Runic alphabets are assigned Unicode range 16A0–16FF. This block is intended to encode all shapes of runic letters. Each letter is encoded only once, regardless of the number of alphabets in which it occurs. The block contains 81 symbols: 75 runic letters (16A0–16EA), three punctuation marks (Runic Single Punctuation 16EB ᛫, Runic Multiple Punctuation 16EC ᛬ and Runic Cross Punctuation 16ED ᛭), and three runic symbols that are used in mediaeval calendar staves ("Golden number Runes", Runic Arlaug Symbol 16EE ᛮ, Runic Tvimadur Symbol 16EF ᛯ and Runic Belgthor Symbol 16F0 ᛰ). Characters 16F1–16FF are present ...

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Runic alphabet, Runic alphabet - Overview, Runic alphabet - Background, Runic alphabet - Origins, Runic alphabet - Magic and Divination, Runic alphabet - Common use, Runic alphabet - Gothic runes, Runic alphabet - Elder Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Frisian and Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc, Runic alphabet - Younger Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Evolution, Runic alphabet - Long-branch runes, Runic alphabet - Short-twig runes, Runic alphabet - Hälsinge Runes staveless runes, Runic alphabet - Dalecarlian Runic script, Runic alphabet - Modern use, Runic alphabet - Third Reich, Runic alphabet - Neopaganism, Runic alphabet - Literature, Runic alphabet - Unicode, Runic alphabet - Distribution, Runic alphabet - Runiform scripts, Runic alphabet - Special characters

Read more here: » Runic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Runic alphabet - Unicode

Runic alphabet - Third Reich. Runes have been used in Nazi symbolism by National Socialists and neo-Nazi groups that associate themselves with Germanic traditions, mainly the Sigel, Eihwaz, Tyr, Odal (see Odalism) and Algiz runes. The fascination that runes seem to have exerted on the Nazis can be traced to the occult and völkisch author Guido von List, one of the important figures in Germanic mysticism and runic revivalism in the late 19th and early 20th century. In 1908, List published in Das Geheimn ...

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Runic alphabet, Runic alphabet - Overview, Runic alphabet - Background, Runic alphabet - Origins, Runic alphabet - Magic and Divination, Runic alphabet - Common use, Runic alphabet - Gothic runes, Runic alphabet - Elder Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Frisian and Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc, Runic alphabet - Younger Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Evolution, Runic alphabet - Long-branch runes, Runic alphabet - Short-twig runes, Runic alphabet - Hälsinge Runes staveless runes, Runic alphabet - Dalecarlian Runic script, Runic alphabet - Modern use, Runic alphabet - Third Reich, Runic alphabet - Neopaganism, Runic alphabet - Literature, Runic alphabet - Unicode, Runic alphabet - Distribution, Runic alphabet - Runiform scripts, Runic alphabet - Special characters

Read more here: » Runic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Runic alphabet - Modern use

His first experiment with his newly organized army was successful. In the war with Sweden, generally known as the Kalmar War (1611-1613) because its chief operation was the Danish capture of Kalmar, the eastern fortress of Sweden, Christian compelled King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to give way on all essential points at the Treaty of Knäred (January 20, 1613). He now turned his attention to Germany. His objectives were twofold: first, to obtain control of the great German rivers— the Elbe and the Weser— as a means of securing hi ...

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Christian IV of Denmark, Christian IV of Denmark - The King as Reformer, Christian IV of Denmark - The Kalmar War, Christian IV of Denmark - The Thirty Years' War, Christian IV of Denmark - Court Intrigues and Foreign Adventures 1629-1643, Christian IV of Denmark - Renewed War with Sweden, Christian IV of Denmark - Last Years and Legacy

Read more here: » Christian IV of Denmark: Encyclopedia II - Christian IV of Denmark - The Kalmar War

The Younger Fuþark, also called Scandinavian Fuþark, is a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, consisting of only 16 characters. The reduction correlates with phonetic changes when Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse. They are found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. They are divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions has been a matter of controversy. A general opinion is that the difference was functional, ...

