Encyclopedia - Blót: Encyclopedia Ii - Blót - Gotland
The Gutasaga relates of the blóts on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea: Firi þan tima oc lengi eptir siþan. Troþu menn a hult....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gotland: Encyclopedia Ii - Gotland - History
Early on Gotland became a commercial center and the town of Visby was the most important Hanseatic city in the Baltic Sea. The island had...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rügen: Encyclopedia Ii - Rügen - History
Rügen was first populated about 4000 BC. The migrants were probably members of the Funnelbeaker culture, which exploited the island's fl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jotun: Encyclopedia - Jotun
In Norse mythology, the giants were a mythological race with superhuman strength, described as standing in opposition to the gods, althou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Öland: Encyclopedia - Öland
Öland ▶ (help·info) is an island in the Baltic Sea, located off the coast of Småland. At 1,342 km² it is the second largest Swedish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Elder Futhark
The Elder Futhark (or Older Futhark, Old Futhark) are the oldest form of the runic alphabet, used by Germanic tribes for Proto-Norse and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Valknut: Encyclopedia - Valknut
The valknut (Old Norse valr, slain warriors + knut, knot) is a symbol consisting of three interlocked triangles. It is also called: hear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ardre Image Stone: Encyclopedia - Ardre Image Stone
The Ardre image stones are a collection of ten 8th century rune and image stones. They were used as paving under the wooden floors of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Viking Age: Encyclopedia - Viking Age
The Viking Age is the name of the period between 793 and 1066 AD in Scandinavia and Britain, following the Germanic Iron Age (and the Ven...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet
The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes, formerly used to write Germanic languages, mainly in Sca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Visby Lenses: Encyclopedia - Visby Lenses
The Visby lenses are ten lens-shaped rock crystals found in a viking grave in Gotland dating from the 10th century. Some of them are moun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1398: Encyclopedia - 1398
1398 - Events. Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed. Construction of the Stecknitz Canal as one of the oldest artificial w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baltic Sea: Encyclopedia - Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53 deg. to 66 deg. north latitude and from 20 deg. to 26 deg. east longitude. It is bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eystein Bele: Encyclopedia - Eystein Bele
Eystein Bele (Old Norse:Eysteinn inn illráði, Swedish: Östen Illråda (ill-ruler) or Östen Beli) was son of Harald Hildetand accordin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christopher Polhem: Encyclopedia - Christopher Polhem
Christopher Polhammar, known after his ennoblement as Christopher Polhem ▶ (help·info), the name which he is more commonly referred to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bornholm: Encyclopedia - Bornholm
Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea. It also refers to Bornholm Regional Municipality, the municipality (Danish, kommune) which...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blót: Encyclopedia - Blót
The Blót was the pagan Germanic sacrifice to Norse gods and Elves. The word is related to the English word bless and they are derived fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burning-glass: Encyclopedia - Burning-glass
A burning-glass is a large convex lens, which can focus the sun's rays on a small area and so ignite materials. Used in 18th century chem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khazars: Encyclopedia Ii - Khazars - Late References To The Khazars
There is debate as to the temporal and geographic extent of Khazar polities following Sviatoslav's sack of Atil in 967/9, or even whether...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Hunt For Red October: Encyclopedia Ii - The Hunt For Red October - Plot Synopsis
Ramius, a Lithuanian by birth, who has risen to high levels of trust in the Soviet Navy, intends to defect to the United States with his ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Islands In The Baltic Sea: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Islands In The Baltic Sea - Listed By Population
The Åland Islands (belonging to Finland) lie at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia marking the northern border of the Baltic Sea proper...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goths: Encyclopedia Ii - Goths - Origins
Explaining the origins of the Goths, Jordanes recounted: The same mighty sea has also in its arctic region, that is in the north, a grea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gothiscandza: Encyclopedia Ii - Gothiscandza - History And Linguistics
In the 1st century AD, the mouth of the Vistula was indicated as the land of the Gutones (Pliny the Elder) or Gothones (Tacitus): Beyond...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweden - History
Sweden - Pre-history. Further information: Prehistoric Sweden, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and    » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kubb: Encyclopedia Ii - Kubb - Rules
Any number of people may play kubb, but typically matches are one-on-one or two teams of two. There are two phases for each team's turn. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanseatic League: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanseatic League - History
The origins of the League are generally traced to the foundation of the new town of Lübeck in 1158/1159 after the capture of the area by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Reenactment: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Reenactment - Combat Reenactment
