It is possible to determine more or less exactly how the Gothic of Ulfilas was pronounced, primarily through comparative phonetic reconstruction. Furthermore, because Ulfilas tried to follow the original Greek text as much as possible in his translation, we know that he used the same writing conventions as those of contemporary Greek. Since the Greek of that period is well documented, it is possible to reconstruct much of Gothic pronunciation from translated texts. In addition, the way in which non-Greek names are trans ...

See also:

Gothic language, Gothic language - Documents in Gothic, Gothic language - Alphabet, Gothic language - Phonetic and phonological system, Gothic language - Vowels, Gothic language - Consonants, Gothic language - Accentuation and Intonation, Gothic language - Morphology, Gothic language - Nouns, Gothic language - Pronouns, Gothic language - Verbs, Gothic language - Gothic compared to other Germanic languages, Gothic language - Gothic and Old Norse, Gothic language - Other unique features of Gothic

Read more here: » Gothic language: Encyclopedia II - Gothic language - Phonetic and phonological system

In order to raise legibility and contrary to standard linguistic conventions, this article contains phonological transcriptions between square brackets, which normally are used only for phonetic transcriptions. The macron is used to designate a long vowel, instead of ":". It is possible to determine more or less exactly how the Gothic of Ulfilas was pronounced, primarily through comparative phonetic reconstruction. Furthermore, because Ulfilas tried to follow the original Greek text as much as possible in his translation ...

See also:

Gothic language, Gothic language - Documents in Gothic, Gothic language - Alphabet, Gothic language - Phonetic and phonological system, Gothic language - Vowels, Gothic language - Consonants, Gothic language - Schematic Tables, Gothic language - Accentuation and Intonation, Gothic language - Morphology, Gothic language - Nouns, Gothic language - Pronouns, Gothic language - Verbs, Gothic language - Gothic compared to other Germanic languages, Gothic language - Gothic and Old Norse, Gothic language - Other unique features of Gothic

Read more here: » Gothic language: Encyclopedia II - Gothic language - Phonetic and phonological system

The Codex Argenteus (or "Silver Bible") is a 6th century manuscript, originally containing bishop Ulfilas's 4th century translation of the bible into the Gothic language. Of the original 336 folia, 188 (including the Speyer fragment discovered in 1970) have been preserved, containing the translation of the greater part of the four gospels. A part of it is at permanent display at the Carolina Rediviva library in Uppsala, Sweden. Codex Argenteus - History. Codex Argenteus - Origin. Including:

• Codex Argenteus - History
• Codex Argenteus - Origin
• Codex Argenteus - Rediscovery
• Codex Argenteus - The Speyer fragment
• Codex Argenteus - Publications
• Codex Argenteus - Script and decoration
• Codex Argenteus - Reference

Read more here: » Codex Argenteus: Encyclopedia - Codex Argenteus

Codex Argenteus - Origin. The tribes we consider Gothic were nominally Arians during the period of time when Ulfilas translated the Christian bible into Gothic, meaning that they followed the teachings of Arius about the person and nature of Jesus Christ. The "Silver Bible" was probably written for the Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great, either at his royal seat in Ravenna, or in the Po valley or at Brescia. It was made as a special and impressive book written with gold and silver ink on high-quality thin vellu ...

See also:

Codex Argenteus, Codex Argenteus - History, Codex Argenteus - Origin, Codex Argenteus - Rediscovery, Codex Argenteus - The Speyer fragment, Codex Argenteus - Publications, Codex Argenteus - Script and decoration, Codex Argenteus - Reference

Read more here: » Codex Argenteus: Encyclopedia II - Codex Argenteus - History

Explaining the origins of the Goths, Jordanes recounted: The same mighty sea has also in its arctic region, that is in the north, a great island named Scandza, from which my tale (by God's grace) shall take its beginning. For the race whose origin you ask to know burst forth like a swarm of bees from the midst of this island and came into the land of Europe. [...] Now from this island of Scandza, as from a hive of races or a womb of nations, the Goths are said to have come forth long ago under their king, Berig by name ...