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Runic alphabet, Runic alphabet - Overview, Runic alphabet - Background, Runic alphabet - Origins, Runic alphabet - Magic and Divination, Runic alphabet - Common use, Runic alphabet - Gothic runes, Runic alphabet - Elder Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Frisian and Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc, Runic alphabet - Younger Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Evolution, Runic alphabet - Long-branch runes, Runic alphabet - Short-twig runes, Runic alphabet - Hälsinge Runes staveless runes, Runic alphabet - Dalecarlian Runic script, Runic alphabet - Modern use, Runic alphabet - Third Reich, Runic alphabet - Neopaganism, Runic alphabet - Literature, Runic alphabet - Unicode, Runic alphabet - Distribution, Runic alphabet - Runiform scripts, Runic alphabet - Special characters

Read more here: » Runic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Runic alphabet - Younger Fuþark

Sweden was historically divided into four Lands or Landsdelar: Götaland (Sweden) Svealand (Sweden) Österland (Finland} Norrland (Sweden) Götaland and Svealand were once, in prehistoric times known only in folklore, in fragmentary pieces of foreign sources, in legends which only later chronicles have written about, rival kingdoms before being united under one Crown by Svealand. Legends attest an independent history to Österland, it having e.g its own prehist ...

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Geography of Sweden, Geography of Sweden - Location, Geography of Sweden - Lands of Sweden, Geography of Sweden - Historical lands of Sweden, Geography of Sweden - Counties, Geography of Sweden - Cities, Geography of Sweden - Municipalities, Geography of Sweden - Area, Geography of Sweden - Land boundaries, Geography of Sweden - Maritime claims, Geography of Sweden - Elevation extremes, Geography of Sweden - Railways, Geography of Sweden - Natural resources, Geography of Sweden - Land use, Geography of Sweden - Natural hazards, Geography of Sweden - Environment

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Several of the terms in the table below have had semantic drift. For example, the form 'Sterben' and other terms for 'die' are cognate with the English word 'starve'. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a Non-Germanic source (ounce and its cognates from Latin). 1: The cognate means 'potato'. The correct word is 'Súrepli'. 2: The cognate means snake. ...

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Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Characteristics of some Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Writing, Germanic languages - Linguistic Markers, Germanic languages - History, Germanic languages - Classification, Germanic languages - Vocabulary comparison

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The Elder Futhark, used for writing proto-Norse (urnordisk, urnordiska), consist of twenty-four runes, often arranged in three rows of eight. The earliest known full sequential listing of the alphabet dates from ca. 400 and is found on the Kylver Stone in Gotland. ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ...

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Runic alphabet, Runic alphabet - Overview, Runic alphabet - Background, Runic alphabet - Origins, Runic alphabet - Magic and Divination, Runic alphabet - Common use, Runic alphabet - Gothic runes, Runic alphabet - Elder Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Frisian and Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc, Runic alphabet - Younger Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Evolution, Runic alphabet - Long-branch runes, Runic alphabet - Short-twig runes, Runic alphabet - Hälsinge Runes staveless runes, Runic alphabet - Dalecarlian Runic script, Runic alphabet - Modern use, Runic alphabet - Third Reich, Runic alphabet - Neopaganism, Runic alphabet - Literature, Runic alphabet - Unicode, Runic alphabet - Distribution, Runic alphabet - Runiform scripts, Runic alphabet - Special characters

Read more here: » Runic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Runic alphabet - Elder Fuþark

In Finland, after centuries of coexistence and intermarriages, the differences between Finnish and Swedish speakers are usually not seen in terms of ethnicity but in differences of culture, language, and geographical region (habitat). Most Finnish people agree that the cultural differences are rather minute [14]. The Swedish-speakers are found in majority in a few communities in the south-western coast and the rural areas of ...