There are many variations on the idea of reenacting medieval combat, ranging from training of historical dueling practices (usually with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Popular Tourist Regions: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Popular Tourist Regions - Tourism In Australia
New South Wales Bondi Beach Sydney Fox Studios Australia Sydney Luna Park, Sydney Taronga Zoo Sydney Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Sydney...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Sweden - Location
Northern Europe, Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Harald Wartooth: Encyclopedia Ii - Harald Wartooth - Family
All sources describe him as the son of Ivar Vidfamne's daughter Aud (but Hervarar saga calls her Alfhild). According to Sögubrot and the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweden - History
Sweden - Pre-history. For details, see: Prehistoric Sweden Soon after the recession of the last ice age, Sweden became populated by hun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hill Fort: Encyclopedia Ii - Hill Fort - Scandinavia
In Scandinavia, hill forts are fortifications from the Iron Age which may have had several functions. They are usually located on the cre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swedish Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Swedish Language - History
In the 9th century, Old Norse began to diverge into Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Sweden and Denmark). In the 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gotland County: Encyclopedia Ii - Gotland County - Administration
The main aim of the County Administrative Board is to fulfil the goals set in national politics by the Parliament and the Government, to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hannibal War: Encyclopedia Ii - Hannibal War - The Norwegian Response
Norway, which was then governed by Christian's son-in-law, Statholder (royal governor) Hannibal Sehested, was a reluctant participant. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swedish Heraldry: Encyclopedia Ii - Swedish Heraldry - List Of Cities
Köping http://www.koping.se/kopingtemplates/Page.aspx?id=484 Landskrona is unique as it officially has shield holders and a crown as par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germanic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Germanic Languages - Classification
Note that divisions between subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects bei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oscar Ii Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Oscar Ii Of Sweden - Early Life
At birth he was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed junior lieutenant in July 184...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goths: Encyclopedia Ii - Goths - Origins
Explaining the origins of the Goths, Jordanes recounted: The same mighty sea has also in its arctic region, that is in the north, a grea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Viking Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Viking Age - Geography
There are various theories concerning the causes of the Viking invasions. For people living along the coast, it would seem natural to see...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Provinces Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Provinces Of Sweden - Provinces According To Lands
Sweden was historically divided into the four lands: Götaland Svealand Österland Norrland Götaland and Svealand consisted before (ci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Old Norse Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Old Norse Language - Dialects And Texts
The earliest inscriptions in Old Norse are runic, from the 8th century (although there are 200 inscriptions in Proto-Norse going as far b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kalmar County: Encyclopedia Ii - Kalmar County - Administration
Kalmar County was integrated with Kronoberg County until 1672. Blekinge was a part of Kalmar County between 1680 and 1683, due to the fou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norse Saga: Encyclopedia Ii - Norse Saga - Background
The (English) saga , (German) Sage originates from (Icelandic) saga, pl. sögur and refers to (1) "what is said, statement" or (2) "story...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Köping: Encyclopedia Ii - Köping - Köping Privileges Issued 1862–1971
Danderyd 1/1 1946-31/12 1970 (became municipality) Djursholm 1/1 1901-31/12 1913 (received city privileges; today part of Danderyd Munici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thing Assembly: Encyclopedia Ii - Thing Assembly - Viking And Medieval Society
In the pre-Christian clan-culture of Scandinavia the members of a clan were obliged to avenge injuries against their dead and mutilated r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Turf Maze: Encyclopedia Ii - Turf Maze - Historic Turf Mazes
Turf maze - Surviving English examples. As noted above, turf mazes are notoriously difficult to date, as they have to be recut periodic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Estonia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Estonia - Period Of Soviet And German Occupation
History of Estonia - Creation of Estonian SSR. On June 16-17, 1940, the Soviet troops occupied the whole territory of Estonia and deman...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Ten Virgins: Encyclopedia Ii - The Ten Virgins - The Parable
In The Parable of the Ten Virgins the story is told by Jesus of a party of virgins given the honour of attending a wedding. Each of the t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minority Languages Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Minority Languages Of Sweden - Affected Languages
Minority languages of Sweden - Sami languages. The Sami languages are actually not one language, but – at the least – three languag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blót: Encyclopedia Ii - Blót - Rites And Beliefs
The verb blóta meant to "strengthen" and the intention was to strengthen the powers (gods and Elves). The most powerful means was the sa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dukes Of Swedish Provinces: Encyclopedia Ii - Dukes Of Swedish Provinces - History