See also:

Goths, Goths - Historical sources, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

Read more here: » Goths: Encyclopedia II - Goths - Origins

Explaining the origins of the Goths, Jordanes recounted: The same mighty sea has also in its arctic region, that is in the north, a great island named Scandza, from which my tale (by God's grace) shall take its beginning. For the race whose origin you ask to know burst forth like a swarm of bees from the midst of this island and came into the land of Europe. [...] Now from this island of Scandza, as from a hive of races or a womb of nations, the Goths are said to have come forth long ago under their king, Berig by name ...

See also:

Goths, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

Read more here: » Goths: Encyclopedia II - Goths - Origins

Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c. BC Brāhmī 4th c. BC Hebrew 3rd c. BC Syriac 2nd c. BC Avestan 3th c. Arabic 4th c. Greek 8th c. BC Old Italic 8th c. BC Latin 7th c. BC Runes 2nd c. Gothic 4th c. Armenian 405 Glagolitic 862 Cyril ...

See also:

Gothic alphabet, Gothic alphabet - The letters, Gothic alphabet - Character encoding

Read more here: » Gothic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Gothic alphabet - The letters

In Medieval and Modern Spain, the Visigoths were thought to be the origin of the Spanish nobility (compare Gobineau for a similar French idea). Somebody acting with arrogance would be said to be "haciéndose de los godos" ("making himself to come from the Goths"). Because of this, in Chile, Argentina and the Canary Islands, godo is an ethnic slur used against European Spaniards, who in the early colony ...

See also:

Goths, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

Read more here: » Goths: Encyclopedia II - Goths - Symbolic meaning

Our only source for early Gothic history is Jordanes' Getica, (published 551), a condensation of the lost twelve-volume history of the Goths written in Italy by Cassiodorus. Jordanes may not even have had the work at hand to consult from, and this early information should be treated with caution. Cassiodorus was well placed to write of Goths, for he was an essential minister of Theodoric the Great, who apparently had heard some of the Gothic songs that told of their traditional origins, related in turn by Jordanes with the remark "for ...

See also:

Goths, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

Read more here: » Goths: Encyclopedia II - Goths - History

Ulfilas or Wulfila (perhaps meaning "little wolf") (c. 310 - 383), bishop, missionary, and translator, was a Goth or half-Goth who had spent time inside the Byzantine Empire at a time when Arianism was dominant. Ulfilas was ordained a bishop by Eusebius of Nicomedia and returned to his people to work as a missionary. Ulfilas translated the Bible from Greek into the Gothic language. For this he established a Gothic alphabet writing system. Fragments have survived and are known as the Codex Argent ...

Read more here: » Ulfilas: Encyclopedia - Ulfilas

From Scandinavia, the Goths migrated and set up a kingdom in Scythia ( modern-day Ukraine and Belarus). In the third century, the tribe split into two: the Ostrogoths remained in Scythia, while the Visigoths migrated to Dacia (modern-day Romania) to set up an independent kingdom. The Visigoths sacked Byzantium in the year 267, but by 271, were driven back to Dacia by the Byzantines. Hun domination of the Ostrogoth kingdom began in the fourth century, but was defeated by the year 450. Both the Ostrogoths and Visigoths became heavily Romanized ...

See also:

Goths, Goths - Historical sources, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

Read more here: » Goths: Encyclopedia II - Goths - History

The Bible has been translated into many languages. The Jewish Tanakh (almost identical to the Protestant Old Testament) was originally written in Hebrew, with the exception of some passages of Daniel, Ezra, and Jeremiah which are in Aramaic. The New Testament is widely agreed to have originally been written in Greek, although some scholars hypothesize that certain books (whether completely or partially) may have been written in Aramaic before being translated for widespread dissemination. One very famous example of this is the opening to the Gospel of John, which is argue ...

Including:

• Bible translations - External link
• Bible translations - John 3:16 in Hungarian

Read more here: » Bible translations: Encyclopedia - Bible translations

In Medieval and Modern Spain, the Visigoths were thought to be the origin of the Spanish nobility (compare Gobineau for a similar French idea). Somebody acting with arrogance would be said to be "haciéndose de los godos" ("making himself to come from the Goths"). Because of this, in Chile, Argentina and the Canary Islands, godo is an ethnic slur used against European Spaniards, who in the early colony ...