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Finnish people, Finnish people - Language usage, Finnish people - Etymology, Finnish people - Past, Finnish people - Developments, Finnish people - Finns Finland-Swedes Sweden-Finns and Swedes

Read more here: » Finnish people: Encyclopedia II - Finnish people - Finns Finland-Swedes Sweden-Finns and Swedes

The earliest runic inscriptions date from ca. 150, and the alphabet was generally replaced by the Latin alphabet with Christianisation, by ca. 700 in central Europe and by ca. 1400 in Scandinavia. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes, mainly in Scandinavia and in rural Sweden until the early 20th century (used mainly for decoration as Dalecarlian runes and on Runic calendars). The three best known runic alphabets are: the Elder Futhark (ca. 150–800) the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc (400–1100) ...

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Runic alphabet, Runic alphabet - Overview, Runic alphabet - Background, Runic alphabet - Origins, Runic alphabet - Magic and Divination, Runic alphabet - Common use, Runic alphabet - Gothic runes, Runic alphabet - Elder Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Frisian and Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc, Runic alphabet - Younger Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Evolution, Runic alphabet - Long-branch runes, Runic alphabet - Short-twig runes, Runic alphabet - Hälsinge Runes staveless runes, Runic alphabet - Dalecarlian Runic script, Runic alphabet - Modern use, Runic alphabet - Third Reich, Runic alphabet - Neopaganism, Runic alphabet - Literature, Runic alphabet - Unicode, Runic alphabet - Distribution, Runic alphabet - Runiform scripts, Runic alphabet - Special characters

Read more here: » Runic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Runic alphabet - Overview

In the 1st century a new culture appeared at the mouth of the Vistula, called the Wielbark Culture replacing the local Oksywie culture. The most salient component of Scandinavian influence in the 1st century AD is the introduction of Scandinavian burial traditions such as stone circles and the stelae, showing that those who buried their dead preferred to do so according to Scandinavian traditions. However, there is also archaeological evidence of previous Scandinavian influence in the area during the Nordic Bron ...

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Gothiscandza, Gothiscandza - History and linguistics, Gothiscandza - Archaeology, Gothiscandza - Norse mythology, Gothiscandza - The Gutasaga, Gothiscandza - Ynglingatal

Read more here: » Gothiscandza: Encyclopedia II - Gothiscandza - Archaeology

Main article: Gotland Municipality The County of Gotland consists of a single municipality and as there is no separate entity for a County Council, those tasks are handled by the Municipality of Gotland. During a trial period the County Council provisions for Gotland has been evolved to provisions for a Regional Council, meaning that it has assumed certain tasks from the County Administrative Board. Similar provisions are applicable to the counties of Västra G� ...

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Gotland County, Gotland County - Province, Gotland County - Administration, Gotland County - Politics, Gotland County - Heraldry

Read more here: » Gotland County: Encyclopedia II - Gotland County - Politics

The 19th and 20th century (see history of Finland) saw the crystallising of the Finnish national sentiments with Finland's declaration of independence in 1917 from Russia, whose autonomous Grand Duchy it had been since 1809. The severe divisions between social classes, ethnic and linguistic groups, which characterised Finland in the late 19th to early 20th century and were manifested in Finland's language strife (1860s–1930s) between the Fennomans and Svecomans, and later the Finnish Civil War between the "Reds" and "Whites," were by and large resolved through the external threat from th ...

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Finnish people, Finnish people - Language usage, Finnish people - Etymology, Finnish people - Past, Finnish people - Developments, Finnish people - Finns Finland-Swedes Sweden-Finns and Swedes

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The Futhorc are an extended alphabet, consisting of 29, and later even 33 characters. It was used probably from the 5th century onward. There are competing theories as to the origins of the Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc. One theory proposes that it was developed in Frisia and later spread to England. Another holds that runes were introduced by Scandinavians to England where the fuþorc was modified and exported to Frisia. Both theories have their inherent weaknesses and a definitive answer likely awaits more archaeological evidence. Futhor ...

