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Grammar

A Wisdom Archive on Grammar

Grammar

A selection of articles related to Grammar

We recommend this article: Grammar - 1, and also this: Grammar - 2.
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grammar, Grammar, Grammar - Development of grammars, Grammar - Types of grammar, Grammar - Grammatical devices, Grammar - Grammatical terms, Grammar - Related topics, Category:Grammars of specific languages

ARTICLES RELATED TO Grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Grammar

Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language. The set of rules governing a particular language is also called the grammar of the language; thus, each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar. Grammar is part of the general study of language called linguistics. The subfields of modern grammar are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Traditional grammars include only morphology and syntax. Grammar - Types of grammar. A prescript ...

Including:

Read more here: » Grammar: Encyclopedia - Grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Grammar - Development of grammars
Grammars evolve through usage and human population separations. With the advent of written representations, formal rules about language usage tend to appear also. Formal grammars are codifications of usage that are developed by observation. As the rules become established and developed, the prescriptive concept of grammatical correctness can arise. This often creates a gulf between contemporary usage and that which is accepted as correct. Linguists normally consider that prescriptive grammars do not have any justification beyond their author ...

See also:

Grammar, Grammar - Types of grammar, Grammar - Development of grammars, Grammar - Grammatical devices, Grammar - Grammatical terms, Grammar - Related topics

Read more here: » Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Grammar - Development of grammars

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Formal grammar - Generative grammars

A generative grammar consists of a set of rules for transforming strings. To generate a string in the language, one begins with a string consisting of only a single "start" symbol, and then successively applies the rules (any number of times, in any order) to rewrite this string. The language consists of all the strings that can be generated in this manner. Any particular sequence of legal choices taken during this rewriting process yields one particular string in the language, and if there are multiple different ways of generating a si ...

See also:

Formal grammar, Formal grammar - Generative grammars, Formal grammar - Formal definition, Formal grammar - Example, Formal grammar - The Chomsky Hierarchy, Formal grammar - Other forms of generative grammars, Formal grammar - Analytic grammars

Read more here: » Formal grammar: Encyclopedia II - Formal grammar - Generative grammars

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Construction grammar

The term construction grammar (CxG) covers a "family" of theories, or models, of grammar that are based on the idea that the primary unit of grammar is the grammatical construction rather than the atomic syntactic unit and the rule that combines atomic units, and that the grammar of a language is made up of taxonomies of families of constructions. CxG is typically associated with cognitive linguistics, partly because many of the linguists that are involved in CxG are also involved in cognitive linguistics, and partly bec ...

Including:

Read more here: » Construction grammar: Encyclopedia - Construction grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Ambiguous grammar

In computer science, a grammar is said to be an ambiguous grammar if there is some string that it can generate in more than one way (i.e., the string has more than one parse tree or more than one leftmost derivation). A language is inherently ambiguous if it can only be generated by ambiguous grammars. For programming languages, ambiguous grammars can lead to difficulties for some compilers. Ambiguous grammar - Example. The context free grammar A → A + A | A − A | aIncluding:

Read more here: » Ambiguous grammar: Encyclopedia - Ambiguous grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Chinese grammar

Chinese grammar—here referring to that of Standard Mandarin—shares a similar system of grammar with the many language varieties or dialects of the Chinese language, different from those employed by other language families, and comparable to the similar features found within, for instance, the Slavic languages or Semitic languages. Beyond genetic similarities within the Sino-Tibetan language family to which Chinese belongs, there are also strong similarities within the East Asian sprachbund, a group of mutually-influenced but not d ...

Including:

Read more here: » Chinese grammar: Encyclopedia - Chinese grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Universal grammar

Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans. It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. It was developed after issues of the Argument from poverty of the stimulus arose from the constructivist approach to linguistic theory. This theory does not claim that all human languages have the same grammar, or that all humans are "programmed" with a structure that underlies all surface expressions of hu ...

Read more here: » Universal grammar: Encyclopedia - Universal grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Article grammar

An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles can have various functions: a definite article (English the) indicates, among other things, that an entity has been identified as unique in some way (The cat on the mat is black.) an indefinite article (English a, an) indicates, among other things, that an entity has not been identified as unique (A cat is a mammal vs The cat on the mat is bl ...

Including:

Read more here: » Article grammar: Encyclopedia - Article grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Corruption grammar

Corruption or bastardization is a way of referring to certain changes in a language. The most common way that a word can be said to be corrupted is the change of its spelling through errors and gradual changes in comprehension, transcription, and hearing. This is especially common with words borrowed from another language. For example Guangzhou was formerly known as Canton, which is a transliteration of Guangdong following the rules of French sound structures. The terms "corruption" and "bastardization" carry negative connotati ...

