Casting is a process by which a material is introduced into a mold while it is liquid, allowed to solidify in the shape inside the mold, and then removed producing a fabricated object, part, or casing. Casting is often used for creating one or more copies of an original piece of sculptural (three-dimensional) artwork. It is also used extensively in the automobile manufacture industry, such as the casting of engine blocks or cylinder heads, or vacuum-forming of plastics and in the lost core process. The process, particularly when performed with ...

Including:

Casting - Lost wax casting process Casting - Other casting processes used in creating artworks Casting - Casting in manufacturing
Casting - Expendable mold casting Casting - Nonexpendable mold casting
Casting - Cooling rate Casting - Shrinkage

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The word grain has several meanings, most being descriptive of a small piece or particle. Grain - Particle-related. The primary definition is the agricultural one, with the others derived from it. In agriculture, a grain is the seed of a grass, a simple dry fruit technically called a caryopsis. Such crops are often called cereals. Grain can also refer to other types of small seeds, though this is technically less correct. In units of measurement, the grain is a un ...

Including:

Grain - Particle-related Grain - Others

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Analysis of igneous rock microstructure may complement descriptions on the hand specimen and outcrop scale. This is especially vital for describing phenocrysts and fragmental textures of tuffs, as often relationships between magma and phenocryst morphology are critical for analysing cooling, fractional crystallization and emplacement. Analysis of intrusive rock microstructures can provide information on source and genesis, including contamination of igneous rocks by wall rocks and identifying crystals which may have been accumulated or dropped out of the melt. This is especiall ...

See also:

Rock microstructure, Rock microstructure - Sedimentary microstructure, Rock microstructure - Metamorphic microstructure, Rock microstructure - Foliations and crenultations, Rock microstructure - Ductile Shear Microstructures, Rock microstructure - Igneous microstructure

Read more here: » Rock microstructure: Encyclopedia II - Rock microstructure - Igneous microstructure

Because of their high porosity and permeability, sand and gravel aquifers have higher hydraulic conductivity than clay or unfractured granite aquifer. Sand or gravel and gravel aquifers would thus be easier to extract water from (e.g., using a pumping well) because of their high transmissivity, compared to clay or unfractured bedrock aquifers. Hydraulic conductivity has units with dimensions of length per time (e.g., m/s, ft/day and gal/(day/ft²) ); transmissivity then has units with dimensions of length squared per time. The following table gives some typical ranges (illustrating the m ...

See also:

Hydraulic conductivity, Hydraulic conductivity - Relative properties, Hydraulic conductivity - Ranges of values for natural materials

Read more here: » Hydraulic conductivity: Encyclopedia II - Hydraulic conductivity - Relative properties

A logarithmic scale is also a graphic scale on one or both sides of a graph where a number x is printed at a distance c·log(x) from the point marked with the number 1. A slide rule has logarithmic scales, and nomograms often employ logarithmic scales. On a logarithmic scale an equal difference in order of magnitude is represented by an equal distance. The geometric mean of two numbers is midway between the numbers. Logarithmic graph paper, before the advent of computer graphics, was a basic scientific tool. Plots on paper with one log scale can show up exponenti ...

See also:

Logarithmic scale, Logarithmic scale - Graphic representation

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Casting is a process by which a fluid melt is introduced into a mold, allowed to cool in the shape of the form, and then ejected to make a fabricated part or casing. Four main elements are required in the process of casting: pattern, mold, cores, and the part. The pattern, the original template from which the mold is prepared, creates a corresponding cavity in the casting material. Cores are used to produce tunnels or holes in the finished mo ...

See also:

Casting, Casting - Lost wax casting process, Casting - Other casting processes used in creating artworks, Casting - Casting in manufacturing, Casting - Expendable mold casting, Casting - Nonexpendable mold casting, Casting - Cooling rate, Casting - Shrinkage

Read more here: » Casting: Encyclopedia II - Casting - Casting in manufacturing

Description of sedimentary rock microstructure aims to provide information on the conditions of deposition of the sediment, the paleo-environment, and the provenance of the sedimentary material. Methods involve description of clast size, sorting, composition, rounding or angularity, sphericity and description of the matrix. Sedimentary microstructures, specifically, may include micoscopic analogs of larger sedimentary structural features such as cross-bedding, syn ...

See also:

Rock microstructure, Rock microstructure - Sedimentary microstructure, Rock microstructure - Metamorphic microstructure, Rock microstructure - Foliations and crenultations, Rock microstructure - Ductile Shear Microstructures, Rock microstructure - Igneous microstructure

Read more here: » Rock microstructure: Encyclopedia II - Rock microstructure - Sedimentary microstructure

The study of metamorphic rock microstructures aims to determine the timing, sequence and conditions of deformations, mineral growth and overprinting of subsequent deformation events. Metamorphic microstructures include textures formed by the development of foliation and overprinting of foliations causing crenulations. The relationship of porphyroblasts to the foliations and to other porphyroblasts can provide information on the order of formation of metamorphic assemblages or facies of minerals. Shear textures are particularly suited to analysis by microstructural investigations, espe ...