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Runic alphabet, Runic alphabet - Overview, Runic alphabet - Background, Runic alphabet - Origins, Runic alphabet - Magic and Divination, Runic alphabet - Common use, Runic alphabet - Gothic runes, Runic alphabet - Elder Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Frisian and Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc, Runic alphabet - Younger Fuþark, Runic alphabet - Names, Runic alphabet - Evolution, Runic alphabet - Long-branch runes, Runic alphabet - Short-twig runes, Runic alphabet - Hälsinge Runes staveless runes, Runic alphabet - Dalecarlian Runic script, Runic alphabet - Modern use, Runic alphabet - Third Reich, Runic alphabet - Neopaganism, Runic alphabet - Literature, Runic alphabet - Unicode, Runic alphabet - Distribution, Runic alphabet - Runiform scripts, Runic alphabet - Special characters

Read more here: » Runic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Runic alphabet - Frisian and Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc

With regard to the ancestry of the Finnish people, the modern view emphasises the overall continuity in Finland's archeological finds and (earlier more obvious) linguistic surroundings. Archeological data suggests the spreading of at least cultural influences from many sources ranging from the south-east to the south-west following the geographical realities with gradual developments rather than clear cut migrations. The closest genetic relatives of Finns are found in Estonia and ap ...

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Finnish people, Finnish people - Language usage, Finnish people - Etymology, Finnish people - Past, Finnish people - Developments, Finnish people - Finns Finland-Swedes Sweden-Finns and Swedes

Read more here: » Finnish people: Encyclopedia II - Finnish people - Past

In his sixty-sixth year he once more displayed something of the magnificent energy of his triumphant youth. Night and day he laboured to levy armies and equip fleets. Fortunately too for him, the Swedish government delayed hostilities in Scania till February 1644, so that the Danes were able to make adequate defensive preparations and save the important fortress of Malmö. Torstensson, too, was unable to cross from Jutland to Funen for want of a fleet, and the Dutch auxiliary fleet which came to his assistance was defeated between the island ...

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Christian IV of Denmark, Christian IV of Denmark - The King as Reformer, Christian IV of Denmark - The Kalmar War, Christian IV of Denmark - The Thirty Years' War, Christian IV of Denmark - Court Intrigues and Foreign Adventures 1629-1643, Christian IV of Denmark - Renewed War with Sweden, Christian IV of Denmark - Last Years and Legacy

Read more here: » Christian IV of Denmark: Encyclopedia II - Christian IV of Denmark - Renewed War with Sweden

The standard of living has become enviably high under Sweden's social democratic system. The economy features a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labour force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. The engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. The public and the trade unions controlled pension funds, non-profit organizations and the reserve funds of the trade-unions owns more than 50% of ...

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Sweden, Sweden - History, Sweden - Pre-history, Sweden - Middle Ages, Sweden - A major power, Sweden - Modern history, Sweden - Recent history, Sweden - Politics, Sweden - Energy politics, Sweden - Economy, Sweden - Welfare state, Sweden - Education, Sweden - Geography, Sweden - Counties, Sweden - Provinces, Sweden - Largest cities, Sweden - Demographics, Sweden - Language, Sweden - Culture, Sweden - Swedish Nobel Prize Winners, Sweden - Music, Sweden - Media, Sweden - Holidays, Sweden - Cuisine, Sweden - Sports, Sweden - Religion, Sweden - Miscellaneous topics, Sweden - International rankings, Sweden - Notes

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The origins of the provincial divisioning lays in the petty kingdoms that were combined with the Consolidation of Sweden around 800–1000 AD. After the unification and a common Swedish monarch, each of these lands still had its own laws with its own assembly (the thing), and in effect governed themselves. The historical provinces were held as duchies, but newly conquered provinces added to the kingdom either received the status of a ...