In medieval times, when a king had more than one son, the younger sons were sometimes given a duchy to rule over as a fief. Feuds between...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scandinavia: Encyclopedia Ii - Scandinavia - Greater Scandinavia Norden
Like other regions of the world, the usage and meaning of the term 'Scandinavia' can vary depending on defining criteria. Some or all of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Provinces Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Provinces Of Sweden - Heraldry
At the funeral of King Gustav Vasa (Gustav I) in 1560 the coats of arms for the provinces were displayed together for the first time, man...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Hunt For Red October: Encyclopedia Ii - The Hunt For Red October - Plot Synopsis
Ramius, a Lithuanian by birth, who has risen to high levels of trust in the Soviet Navy, intends to defect to the United States with his ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swedish Phonology: Encyclopedia Ii - Swedish Phonology - Consonants
The table below shows the Swedish consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations in spoken Standard Swedish. The range of realiza...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia Ii - Elder Futhark - The Alphabet
The Older Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names) consist of twenty-four runes, often arranged in three row...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bornholm: Encyclopedia Ii - Bornholm - History
In the Old Icelandic sources, its name is Burgundarholm, and Alfred the Great uses the form Burgenda land. Some scholars believe that the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swedish Armed Forces: Encyclopedia Ii - Swedish Armed Forces - Organization
Swedish Armed Forces - Branches. Swedish Army (Armén) Royal Swedish Navy (Marinen) Swedish Air Force (Flygvapnet) Swedish Armed For...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Skåneland: Encyclopedia Ii - Skåneland - History
Skåneland - Early history. The Latin name terra Scaniæ was used in the Middle Ages as a denomination for the easternmost parts of Den...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gotland Municipality: Encyclopedia Ii - Gotland Municipality - Region
Main article County Councils of Sweden When Gotland was made into a single municipality in the 1970s, the county council was abolished an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish People: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnish People - Language Usage
In Finnish linguistic usage and mindset, Finnish people (Finnish: suomalaiset) are a nation with two languages, Finnish (Finland: ca. 92%...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Runic Alphabet - Background
The runes were introduced to, or invented by, the Germanic peoples in the 1st or 2nd century (The oldest known runic inscription dates to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baltic Sea: Encyclopedia Ii - Baltic Sea - Geophysical Data
The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea, the largest body of brackish water in the world. The fact that it does not come from the collisi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Öland: Encyclopedia Ii - Öland - County
For current affairs see: Kalmar County There was an Öland County between 1819 and 1824, otherwise the island has belonged to Kalmar Coun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Sacrifice: Encyclopedia Ii - The Sacrifice - Plot
The synopsis is deceptively short: Alexander, an aging psychologist/writer (Erland Josephson) with a younger actress wife, a teenage daug...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oskarshamn Municipality: Encyclopedia Ii - Oskarshamn Municipality - History
The location of Oskarshamn was known as Döderhultsvik since the Medieval age. In 1645, the city of Kalmar, to the south, made a request ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Europe - Geology
Main article: Geology of Europe The Geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes foun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia Ii - Elder Futhark - The Alphabet
The Older Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names) consist of twenty-four runes, often arranged in three gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monastic State Of The Teutonic Knights: Encyclopedia Ii - Monastic State Of The Teutonic Knights - History
Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - 13th century. In 1237 the Teutonic Knights absorbed the Order of the Sword Knights (establishe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jotun: Encyclopedia Ii - Jotun - Norse Giants
Jotun - Origins. The first living being formed in the primeval chaos known as Ginnungagap was a giant of monumental size, called Ymir. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Runic Alphabet - Background
The runes were introduced to, or invented by, the Germanic peoples in the 1st or 2nd century (The oldest known runic inscription dates to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Götaland: Encyclopedia Ii - Götaland - History
Västergötland and Östergötland, once rival kingdoms themselves, constitute Götaland proper. The Geatish kings, however, belong to th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christian Iv Of Denmark: Encyclopedia Ii - Christian Iv Of Denmark - Court Intrigues And Foreign Adventures 1629-1643
Christian IV was now a broken man. His energy was temporarily paralysed by accumulated misfortunes. Not only his political hopes, but his...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vadstena Municipality: Encyclopedia Ii - Vadstena Municipality - Nature
Vadstena is situated by lake Vättern, Sweden's second largest lake. Fishing was an important source of food when the town was first foun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stave Church: Encyclopedia Ii - Stave Church - Construction
Archaeological surveys have shown that stave churches, as they are best represented today by the Borgund stave church, descend from palis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Victual Brothers: Encyclopedia Ii - Victual Brothers - Guild Of The Victual Brothers
