Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (also Leibnitz) (July 1 (June 21 Old Style) 1646, Leipzig – November 14, 1716, Hanover) was a German polymath, deemed a genius in his lifetime and since, and the last true polyhistor. Trained as a lawyer and active as a diplomat and librarian, he wrote on philosophy, science, mathematics, theology, history, and comparative philology, even writing verse. Through his service to two major German noble houses, he played a major role in the European ...

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Although the mathematical notion of function was implicit in trigonometric and logarithmic tables, which existed in his day, Leibniz was the first, in 1692 and 1694, to employ it explicitly, to denote any of several geometric concepts derived from a curve, such as abscissa, ordinate, tangent, chord, and the perpendicular (Struik 1969: 367). Only later did "function" lose these geometrical associations. Leibniz was the first to see that the coefficients of a system of linear equations could be arranged into arrays, now called determina ...

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The only biography in English is Aiton (1986). A lively short account of Leibniz’s life, one also doing fair justice to the breadth of his interests and activities, is Mates (1986: 14-35), who cites the German biographies extensively. Also see MacDonald Ross (1984: chpt. 1), the chapter by Ariew in Jolley (1995), and Jolley (2005: chpt. 1). For a biographical glossary of Leibniz's intellectual contemporaries, see AG 350.

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Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (April 19, 1795 – June 27, 1876), German naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist, was one of the most famous and productive scientists of his time. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg - Early collections. The son of a judge, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg was born in Delitzsch, near Leipzig. He first studied theology, then medicine and natural sciences in Berlin and became a friend of the famous explorer Alexander von Humboldt. In 1818, he completed ...

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It is very difficult to grasp Leibniz's philosophical thinking, because his philosophical writings consist mainly of a multitude of short pieces: journal articles, manuscripts published long after his death, and many letters to many correspondents. He only wrote two philosophical treatises, and the only one he published in his lifetime, the Théodicée of 1710, is as much theological as philosophical. Leibniz dated his beginning as a philosopher to his Discourse on Metaphysics, which he composed in 1686 as a commentary on a run ...

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Although the mathematical notion of function was implicit in trigonometric and logarithmic tables, which existed in his day, Leibniz was the first, in 1692 and 1694, to employ it explicitly, to denote any of several geometric concepts derived from a curve, such as abscissa, ordinate, tangent, chord, and the perpendicular (Struik 1969: 367). In the 18th century, "function" lost these geometrical associations. Leibniz was the first to see that the coefficients of a system of linear equations could be arranged into arrays, now called det ...

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Gottfried Leibniz, Gottfried Leibniz - Life, Gottfried Leibniz - Coming of age, Gottfried Leibniz - Career, Gottfried Leibniz - Writings, Gottfried Leibniz - Posthumous reputation, Gottfried Leibniz - Philosopher, Gottfried Leibniz - The Principles, Gottfried Leibniz - The Monads, Gottfried Leibniz - Theodicy and optimism, Gottfried Leibniz - Symbolic thought, Gottfried Leibniz - Formal logic, Gottfried Leibniz - Mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz - The calculus, Gottfried Leibniz - Topology, Gottfried Leibniz - Scientist and engineer, Gottfried Leibniz - Physics, Gottfried Leibniz - Other natural science, Gottfried Leibniz - Social science, Gottfried Leibniz - Technology, Gottfried Leibniz - The librarian, Gottfried Leibniz - Advocate of scientific societies, Gottfried Leibniz - Lawyer Moralist Theologian, Gottfried Leibniz - Ecumenism, Gottfried Leibniz - Philologist, Gottfried Leibniz - Sinophile, Gottfried Leibniz - Universal Genius, Gottfried Leibniz - Works, Gottfried Leibniz - Secondary literature, Gottfried Leibniz - Other works cited, Gottfried Leibniz - Quotes

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AG = Ariew & Garber (1989). LL = Loemker (1969). W = Wiener (1951). Woolhouse and Francks (1998) = WF. The ongoing critical edition of all of Leibniz's writings is Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe. Selected works; major ones in bold. The year shown is usually the year in which the work was completed, not of its eventual publication. 1666. De Arte Combinatoria (On the Art of Combination). Partially translated in LL §1 and Parkinson (1966). 1671. Hypothesis Physica Nova (New Physical ...