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Provinces of Sweden, Provinces of Sweden - Provinces, Provinces of Sweden - History, Provinces of Sweden - History provinces according to lands, Provinces of Sweden - Heraldry, Provinces of Sweden - Götaland, Provinces of Sweden - Svealand, Provinces of Sweden - Norrland, Provinces of Sweden - Österlanden

Read more here: » Provinces of Sweden: Encyclopedia II - Provinces of Sweden - History

The etymology for the names Scandinavia and Skåne (Scania) is considered to be the same. The name is most probably derived from the Germanic *Skaðin- meaning "danger" (cf. English scathing and unscathed, and German Schade and beschädigen) and *awjo meaning "island". It may have referred to the dangerous banks around Skanör (skan- is the same as in Scandinavia, and -ör means "sandbanks") and Falsterbo in Skåne in southernmost Sweden. Alternatively, the first element is sometimes attributed to the Scandinav ...

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Scandinavia, Scandinavia - Greater Scandinavia Norden, Scandinavia - Etymology, Scandinavia - History, Scandinavia - Languages, Scandinavia - Politics, Scandinavia - Historical political structure

Read more here: » Scandinavia: Encyclopedia II - Scandinavia - Etymology

The Scandinavians were christianized in the 10th-13th centuries, resulting in three consolidated kingdoms. Denmark forged from the Lands of Denmark (including Blekinge, Gotland, Halland and Skåne in modern-day Sweden) Sweden forged from the Lands of Sweden Norway (including Båhuslen, Herjedalen, Jemtland in modern-day Sweden. Also Iceland, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Shetland and the Orkneys) The three kingdoms then united in the Kalmar Union lasting all of the 15th century when the Union was spli ...

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Scandinavia, Scandinavia - Greater Scandinavia Norden, Scandinavia - Etymology, Scandinavia - History, Scandinavia - Languages, Scandinavia - Politics, Scandinavia - Historical political structure

Read more here: » Scandinavia: Encyclopedia II - Scandinavia - History

Götaland Blekinge Bohuslän Dalsland Gotland Halland Skåne Småland Västergötland Öland Östergötland Svealand Dalarna Närke Södermanland Uppland Värmland Västmanland Norrland Gästrikland Hälsingland Härjedalen Jämtland Lappland Medelpad Norrbotten Västerbotten See also:

Provinces of Sweden, Provinces of Sweden - Provinces, Provinces of Sweden - History, Provinces of Sweden - History provinces according to lands, Provinces of Sweden - Heraldry, Provinces of Sweden - Götaland, Provinces of Sweden - Svealand, Provinces of Sweden - Norrland, Provinces of Sweden - Österlanden

Read more here: » Provinces of Sweden: Encyclopedia II - Provinces of Sweden - Provinces

In all regions, the economy was based on fishing and the hunt of land animals and seals, as well as gathering of plants. The culture is most easily accounted for as deriving from the mesolithic Nøstvet and Lihult cultures that received additional population and skills from the Funnelbeaker culture, but less of its economy. The two cultures appear to have coexisted with few conflicts. However, Svealand and East Götaland had initially a Funnel Beaker population, but it was later replaced by the Pitte ...

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Pitted Ware culture, Pitted Ware culture - Objects, Pitted Ware culture - Economy and ethnicity, Pitted Ware culture - Graves, Pitted Ware culture - Language, Pitted Ware culture - Bibliography

Read more here: » Pitted Ware culture: Encyclopedia II - Pitted Ware culture - Economy and ethnicity

Medieval reenactment has been popular in the United Kingdom, with groups from all over England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales participating in events. Many UK battles are reenacted at their original battle sites by enthusiasts with a high degree of authenticity, together with Medieval traders, musicians, caterers. UK reenactors are friendly and can be seen throughout the UK during the summer months at battles, fairs, carnivals, fetes, pubs and schools. Almost entirely throughout the UK, reenactors use blunted steel weapons for reenactments and rubber tipped arr ...

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Medieval reenactment, Medieval reenactment - Living History, Medieval reenactment - Combat Reenactment, Medieval reenactment - Battlefield Reenactment, Medieval reenactment - Display Fighting, Medieval reenactment - Reenactment in Europe

Read more here: » Medieval reenactment: Encyclopedia II - Medieval reenactment - Reenactment in Europe