Including:

Read more here: » Corruption grammar: Encyclopedia - Corruption grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Arabic grammar

Arabic is a Semitic language. See Arabic language for more information on the language in general. This article describes the grammar of Classical Arabic. Arabic grammar - History. Due to the rapid expansion of Islam in the 8th century, many people learned Arabic as a lingua franca. For this reason, the earliest grammatical treatises on Arabic are often written by non-native speakers. The earliest grammarian who is known to us is Including:

Read more here: » Arabic grammar: Encyclopedia - Arabic grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Context-free grammar

In linguistics and computer science, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a formal grammar in which every production rule is of the form V → w where V is a non-terminal symbol and w is a string consisting of terminals and/or non-terminals. The term "context-free" comes from the fact that the non-terminal V can always be replaced by w, regardless of the context in which it occurs. A formal language is context ...

Including:

Read more here: » Context-free grammar: Encyclopedia - Context-free grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia - Contraction grammar

In traditional grammar, a contraction is the formation of a new word from two or more individual words. This often is a result of a common sequence of words, or, as in French, to maintain a flowing sound. In English, contractions are usually but not always either negations or combinations of pronouns with auxiliary verbs, and in these cases always include an apostrophe. Negations are generally in the form of doesn't for does not, or wouldn't for would not, where the apostrophe stands for the missing ...

Read more here: » Contraction grammar: Encyclopedia - Contraction grammar

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Construction grammar - Grammar as an inventory of constructions

In CxG the grammar of a language is made up of taxonomic networks of families of constructions, which are based on the same principles as those of the conceptual categories known from cognitive linguistics, such as inheritance, prototypicality, extensions, and multiple parenting. Four different models are proposed in relation to how information is stored in the taxonomies. Construction grammar - Full-entry model. In the full-entry model information is stored reduntantly at all relevant levels in th ...

See also:

Construction grammar, Construction grammar - Some history, Construction grammar - The grammatical construction in CxG, Construction grammar - Syntax-lexicon continuum, Construction grammar - Grammar as an inventory of constructions, Construction grammar - Full-entry model, Construction grammar - Usage-based model, Construction grammar - Default inheritance model, Construction grammar - Complete inheritance model, Construction grammar - There is a general shift towards the usage-based model, Construction grammar - Synonymy and monotony, Construction grammar - Some construction grammars, Construction grammar - Construction Grammar, Construction grammar - Goldbergian/Lakovian construction grammar, Construction grammar - Cognitive Grammar, Construction grammar - Radical construction grammar, Construction grammar - Embodied construction grammar, Construction grammar - Fluid Construction Grammar, Construction grammar - Others

Read more here: » Construction grammar: Encyclopedia II - Construction grammar - Grammar as an inventory of constructions

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Danish grammar - Pronouns

*Vores is the most commonly used; vort and vore are rarely used outside of formal occasions, or older texts. Since the 1970's, the polite form De is not the normal form of addressing adult strangers anymore. ...

See also:

Danish grammar, Danish grammar - Nouns, Danish grammar - Pronouns, Danish grammar - Verbs, Danish grammar - Tenses, Danish grammar - Moods, Danish grammar - Numerals, Danish grammar - Adjectives

Read more here: » Danish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Danish grammar - Pronouns

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Numbers

Esperanto grammar - Numerals. The cardinal numerals are: nul (zero) unu (one) du (two) tri (three) kvar (four) kvin (five) ses (six) sep (seven) ok (eight) naŭ (nine) dek (ten) cent (one hundr ...

See also:

Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

Read more here: » Esperanto grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Numbers

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Pronouns

There are three types of pronouns in Esperanto: personal (vi "you"), demonstrative (tio "that", iu "someone"), and relative/interrogative (kio "what"). Unlike nouns, pronouns take three cases: nominative/oblique, accusative, and genitive. Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns. The Esperanto personal pronoun system is similar to that of English, but with the addition of t ...

See also:

Esperanto grammar, Esperanto grammar - Grammatical summary, Esperanto grammar - Script and pronunciation, Esperanto grammar - The article, Esperanto grammar - Parts of speech and their word endings, Esperanto grammar - Pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Personal pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Other pronouns, Esperanto grammar - Prepositions, Esperanto grammar - Verbs, Esperanto grammar - The verbal paradigm, Esperanto grammar - Mood, Esperanto grammar - Aspect, Esperanto grammar - The copula, Esperanto grammar - Participles, Esperanto grammar - Negatives, Esperanto grammar - Questions, Esperanto grammar - Conjunctions, Esperanto grammar - Interjections, Esperanto grammar - Word formation, Esperanto grammar - Numbers, Esperanto grammar - Numerals, Esperanto grammar - Higher numbers, Esperanto grammar - Compound numbers and derivatives, Esperanto grammar - Comparisons, Esperanto grammar - Non-Indo-European aspects, Esperanto grammar - Sample text

Read more here: » Esperanto grammar: Encyclopedia II - Esperanto grammar - Pronouns

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Pronouns

The pronouns are inflected in the Finnish language much in the same way than their referent nouns are. Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns. Unlike in English, the personal pronouns are used to refer to human beings only. The personal pronouns in Finnish in the nominative case are listed in the following table: Since Finnish verbs are inflected for person, personal pronouns are not required for sense and are usually omitted in standard Finnish except where used for emphasis. In spoken Finnish, all pr ...

