Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language. The set of rules governing a particular language is also called the grammar of the language; thus, each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar. Grammar is part of the general study of language called linguistics. The subfields of modern grammar are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Traditional grammars include only morphology and syntax. Grammar - Types of grammar. A prescript ...

Including:

• Grammar - Types of grammar
• Grammar - Development of grammars
• Grammar - Grammatical devices
• Grammar - Grammatical terms
• Grammar - Related topics

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Grammar, Grammar - Types of grammar, Grammar - Development of grammars, Grammar - Grammatical devices, Grammar - Grammatical terms, Grammar - Related topics

Read more here: » Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Grammar - Development of grammars

In grammar, most languages distinguish interrogative sentences, which put questions from declarative sentences that state propositions, by syntax. Some devices used by languages for marking questions include: A different tonal pattern (often a raised tone near the end of the sentence) A marked word order different from the usual word order in statements (see wh-movement) An interrogative mood or some other verb inflection such as the subjunctive mood A grammatical particle (cf Japanese ka ...

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Question, Question - Grammar, Question - Questions and answers, Question - Learning, Question - External link

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Chinese grammar—here referring to that of Standard Mandarin—shares a similar system of grammar with the many language varieties or dialects of the Chinese language, different from those employed by other language families, and comparable to the similar features found within, for instance, the Slavic languages or Semitic languages. Beyond genetic similarities within the Sino-Tibetan language family to which Chinese belongs, there are also strong similarities within the East Asian sprachbund, a group of mutually-influenced but not d ...

Including:

• Chinese grammar - Topic-prominence
• Chinese grammar - Aspects
• Chinese grammar - Mood
• Chinese grammar - Serial Verb Constructions
• Chinese grammar - Verbal Complements
• Chinese grammar - Coverbs
• Chinese grammar - Counters or measure words / unitary
• Chinese grammar - Parts of speech

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A question is any of several kinds of linguistic expressions normally used by a questioner to request the presentation of information back to the questioner, in the form of an answer, by the audience. Alternatively, one may say that the question is the request itself, and the interrogative sentence merely expresses it, but we will not use this sense. Questions thus resemble other requesting expressions as well as commands in normally being used to elicit a response. Indeed some expressions, such as "Would you pass the butter?", ...

Including:

• Question - Grammar
• Question - Questions and answers
• Question - Learning
• Question - External link

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A meaning is a set of thoughts that people take symbols to have. Meanings can do many things, such as provoke a certain idea, or denote a certain real-world entity. Meanings can be linguistic and non-linguistic. Linguistic meaning is any meaning that words and other items of language have. Non-linguistic meaning is whatever meaning can be conveyed without the use of language. Meanings can be presented through various different mediums, or vehicles of communication. The kind of medium that is used determines ...

Including:

• Meaning - Philosophical approaches
• Meaning - Gottlob Frege
• Meaning - Saul Kripke
• Meaning - Meaning as use
• Meaning - Translation
• Meaning - Linguistic approaches
• Meaning - Semantics
• Meaning - Semiotics
• Meaning - Pragmatics

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Poetry (ancient Greek: ποιεω (poieo) = I create) is traditionally a written art form (although there is also an ancient and modern poetry which relies mainly upon oral or pictorial representations) in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. The increased emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the deliberate use of features such as repetition, meter and rhyme, are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose, but debates over s ...

Including:

• Poetry - Nature of poetry
• Poetry - Tools
• Poetry - Sound
• Poetry - Form
• Poetry - Rhetoric
• Poetry - History
• Poetry - Terms

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Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ), formerly known under the French colonization as Annamite (see Annam) is the national and official language of Vietnam. It is the mother tongue of the Vietnamese people (người Việt or người Kinh), who constitute between 88% and 90% of Vietnam's population and of about three million overseas Vietnamese, including more than a million individuals of Vietnamese heritage in the United States. It is also spoken as a second language b ...

Including:

• Vietnamese language - Classification
• Vietnamese language - History
• Vietnamese language - Geographic distribution
• Vietnamese language - Official status
• Vietnamese language - Dialects
• Vietnamese language - Sounds
• Vietnamese language - Vowels
• Vietnamese language - Tones
• Vietnamese language - Consonants
• Vietnamese language - Grammar
• Vietnamese language - Tense
• Vietnamese language - Topic comment structure
• Vietnamese language - Plural
• Vietnamese language - Classifiers
• Vietnamese language - Pronouns
• Vietnamese language - Reduplication
• Vietnamese language - Vocabulary
• Vietnamese language - Writing system
• Vietnamese language - Computer support
• Vietnamese language - Examples
• Vietnamese language - Original Chu Nom version
• Vietnamese language - Literal English translation
• Vietnamese language - Reference & suggested reading
• Vietnamese language - Pedagogical
• Vietnamese language - Reference & linguistics

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The King James Version (KJV) is an English translation of the Holy Bible, commissioned for the benefit of the Church of England at the behest of King James I of England. First published in 1611, it has had a profound impact not only on most English translations that have followed it, but also on English literature as a whole. The works of famous authors such as John Bunyan, John Milton, Herman Melville, John Dryden, and William Wordsworth are replete with inspiration apparently derived from the King James Version. Bibles from the Engl ...