When Queen Margaret and Albrecht of Mecklenburg were battling for Scandinavian supremacy and Margaret's forces had besieged Stockholm, pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Visby: Encyclopedia Ii - Visby - History
The earliest history of Visby is uncertain, but it is known to have been a centre of merchandice around 900 AD. In the 12th century the V...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pitted Ware Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Pitted Ware Culture - Objects
The culture has been named after the ornamentation of its pottery, which is usually round pits and horizontal lines. The vessels are unif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blót: Encyclopedia Ii - Blót - Mære, Norway
Snorri Sturluson relates of a meeting between the peasants of Trøndelag and king Haakon I of Norway, a meeting which ended in a religiou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stave Church: Encyclopedia Ii - Stave Church - History
Stave churches were once common in Northern Europe. In Norway alone a total of about 1000 churches are believed to have been built, altho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Blót: Encyclopedia Ii - Blót - Uppsala, Sweden
Main articles: Old Uppsala and Temple at Uppsala. The German chronicler Adam of Bremen has described how it was done at the Temple at Upp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Sweden - Cities
The largest city, by population, is the capital Stockholm, to the east, the dominating city for culture and media, with a population of 7...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Sweden - Municipalities
Sweden had a municipality reform in the 1970's, whereby all cities were turned into municipalities. Currently there are 290 municipalitie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Sweden - Counties
Main article: Counties of Sweden Sweden is divided into 21 counties or län. In each county there is a County Administrative Board or lä...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Runic Alphabet - Unicode
Runic alphabets are assigned Unicode range 16A0–16FF. This block is intended to encode all shapes of runic letters. Each letter is enco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Runic Alphabet - Modern Use
Runic alphabet - Third Reich. Runes have been used in Nazi symbolism by National Socialists and neo-Nazi groups that associate themselv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christian Iv Of Denmark: Encyclopedia Ii - Christian Iv Of Denmark - The Kalmar War
His first experiment with his newly organized army was successful. In the war with Sweden, generally known as the Kalmar War (1611-1613) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Runic Alphabet - Younger Fuþark
The Younger Fuþark, also called Scandinavian Fuþark, is a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, consisting of only 16 characters. The redu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Sweden - Historical Lands Of Sweden
Sweden was historically divided into four Lands or Landsdelar: Götaland (Sweden) Svealand (Sweden) Österland (Finland} Norrland (Swede...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germanic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Germanic Languages - Vocabulary Comparison
Several of the terms in the table below have had semantic drift. For example, the form 'Sterben' and other terms for 'die' are cognate wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Runic Alphabet - Elder Fuþark
The Elder Futhark, used for writing proto-Norse (urnordisk, urnordiska), consist of twenty-four runes, often arranged in three rows of ei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish People: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnish People - Finns Finland-swedes Sweden-finns And Swedes
In Finland, after centuries of coexistence and intermarriages, the differences between Finnish and Swedish speakers are usually not seen ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Runic Alphabet - Overview
The earliest runic inscriptions date from ca. 150, and the alphabet was generally replaced by the Latin alphabet with Christianisation, b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gothiscandza: Encyclopedia Ii - Gothiscandza - Archaeology
In the 1st century a new culture appeared at the mouth of the Vistula, called the Wielbark Culture replacing the local Oksywie culture. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gotland County: Encyclopedia Ii - Gotland County - Politics
Main article: Gotland Municipality The County of Gotland consists of a single municipality and as there is no separate entity for a Count...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish People: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnish People - Developments
The 19th and 20th century (see history of Finland) saw the crystallising of the Finnish national sentiments with Finland's declaration of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Runic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Runic Alphabet - Frisian And Anglo-saxon Fuþorc
The Futhorc are an extended alphabet, consisting of 29, and later even 33 characters. It was used probably from the 5th century onward. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish People: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnish People - Past
With regard to the ancestry of the Finnish people, the modern view emphasises the overall continuity in Finland's archeological finds and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christian Iv Of Denmark: Encyclopedia Ii - Christian Iv Of Denmark - Renewed War With Sweden
In his sixty-sixth year he once more displayed something of the magnificent energy of his triumphant youth. Night and day he laboured to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweden: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweden - Economy
The standard of living has become enviably high under Sweden's social democratic system. The economy features a modern distribution syste...   » Read the article