Aftermaths
Demetrius I died of unknown reasons, and the date 180 BCE, is merely a suggestion aimed to allow suitable regnal periods for subsequent k...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - The Partition Of Alexander's Empire 323-281 Bc
Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire within a short time-frame and died young, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hell...
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Greco-buddhist Art: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhist Art - Hellenistic Art In Southern Asia
Powerful Hellenistic states were established in the areas of Bactria and Sogdiana, and later northern India for three centuries following...
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Greco-buddhist Art: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhist Art - Greco-buddhist Art Expansion In Central Asia
Greco-Buddhist artistic influences naturally followed Buddhism in its expansion to Central and Eastern Asia from the 1st century BCE.
Gr...
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Greco-buddhist Art: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhist Art - Greco-buddhist Art Expansion In Central Asia
Greco-Buddhist artistic influences naturally followed Buddhism in its expansion to Central and Eastern Asia from the 1st century BCE.
Gr...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - An Overextended Domain
Nevertheless, even before Seleucus' death, the vast eastern domains of the Seleucids were proving difficult to assert control over. Seleu...
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Azes Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Azes Ii - Decline Of The Scythians
After the death of Azes II, the rule of the Indo-Scythians in northwestern India finally crumbled with the conquest of the Kushans, one o...
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Azes I: Encyclopedia Ii - Azes I - Other Coins
Coin of Azes I on a Bactrian camel.
Coin of Azes I depicting Poseidon trampling a horned river god. On the reverse, a Yakshi Goddess stan...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - In Modern Media
The Seleucid Empire is one of a number of factions in the 2004 PC game Rome: Total War.
The Jewish Maccabees, who expelled the Seleucid, ...
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Azes I: Encyclopedia Ii - Azes I - The Azes Era
Azes most lasting legacy was the foundation of the Azes era. It was widely believed that the era was begun by Azes successors by simply c...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - In Modern Media
The Seleucid Empire is one of a number of factions in the 2004 PC game Rome: Total War.
The Jewish revolt Maccabee who expelled the Seleu...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - Civil War And Further Decay
After the death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Seleucid Empire became increasingly unstable. Frequent civil wars made central authority t...
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Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Kushan Empire - A Multi-cultural Empire
In the following century, the Yuezhi tribe of the Guishuang (Ch: 貴霜) gained prominence over the others, and welded them into a tight ...
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Azes Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Azes Ii - Coinage
Azes II's coins use Greek and Kharoshti, depict a Greek goddess as his protector, and thereby essential follow the numismatic model of th...
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Azes Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Azes Ii - The Bimaran Casket
Azes II is also connected to the Bimaran casket, one of the earliest representations of the Buddha. The casket, probably Greek work, was ...
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Seleucid Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Seleucid Empire - The Power Of Rome And Renewed Disintegration
But Antiochus' glory was not to last for long. Following his erstwhile ally Philip's defeat at the hands of Rome in 197 BC, Antiochus now...
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Azes I: Encyclopedia Ii - Azes I - History
Although Maues and his successors had conquered the areas of Gandhara, as well as the area of Mathura from 85 BCE, they were unsuccessful...
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Ai-khanoum: Encyclopedia Ii - Ai-khanoum - A Greek City In Bactria
Numerous artifacts and structures were found, pointing to a high Hellenistic culture, combined with Eastern influences. "It has all the h...
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Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Kushan Empire - Contacts With Rome
Several Roman sources describe the visit of ambassadors from the Kings of Bactria and India during the 2nd century CE, probably referring...
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Maues: Encyclopedia Ii - Maues - Conqueror Of Gandhara
Maues had his capital in Sirkap and minted most of his coins in Taxila. Maues did not manage however to conquer the Punjab territories of...
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Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Kushan Empire - Origins
Chinese sources describe the Guishuang (Ch:貴霜), i.e. the "Kushans" as one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi (Ch:月氏), a loose confe...
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Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Kushan Empire - Contacts With China
During the 1st and 2nd century, the Kushan Empire expanded militarily to the north and occupied parts of the Tarim Basin, their original ...
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Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Kushan Empire - The Kushans And Buddhism
Cultural exchanges also flourished, encouraging the development of Greco-Buddhism, a fusion of Hellenistic and Buddhist cultural elements...
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Maues: Encyclopedia Ii - Maues - Maues And Buddhism
A few of the coins of Maues, struck according to the Indian square standard, seamingly depict a King in a cross-legged seated position. T...
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Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Kushan Empire - Main Kushan Rulers
6th century BCE
5th century BCE
4th century BCE
3rd century BCE
2nd century BCE
1st century BCE
&...
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Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - Kushan Empire - Decline
From the 3rd century the Kushan empire began to fragment.
Around 225 Vasudeva I died and the Kushan empire was divided into western and e...
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Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - Origins
The ancestors of the Indo-Scythians are thought to be Sakas (Scythian) tribes, originally settled in southern Siberia, in the Ili river a...
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History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Greco-buddhist Interaction 2nd C. Bce–1st C. Ce
In the areas west of the Indian subcontinent, neighboring Greek kingdoms had been in place in Bactria (today's northern Afghanistan) sinc...
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Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - The Indo-scythians And Buddhism
The Indo-Scythians seem to have been followers of Buddhism, and many of their practices apparently continued those of the Indo-Greeks.
I...
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Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - Main Indo-scythian Rulers
Northwestern India:
Maues, c. 90-60 BCE Coin
Vonones, c. 75-65 BCE Coin
Spalahores, c. 75-65 BCE Coin
Spalarises, c. 60-57 BCE Coin
Azes...
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Greco-buddhist Art: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhist Art - Greco-buddhist Artistic Interaction
As soon as the Greeks invaded India to form the Indo-Greek kingdom, a fusion of Hellenistic and Buddhist elements started to appear, enco...
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Tocharians: Encyclopedia Ii - Tocharians - Naming
The term Tocharians has a somewhat complicated history. It is based on the ethnonym Tokharoi (Greek Τόχαροι) used by Greek histori...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Greek Culture In Bactria
The Greco-Bactrians were known for their high level of Hellenistic sophistication, and kept regular contact with both the Mediterranean a...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid Dynasty 230 Bce
Euthydemus overthrew Diodotus II around 230 BCE and started his dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, reaching and going be...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation Of Eucratides
Back in Bactria, Eucratides, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the Seleucids, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and e...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation Of Eucratides
Back in Bactria, Eucratides, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the Seleucids, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and e...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Independence From The Seleucid Empire 250 Bce
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded by the Seleucid military governor of Bactria Diodotus around 250 BCE when he wrestled independence...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid Dynasty 230 Bce
Euthydemus overthrew Diodotus II around 230 BCE and started his dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, reaching and going be...
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Greco-bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-bactrian Kingdom - Independence From The Seleucid Empire 250 Bce
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded around 250 BCE when the Seleucid military governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana, named Diodot...
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