See also:

Finnish grammar, Finnish grammar - Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Demonstrative Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Interrogative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Relative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reciprocal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Finnish grammar - Indefinite pronouns, Finnish grammar - Noun forms, Finnish grammar - Cases, Finnish grammar - Plurals, Finnish grammar - Noun/adjective stem types, Finnish grammar - Adjectives, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions, Finnish grammar - Postpositions, Finnish grammar - Prepositions, Finnish grammar - Verb forms, Finnish grammar - Tenses, Finnish grammar - Voices, Finnish grammar - Moods, Finnish grammar - Infinitives, Finnish grammar - Verb Conjugation, Finnish grammar - Participles, Finnish grammar - Negation of verbs, Finnish grammar - Interrogatives questions, Finnish grammar - Adverbs, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Irregular forms, Finnish grammar - Numbers, Finnish grammar - Sentence structure, Finnish grammar - Existential sentences

Read more here: » Finnish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Pronouns

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Adverbs

A very common way of forming adverbs is by adding the ending '-sti' to the inflecting form of the corresponding adjective: The great thing about adverbs is that because they are modifying verbs, not nouns, they don't inflect! Finnish grammar - Comparative formation. The comparative form of the adverb has the ending '-mmin' Finnish grammar - Superlative formation. The superlative form of the adverb has the ending '-immin'. Because of the '-i-', the stem vowel can change, similarly to superlative ad ...

See also:

Finnish grammar, Finnish grammar - Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Demonstrative Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Interrogative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Relative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reciprocal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Finnish grammar - Indefinite pronouns, Finnish grammar - Noun forms, Finnish grammar - Cases, Finnish grammar - Plurals, Finnish grammar - Noun/adjective stem types, Finnish grammar - Adjectives, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions, Finnish grammar - Postpositions, Finnish grammar - Prepositions, Finnish grammar - Verb forms, Finnish grammar - Tenses, Finnish grammar - Voices, Finnish grammar - Moods, Finnish grammar - Infinitives, Finnish grammar - Verb Conjugation, Finnish grammar - Participles, Finnish grammar - Negation of verbs, Finnish grammar - Interrogatives questions, Finnish grammar - Adverbs, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Irregular forms, Finnish grammar - Numbers, Finnish grammar - Sentence structure, Finnish grammar - Existential sentences

Read more here: » Finnish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Adverbs

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Link grammar - Applications

AbiWord, a free word processing program, uses Link Grammar for on-the-fly grammar checking. Words which cannot be linked anywhere receive a green line underneath. Link Grammar has also been employed for information extraction of biomedical texts, as well as experimental machine translation systems from English to German and Turkish. ...

See also:

Link grammar, Link grammar - Syntax, Link grammar - Examples, Link grammar - Example 1, Link grammar - Example 2, Link grammar - Applications, Link grammar - Implementations

Read more here: » Link grammar: Encyclopedia II - Link grammar - Applications

Grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Adjectives

Adjectives in Finnish are inflected in exactly the same way as nouns, and an adjective must agree in number and case with the noun it is modifying. For example, here are some adjectives: And here are some examples of adjectives inflected to agree with nouns: Notice that the adjectives undergo the same sorts of stem changes when they are inflected as nouns do. Finnish grammar - Comparative formation. The comparative of the adjective is formed by addi ...

See also:

Finnish grammar, Finnish grammar - Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Personal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Demonstrative Pronouns, Finnish grammar - Interrogative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Relative pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reciprocal pronouns, Finnish grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Finnish grammar - Indefinite pronouns, Finnish grammar - Noun forms, Finnish grammar - Cases, Finnish grammar - Plurals, Finnish grammar - Noun/adjective stem types, Finnish grammar - Adjectives, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Postpositions and prepositions, Finnish grammar - Postpositions, Finnish grammar - Prepositions, Finnish grammar - Verb forms, Finnish grammar - Tenses, Finnish grammar - Voices, Finnish grammar - Moods, Finnish grammar - Infinitives, Finnish grammar - Verb Conjugation, Finnish grammar - Participles, Finnish grammar - Negation of verbs, Finnish grammar - Interrogatives questions, Finnish grammar - Adverbs, Finnish grammar - Comparative formation, Finnish grammar - Superlative formation, Finnish grammar - Irregular forms, Finnish grammar - Numbers, Finnish grammar - Sentence structure, Finnish grammar - Existential sentences

Read more here: » Finnish grammar: Encyclopedia II - Finnish grammar - Adjectives

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