See also:

Rock microstructure, Rock microstructure - Sedimentary microstructure, Rock microstructure - Metamorphic microstructure, Rock microstructure - Foliations and crenultations, Rock microstructure - Ductile Shear Microstructures, Rock microstructure - Igneous microstructure

Read more here: » Rock microstructure: Encyclopedia II - Rock microstructure - Metamorphic microstructure

The Lost Wax casting process is an ancient practice that is still in widespread use today. The process varies from foundry to foundry, but the steps which are usually used in casting small bronze sculptures in a modern bronze foundry are as follows: Sculpting. An artist creates an original artwork from wax, clay, or another material. Wax and oil-based clay are often preferred because these materials retain their softness. Mouldmaking. A mould is made of the original sculpture. Most moulds are at least two pieces, and a ...

See also:

Casting, Casting - Lost wax casting process, Casting - Other casting processes used in creating artworks, Casting - Casting in manufacturing, Casting - Expendable mold casting, Casting - Nonexpendable mold casting, Casting - Cooling rate, Casting - Shrinkage

Read more here: » Casting: Encyclopedia II - Casting - Lost wax casting process

Sedimentary rocks are economically important in that they can be used as construction material. In addition, sedimentary rocks often form porous and permeable reservoirs in sedimentary basins in which petroleum and other hydrocarbons can be found. It is believed that the relatively low levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, in comparison to that of Venus, is due to large amounts of carbon being trapped in limestone and dolomite sedimentary layers. The flux of carbon from eroded sedi ...

See also:

Sedimentary rock, Sedimentary rock - Formation, Sedimentary rock - Classification, Sedimentary rock - Clastic sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Biogenic sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Precipitate sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Other information

Read more here: » Sedimentary rock: Encyclopedia II - Sedimentary rock - Other information

Sand-casting is mainly used for casting flat, relief-like sculptures. Aluminium is one material which is commonly used in sand-casting. The process starts with a tub filled with sand. The sand is wetted, and an object is pressed into the wet sand, or the sculptor uses his hands or tools to make the desired design in the sand, which is then dried. Molten aluminium is carefully poured into the depression and left to cool. Then the artist may choose to continue refining the object by "chasing" it or lea ...

See also:

Casting, Casting - Lost wax casting process, Casting - Other casting processes used in creating artworks, Casting - Casting in manufacturing, Casting - Expendable mold casting, Casting - Nonexpendable mold casting, Casting - Cooling rate, Casting - Shrinkage

Read more here: » Casting: Encyclopedia II - Casting - Other casting processes used in creating artworks

Table of saturated hydraulic conductivity (k) values found in nature (for typical fresh groundwater conditions (viscosity and specific gravity)) Source: modified from Bear, 1972 ...

See also:

Hydraulic conductivity, Hydraulic conductivity - Relative properties, Hydraulic conductivity - Ranges of values for natural materials

Read more here: » Hydraulic conductivity: Encyclopedia II - Hydraulic conductivity - Ranges of values for natural materials

Like nearly all materials, metal is less dense as a liquid than a solid, and so a casting shrinks as it cools -- mostly as it solidifies, but also as the temperature of the solid material drops. The shrinkage caused by solidification can leave cavities in a casting, weakening it. Risers provide additional material to the casting as it solidifies. Risers add cost because some of their material must be machined off as waste, but they are often necessary to produce usable parts. Shrinkage after solidification can be dealt with by using an oversized pat ...

See also:

Casting, Casting - Lost wax casting process, Casting - Other casting processes used in creating artworks, Casting - Casting in manufacturing, Casting - Expendable mold casting, Casting - Nonexpendable mold casting, Casting - Cooling rate, Casting - Shrinkage

Read more here: » Casting: Encyclopedia II - Casting - Shrinkage

Sedimentary rocks are formed from overburden pressure as particles of sediment are deposited out of air, ice, or water flows carrying the particles in suspension. As sediment deposition builds up, the overburden (or lithostatic) pressure squeezes the sediment into layered solids in a process known as lithification ("rock formation") and the original connate fluids are expelled. The term diagenesis is used to describe all the chemical, physical, and biological changes undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition and during and after its lithification, ...

See also:

Sedimentary rock, Sedimentary rock - Formation, Sedimentary rock - Classification, Sedimentary rock - Clastic sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Biogenic sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Precipitate sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Other information

Read more here: » Sedimentary rock: Encyclopedia II - Sedimentary rock - Formation

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