See also:

Goths, Goths - Historical sources, Goths - History, Goths - Origins, Goths - Archaeology, Goths - Linguistics, Goths - Symbolic meaning, Goths - Notes

Read more here: » Goths: Encyclopedia II - Goths - Symbolic meaning

Germanic peoples - Origin. Regarding the question of ethnic origins, evidence developed by both archaeologists and linguists suggests that a people or group of peoples sharing a common material culture dwelt in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia during the late European Bronze Age (1000 BC-500 BC). This culture group is called the Nordic Bronze Age and spread from southern Scandinavia into northern Germany. The long presence of Germanic tribes in southern Scandinavia (an Indo-European language had probably arrived by 2000 BC) is also evidenced by the fact that no pre-German ...

See also:

Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of Germani, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation

Read more here: » Germanic peoples: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - History

Junius devoted himself to the study of Anglo-Saxon, and afterwards of the cognate old Teutonic languages. His work, while intrinsically valuable, is particularly important as having aroused interest in a subject that at the time was often neglected. When in 1651 he returned to Holland, he resided for two years in Friesland in order to study the old dialect. Major works include: 1637, De pictura veterum or On the Painting of the Ancients An English edition, translated by Junius h ...

See also:

Franciscus Junius the younger, Franciscus Junius the younger - Life, Franciscus Junius the younger - Works, Franciscus Junius the younger - Notes

Read more here: » Franciscus Junius the younger: Encyclopedia II - Franciscus Junius the younger - Works

Note that divisions between subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. Mentioned here are only the principal or unusual contemporary dialects; individual articles linked to below contain larger family trees. For example, many Low German dialects are discussed on Low German besides just Northern Low Saxon and Plautdietsch. Diachronic stages are listed in the main articles (such as Old English and Middle English, in th ...

See also:

Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Characteristics of some Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Writing, Germanic languages - Linguistic Markers, Germanic languages - History, Germanic languages - Classification, Germanic languages - Vocabulary comparison

Read more here: » Germanic languages: Encyclopedia II - Germanic languages - Classification

English. Main article(s): English translations of the Bible Esperanto. The initiator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof translated the entire Old Testament into Esperanto. A monograph by D. B. Gregor, La Esperanta traduko de la Malnova Testamento, compares Zamenhof's translation in some detail with a wide variety of major versions in other languages. A committee, consisting primarily of British clergy and scholars, was formed to translate the New Testament ...

See also:

Bible translations, Bible translations - External link, Bible translations - John 3:16 in Hungarian

Read more here: » Bible translations: Encyclopedia II - Bible translations - External link

As Swedish evolved from Old Norse in the 13th century, we can begin say that Swedish Literature began to develop as an independent body of literature. What is referred to as Old Swedish was used between 1225 and 1526. It is regarded as initiated by the first provincial laws which were written in the Latin alphabet, albeit some old futharks remained, as the Latin alphabet did not have letters for them. For instance þ (pronounced as "th" ...

See also:

Swedish literature, Swedish literature - Runic, Swedish literature - Old Swedish, Swedish literature - Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Swedish literature - Eighteenth Century, Swedish literature - Realism, Swedish literature - Modern Period

Read more here: » Swedish literature: Encyclopedia II - Swedish literature - Old Swedish

Germanic peoples - Origin. Regarding the question of ethnic origins, evidence developed by both archaeologists and linguists suggests that a people or group of peoples sharing a common material culture dwelt in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia during the late European Bronze Age (1000 BC-500 BC). This culture group is called the Nordic Bronze Age and spread from southern Scandinavia into northern Germany. The long presence of Germanic tribes in southern Scandinavia (an Indo-European language had probably arrived by 2000 BC) is also evidenced by the fact that no pre-German ...

See also:

Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of German, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation

Read more here: » Germanic peoples: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - History

See Germanic mythology, Germanic paganism, Migration Period art The Germanic tribes were each politically independent, under a hereditary king (see Germanic king). The kings appear to have claimed descendancy from mythical founders of the tribes, the name of some of which is preserved: Angul — Angles (the Kings of Mercia, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, other Anglo-Saxon dynasties are derived from other descendents of Woden) Aurvandil — Vandals (uncertain) Burgundus — Burgundians C ...

See also:

Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of Germani, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation

Read more here: » Germanic peoples: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - Culture