Including:

• King James Version of the Bible - Background
• King James Version of the Bible - The Project
• King James Version of the Bible - Committees
• King James Version of the Bible - Literary attributes
• King James Version of the Bible - Translation
• King James Version of the Bible - Style
• King James Version of the Bible - Subsequent history
• King James Version of the Bible - Difference in the contents
• King James Version of the Bible - Prefatory material
• King James Version of the Bible - Typeface spelling and format
• King James Version of the Bible - The current text
• King James Version of the Bible - Copyright status
• King James Version of the Bible - Literary influence

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A writing system, also called a script, is a type of symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language. Writing system - General properties. Writing systems are distinguished from other possible symbolic communication systems in that one must usually understand something of the associated language in order to successfully read and comprehend the text. Contrast this with other possible symbolic systems such as information signs, painting, maps, and mathematics, which do ...

Including:

• Writing system - General properties
• Writing system - Basic terminology
• Writing system - History of writing systems
• Writing system - Types of writing system
• Writing system - Logographic writing systems
• Writing system - Syllabic writing systems
• Writing system - Alphabetic writing systems
• Writing system - Featural writing systems
• Writing system - Directionality

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The potential mood is a mood of probability, indicating that the action most likely, but not certainly, occurs. It is used in Finnish, Japanese and in Sanskrit. (In Japanese it is often called something like tentative, since potential is used to refer to a voice indicating capability to perform the action.) In Finnish, it is mostly a literary device, as it has virtually disappeared from daily spoken language in most dialects. Its suffix is -ne-, as in *men+ne+e → mennee "probably (s/he/it) w ...

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Grammatical mood, Grammatical mood - Indicative mood, Grammatical mood - Imperative mood, Grammatical mood - Subjunctive mood, Grammatical mood - Conditional mood, Grammatical mood - Generic mood, Grammatical mood - Negative mood, Grammatical mood - Interrogative mood, Grammatical mood - Optative mood, Grammatical mood - Admirative mood, Grammatical mood - Cohortative mood, Grammatical mood - Jussive mood, Grammatical mood - Potential mood, Grammatical mood - Eventive mood, Grammatical mood - Dubitative mood, Grammatical mood - Presumptive mood, Grammatical mood - Hypothetical mood, Grammatical mood - Energetic mood, Grammatical mood - Links, Grammatical mood - Bibliography

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The potential mood is a mood of probability, indicating that the action most likely, but not certainly, occurs. It is used in Finnish, Japanese and in Sanskrit. (In Japanese it is often called something like tentative, since potential is used to refer to a voice indicating capability to perform the action.) In Finnish, it is mostly a literary device, as it has virtually disappeared from daily spoken language in most dialects. Its suffix is -ne-, as in *men+ne+e → mennee "probably (s/he/it) w ...

See also:

Grammatical mood, Grammatical mood - Indicative mood, Grammatical mood - Imperative mood, Grammatical mood - Subjunctive mood, Grammatical mood - Conditional mood, Grammatical mood - Generic mood, Grammatical mood - Negative mood, Grammatical mood - Interrogative mood, Grammatical mood - Optative mood, Grammatical mood - Admirative mood, Grammatical mood - Cohortative mood, Grammatical mood - Jussive mood, Grammatical mood - Potential mood, Grammatical mood - Eventive mood, Grammatical mood - Dubitative mood, Grammatical mood - Presumptive mood, Grammatical mood - Hypothetical mood, Grammatical mood - Energetic mood, Grammatical mood - Bibliography

Read more here: » Grammatical mood: Encyclopedia II - Grammatical mood - Potential mood

However, there exists emerging evidence of both innateness of language and the "Critical Period Hypothesis" from the deaf population of Nicaragua. Until approximately 1986, Nicaragua had neither education nor a formalized sign language for the deaf. As Nicaraguans attempted to rectify the situation, they discovered that children past a certain age had difficulty learning any language. Additionally, the adults observed that the younger children were using gestures unknown to them to communicate with each other. They invited Judy Kegl, an Amer ...

See also:

Language acquisition, Language acquisition - Nativist theories, Language acquisition - Non-nativist Theories, Language acquisition - The Critical Period Hypothesis, Language acquisition - Additional arguments for nativism, Language acquisition - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language acquisition: Encyclopedia II - Language acquisition - Additional arguments for nativism

However, there exists emerging evidence of both innateness of language and the "Critical Period Hypothesis" from the deaf population of Nicaragua. Until approximately 1986, Nicaragua had neither education nor a formalized sign language for the deaf. As Nicaraguans attempted to rectify the situation, they discovered that children past a certain age had difficulty learning any language. Additionally, the adults observed that the younger children were using gestures unknown to them to communicate with each other. They invited Judy Kegl, an Amer ...