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Leibniz's writings are currently discussed, not only for their anticipations and possible discoveries not yet recognized, but as ways of advancing present knowledge. Much of his writing on physics is included in Gerhardt's Mathematical Writings. His writings on other scientific and technical subjects are mostly scattered and relatively little known, because the Academy edition has yet to publish any volume in its Series Scientific, Medical, and Technical Writings ...

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Leibniz was perhaps the first major European intellect to take a close interest in Chinese civilization, which he knew by corresponding with, and reading other work by, European Christian missionaries posted in China. He concluded that Europeans could learn much from the Confucian ethical tradition. He mulled over the possibility that the Chinese characters were an unwitting form of his universal characteristic. He noted with fascination how the I Ching hexagrams correspond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111, and mistakenly concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in th ...

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Gottfried Leibniz, Gottfried Leibniz - Life, Gottfried Leibniz - Coming of age, Gottfried Leibniz - Career, Gottfried Leibniz - Writings, Gottfried Leibniz - Posthumous reputation, Gottfried Leibniz - Philosopher, Gottfried Leibniz - The Principles, Gottfried Leibniz - The Monads, Gottfried Leibniz - Theodicy and optimism, Gottfried Leibniz - Symbolic thought, Gottfried Leibniz - Formal logic, Gottfried Leibniz - Mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz - The calculus, Gottfried Leibniz - Topology, Gottfried Leibniz - Scientist and engineer, Gottfried Leibniz - Physics, Gottfried Leibniz - Other natural science, Gottfried Leibniz - Social science, Gottfried Leibniz - Technology, Gottfried Leibniz - The librarian, Gottfried Leibniz - Advocate of scientific societies, Gottfried Leibniz - Lawyer Moralist Theologian, Gottfried Leibniz - Ecumenism, Gottfried Leibniz - Philologist, Gottfried Leibniz - Sinophile, Gottfried Leibniz - Universal Genius, Gottfried Leibniz - Works, Gottfried Leibniz - Secondary literature, Gottfried Leibniz - Other works cited, Gottfried Leibniz - Quotes

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The following episode from the life of Leibniz illustrates the breadth of his genius, and the difficulties awaiting those who try to come to terms with it. While making his grand tour of European archives to research the Brunswick family history he never completed, Leibniz stopped in Wien, May 1688 – February 1689, where he did much legal and diplomatic work for the Brunswicks. He visited mines, talked with mine engineers, and tried to negotiate export contracts for lead from the ducal mines in the Harz mountains. His proposal that the str ...

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No philosopher has ever had as much experience with practical affairs of state as Leibniz, Marcus Aurelius possibly excepted. Leibniz's writings on law, ethics, and politics (e.g., AG 19, 94, 111, 193; Riley 1988; LL §§2, 7, 20, 29, 44, 59, 62, 65; W I.1, IV.1-3) were long overlooked by English speaking scholars but this has changed of late; see (in order of difficulty) Jolley (2005: chpt. 7), Gregory Bro ...

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Introductory: Jolley, Nicholas, 2005. Leibniz. Routledge. MacDonald Ross, George, 1984. Leibniz. Oxford Uni. Press. W. W. Rouse Ball, 1908. A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, 4th ed. (see Discussion) Intermediate: Aiton, Eric J., 1985. Leibniz: A Biography. Hilger (UK). Hall, A. R., 1980. Philosophers at War: The Quarrel between Newton and Leibniz. Cambridge Uni. Press. Hostler, J., 1975. Leibniz's Moral PhilosophySee also:

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He was born at Bern, in the year 1768. His father, but a short time before, had come as a joiner and form-cutter to Switzerland from Lipsich, in Upper Hungary. Young Mind, on account of his weak constitution, was mostly left to himself. Herr Gruner was a lover of art; during the summer he had a German artist named Legel in his house, who often drew buildings and cattle from nature. This excited the attention of young Mind in some of his idle rambles: he followed Legel everywhere, and watched him while he worked. Legel would take him along wi ...

