Govert Flinck

Born at Cleves, he was apprenticed by his father to a silk mercer, but having secretly acquired a passion for drawing, was sent to Leeuwarden, where he boarded in the house of Lambert Jacobszon, a Mennonite, better known as an itinerant preacher than as a painter. Here Flinck was joined by Jacob Backer, and the companionship of a youth determined like himself to be an artist only confirmed his passion for painting. Amongst the neighbours of Jacobszon at Leuwarden were the sons and relations of Rombert Ulenburg, whose daughter Saske ma ...

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1615 - Events. June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. June 4 - Forces under the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu took Osaka Castle in Japan, beginning a period of peace which lasts nearly 250 years. The second volume of Miguel Cervantes' Don Quixote is published. End of the Sengoku Period in Japan. 1615 - Births. January 14 - John Biddle, English theologian (d. 1662) January 25 - Gover ...

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January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 340 days remaining (341 in leap years). January 25 - Events. 41 - After a night of negotiation, Claudius is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the Senate. 1327 - Edward III becomes King of England. 1494 - Alfonso II becomes King of Naples. 1533 - Henry VIII of England secretly marries his second wife Anne Boleyn. 1554 - Foundation of São Paulo city, Brazil. 1755 - Moscow Uni ...

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1660 - Events. Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. January 1 - colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. Samuel Pepys began his diary. February 2 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London February 23 - Charles XI becomes king of Sweden. February 27 – John Thurloe reinstated as England's ...

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Dutch Golden Age - Painting. As mentioned before (see section Culture) Dutch artists had quite different customers from their colleagues in other European countries, where church and nobility were major patrons. This had an influence on the themes they depicted and their pictorial style. Also many paintings were not produced for commission and found their way to auctions and art traders. This fostered specialization, by which less than brilliant painters could dedicate themselves to themes of their own ...

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Dutch architecture was taken to a new height in the Golden Age. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls, weighhouses and storehouses were built. Merchants that had gained a fortune ordered a new house built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around many cities (for defense and transport purposes), a house with an ornamented façade that befitted their new status. In the countryside new countr ...

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Family music-making was a favorite pastime in the 17th century. Common instruments were the lute, the harpsichord, viola da gamba and the flute. Many songbooks were published. Influences from abroad (England, France, Italy) dominated Dutch music. From mid-17th century onwards lyrical dramas, ballets and operas, mostly from French and Italian origin were performed at the Amsterdamse Schouwburg (opened 1638). The most famous Dutch composers of the 17th century were: Constantijn Huygens, Jan P. Sweelinck. For more details and names see Dutch ...

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In the 17th century the center of literary activity shifted from the southern Netherlands to the northern part of the country. This was at least partly caused by the northward migration of artists and intellectuals, who took refuge from the Spanish oppression during the Eighty Years War, especially after the fall of Antwerp in 1585. Renaissance influences were soon found in lyrical poetry and drama. Classical dramas were written, with unity of place, of time and of action, as prescribed by Aristotle. Stories were based on Dutch histor ...

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Calvinism was the predominant belief in the Low Countries. This does not imply that unity existed. The opposite seems true. In the beginning of the century bitter controversies between strict Calvinists and more permissive Protestants split the country. The latter (known as Remonstrants) denied predestination and championed freedom of conscience; while their more dogmatic adversaries (known as Contra-Remonstrants) gained a major victory at the Synod of Dordrecht. In the end the sheer number of reformist branches may we ...

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Several factors have contributed to the flowering of the arts and sciences during this period. Dutch Golden Age - Wealth. During a large part of the 17th century the Dutch, traditionally able seafarers and keen mapmakers, dominated world trade, a position which before to a lesser extent had been occupied by the Portuguese and Spaniards, and which later would be lost to England after a long competition that culminated in several Anglo-Dutch Wars (fought mainly ...

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In the Netherlands the social status in the 17th century was largely determined by income. Social classes existed but in a new way. Aristocracy, or nobility, had sold out most of its privileges to cities, where merchants and their money were dominant. The clergy did not have much worldly influence either: the Catholic Church was more or less suppressed since the onset of the Eighty Years War with Spain (1568-1648). The young Protestant church was divided. This was different from neighbouring countries where social status was still largely determined by ...

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The Low Countries witnessed a cultural development that stood out from neighbouring countries. With some exceptions (notably Dutch playwright Joost van den Vondel) baroque did not gain much influence. Its exuberance did not fit the austerity of the largely Calvinistic population. The major force behind new developments was formed by the citizenry, notably in the western provinces: first and foremost in Holland, to a lesser extent Zeeland and Utrecht. Where rich aristocrats often became patrons of art in other countries, because of their comparative absence in the Netherlands this role was playe ...

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Due to its climate of intellectual tolerance the Dutch Republic attracted scientists and other thinkers from all over Europe. Especially the renowned University of Leiden (established in 1575 by the Dutch stadholder as a token of gratitude for Leiden's fierce resistance against Spain during the Eighty Years War) became a gathering place for these people. For instance French philosopher René Descartes lived in Leiden from 1628 till 1649. Dutch lawyers were famous for their knowledge of international law of the sea and commercial law. ...

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