See also:

Language acquisition, Language acquisition - Nativist theories, Language acquisition - Non-nativist theories, Language acquisition - The Critical Period Hypothesis, Language acquisition - Additional arguments for nativism, Language acquisition - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language acquisition: Encyclopedia II - Language acquisition - Additional arguments for nativism

Non-nativist theories include the Competition model and Social interactionism. Social-interactionists, like Snow, theorize that adults play an important part in children's language acquisition. However, some researchers claim that the empirical data on which theories of social interactionism are based have often been over-representative of middle class American and European parent-child interactions. Various anthropological studies of other human cultures, as well as anecdotal evidence from western families, suggests rather that many, if not ...

See also:

Language acquisition, Language acquisition - Nativist theories, Language acquisition - Non-nativist Theories, Language acquisition - The Critical Period Hypothesis, Language acquisition - Additional arguments for nativism, Language acquisition - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language acquisition: Encyclopedia II - Language acquisition - Non-nativist Theories

Nativist linguistic theories hold that children learn through their natural ability to organize the laws of language, but cannot fully utilize this talent without the presence of other humans. This does not mean, however, that the child requires formal teaching of any sort. Chomsky claims that children are born with a hard-wired language acquisition device (LAD) in their brains. They are born with the major principles of language in place, but with many parameters to set (such as whether sentences in the language(s) they are to acquir ...

See also:

Language acquisition, Language acquisition - Nativist theories, Language acquisition - Non-nativist Theories, Language acquisition - The Critical Period Hypothesis, Language acquisition - Additional arguments for nativism, Language acquisition - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language acquisition: Encyclopedia II - Language acquisition - Nativist theories

Non-nativist theories include the Competition model and Social interactionism. Social-interactionists, like Snow, theorize that adults play an important part in children's language acquisition. However, some researchers claim that the empirical data on which theories of social interactionism are based have often been over-representative of middle class American and European parent-child interactions. Various anthropological studies of other human cultures, as well as anecdotal evidence from western families, suggests rather that many, if not ...

See also:

Language acquisition, Language acquisition - Nativist theories, Language acquisition - Non-nativist theories, Language acquisition - The Critical Period Hypothesis, Language acquisition - Additional arguments for nativism, Language acquisition - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language acquisition: Encyclopedia II - Language acquisition - Non-nativist theories

The figures of author and reader were likewise downplayed by the linguistic Formalists (e.g. Lev Jakubinsky, Roman Jakobson). The adherents of this model placed poetic language at the centre of their inquiry. As Warner remarks, “Jakobson makes it clear that he rejects completely any notion of emotion as the touchstone of literature. For Jakobson, the emotional qualities of a literary work are secondary to ...

See also:

Russian formalism, Russian formalism - Introduction, Russian formalism - Mechanistic Formalism, Russian formalism - Organic Formalism, Russian formalism - Systemic Formalism, Russian formalism - Linguistic Formalism, Russian formalism - Sound Patterns in Poetry, Russian formalism - Linguistic Analysis of the Text, Russian formalism - Legacy of the Formalist School, Russian formalism - Bibliography of Russian Formalism in English, Russian formalism - Select Bibliography

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The figures of author and reader were likewise downplayed by the linguistic Formalists (e.g. Lev Jakubinsky, Roman Jakobson). The adherents of this model placed poetic language at the centre of their inquiry. As Warner remarks, "Jakobson makes it clear that he rejects completely any notion of emotion as the touchstone of literature. For Jakobson, the emotional qualities of a literary work are secondary ...

See also:

Russian formalism, Russian formalism - Distinctive ideas, Russian formalism - Mechanistic Formalism, Russian formalism - Organic Formalism, Russian formalism - Systemic Formalism, Russian formalism - Linguistic Formalism, Russian formalism - Sound Patterns in Poetry, Russian formalism - Linguistic Analysis of the Text, Russian formalism - Legacy

Read more here: » Russian formalism: Encyclopedia II - Russian formalism - Linguistic Formalism

Linguistic theories hold that children learn through their natural ability to organize the laws of language, but cannot fully utilize this talent without the presence of other humans. This does not mean, however, that the child requires formal teaching of any sort. Chomsky claims that children are born with a hard-wired language acquisition device (LAD) in their brains. They are born with the major principles of language in place, but with many parameters to set (such as whether sentences in the language(s) they are to acquire must ha ...

See also:

Language acquisition, Language acquisition - Nativist theories, Language acquisition - Non-nativist theories, Language acquisition - The Critical Period Hypothesis, Language acquisition - Additional arguments for nativism, Language acquisition - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language acquisition: Encyclopedia II - Language acquisition - Nativist theories