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Gottfried Semper - Early Life to 1834. Semper was born into a well-to-do industrialist family in Altona. The fifth of eight children, he attended the Johanneum School in Hamburg before starting his university education at Göttingen in 1823, where he studied history and mathematics. He subsequently studied architecture in 1825 at the University of Munich under Friedrich von Gärtner. In 1826, Semper travelled to Paris in order to work under the architect Franz Christian Gau and he was present when the July Revolu ...

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Gottfried Semper, Gottfried Semper - Principal Architectural Designs, Gottfried Semper - Life, Gottfried Semper - Early Life to 1834, Gottfried Semper - Dresden Period 1834 - 1849, Gottfried Semper - Post-Revolutionary Period 1849 - 1855, Gottfried Semper - The Zürich Period 1855 - 1871, Gottfried Semper - His Later Life from 1871, Gottfried Semper - Principal Works, Gottfried Semper - Legacy, Gottfried Semper - External link

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The son of a judge, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg was born in Delitzsch, near Leipzig. He first studied theology, then medicine and natural sciences in Berlin and became a friend of the famous explorer Alexander von Humboldt. In 1818, he completed his doctoral dissertation on fungi, Sylvae mycologicae Berolinenses. In 1820–1825, on a scientific expedition to the Middle East with his friend Wilhelm Hemprich, he collected thousands of specimens of plants and animals. He investigated parts of Egypt, the Libyan desert, the Nile v ...

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Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg - Early collections, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg - Focus on microscopic organisms, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg - Legacy, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg - Publications

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He was born in Mansfeld, Prignitz, the son of a Lutheran pastor. He was educated in Stellin (Neumark) and Frankfurt-am-Oder before studying theology at the University of Marburg and military medicine at the Kaiser Wilhelm Academy in Berlin. Benn started as an expressionist author before World War I when he published a small collection of poems (Morgue, 1912) concerned with the physical decay of the flesh. His poetry offers an introverted nihilism: an existentialist philosophy which sees artistic expression as the only ...

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Gottfried Benn, Gottfried Benn - Biography, Gottfried Benn - The Trainee Man the one and only novel by Benn, Gottfried Benn - Works, Gottfried Benn - Collections, Gottfried Benn - Books

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Vesalius was born in Brussels, then in the Holy Roman Empire, to a family of physicians. His father, Andries van Wesel, was the illegitimate son of the Emperor Maximillian's Royal Physician, Everard Van Wesel. Andries went on to serve as apothecary to Maximillian, and later a Valet de Chambre to his successor Charles V. He encouraged his son to continue in the family tradition, and enrolled him in the Brothers of the Common Life School in Brussels to lea ...

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Vesalius, Vesalius - Early life and education, Vesalius - De Corporis Fabrica, Vesalius - Imperial Physician and Death, Vesalius - Trivia

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Leibniz is credited along with Isaac Newton with inventing the infinitesimal calculus in the 1670s. According to Leibniz's notebooks, a critical breakthrough occurred on November 11, 1675, when he employed integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the function y = x. He introduced several notations used to this day, for instance the integral sign ∫ representing an elongated S, from the Latin word summa and the See also:

Newton v. Leibniz calculus controversy, Newton v. Leibniz calculus controversy - The quarrel, Newton v. Leibniz calculus controversy - Sources

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Amo was a Nzema (an Akan people). He was born in Awukena in the Axim region of Ghana, but at the age of about four he was taken to Amsterdam by the Dutch East India Company. Some accounts say that he was taken as a slave, others that he was sent to Amsterdam by a preacher working in Ghana. Whatever the truth of the matter, once he arrived, he was given as a present to Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick ...

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Anton Wilhelm Amo, Anton Wilhelm Amo - Early life and education, Anton Wilhelm Amo - Philosophical career and later life, Anton Wilhelm Amo - Sources and further reading

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