Grammar

Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language. The set of rules governing a particular language is also called the grammar of the language; thus, each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar. Grammar is part of the general study of language called linguistics. The subfields of modern grammar are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Traditional grammars include only morphology and syntax. Grammar - Types of grammar. A prescript ...

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Read more here: » Grammar: Encyclopedia - Grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Grammar - Development of grammars Grammars evolve through usage and human population separations. With the advent of written representations, formal rules about language usage tend to appear also. Formal grammars are codifications of usage that are developed by observation. As the rules become established and developed, the prescriptive concept of grammatical correctness can arise. This often creates a gulf between contemporary usage and that which is accepted as correct. Linguists normally consider that prescriptive grammars do not have any justification beyond their author ...

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Grammar: Encyclopedia - Ambiguous grammar

In computer science, a grammar is said to be an ambiguous grammar if there is some string that it can generate in more than one way (i.e., the string has more than one parse tree or more than one leftmost derivation). A language is inherently ambiguous if it can only be generated by ambiguous grammars. For programming languages, ambiguous grammars can lead to difficulties for some compilers. Ambiguous grammar - Example. The context free grammar A → A + A | A − A | aIncluding:

Ambiguous grammar - Example

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Chinese grammar

Chinese grammar—here referring to that of Standard Mandarin—shares a similar system of grammar with the many language varieties or dialects of the Chinese language, different from those employed by other language families, and comparable to the similar features found within, for instance, the Slavic languages or Semitic languages. Beyond genetic similarities within the Sino-Tibetan language family to which Chinese belongs, there are also strong similarities within the East Asian sprachbund, a group of mutually-influenced but not d ...

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Grammar: Encyclopedia - Universal grammar

Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans. It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. It was developed after issues of the Argument from poverty of the stimulus arose from the constructivist approach to linguistic theory. This theory does not claim that all human languages have the same grammar, or that all humans are "programmed" with a structure that underlies all surface expressions of hu ...

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Article grammar

An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles can have various functions: a definite article (English the) indicates, among other things, that an entity has been identified as unique in some way (The cat on the mat is black.) an indefinite article (English a, an) indicates, among other things, that an entity has not been identified as unique (A cat is a mammal vs The cat on the mat is bl ...

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Grammar: Encyclopedia - Corruption grammar

Corruption or bastardization is a way of referring to certain changes in a language. The most common way that a word can be said to be corrupted is the change of its spelling through errors and gradual changes in comprehension, transcription, and hearing. This is especially common with words borrowed from another language. For example Guangzhou was formerly known as Canton, which is a transliteration of Guangdong following the rules of French sound structures. The terms "corruption" and "bastardization" carry negative connotati ...

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Grammar: Encyclopedia - Arabic grammar

Arabic is a Semitic language. See Arabic language for more information on the language in general. This article describes the grammar of Classical Arabic. Arabic grammar - History. Due to the rapid expansion of Islam in the 8th century, many people learned Arabic as a lingua franca. For this reason, the earliest grammatical treatises on Arabic are often written by non-native speakers. The earliest grammarian who is known to us is Including:

Arabic grammar - Pronoun

Arabic grammar - Numerals

Arabic grammar - Verb

Arabic grammar - Syntax

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Context-free grammar

In linguistics and computer science, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a formal grammar in which every production rule is of the form V → w where V is a non-terminal symbol and w is a string consisting of terminals and/or non-terminals. The term "context-free" comes from the fact that the non-terminal V can always be replaced by w, regardless of the context in which it occurs. A formal language is context ...

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Grammar: Encyclopedia - Contraction grammar

In traditional grammar, a contraction is the formation of a new word from two or more individual words. This often is a result of a common sequence of words, or, as in French, to maintain a flowing sound. In English, contractions are usually but not always either negations or combinations of pronouns with auxiliary verbs, and in these cases always include an apostrophe. Negations are generally in the form of doesn't for does not, or wouldn't for would not, where the apostrophe stands for the missing ...

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Construction grammar - Grammar as an inventory of constructions

In CxG the grammar of a language is made up of taxonomic networks of families of constructions, which are based on the same principles as those of the conceptual categories known from cognitive linguistics, such as inheritance, prototypicality, extensions, and multiple parenting. Four different models are proposed in relation to how information is stored in the taxonomies. Construction grammar - Full-entry model. In the full-entry model information is stored reduntantly at all relevant levels in th ...

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Grammar

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