Though Moorish Spain was clearly a key center of Jewish life during the early Middle Ages, producing important scholars and one of the most stable and wealthy Jewish communities, there is no clear scholarly consensus over whether the relationship between Jews and Muslims in Spain was truly a paragon of interfaith relations, or whether it was simply similar to the treatment Jews received elsewhere at the same time. Mark Cohen, in his landmark 1995 book on the subject, Under Cross and Crescent, discusses how the idea of the Golde ...

See also:

Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - The Nature of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Birth of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - End of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Notable figures

Read more here: » Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain: Encyclopedia II - Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - The Nature of the Golden Age

See also:

Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - The Nature of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Birth of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - End of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Notable figures

Read more here: » Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain: Encyclopedia II - Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - End of the Golden Age

The Christian Visigoths of Spain persecuted the Jews severely, so naturally the Jews welcomed the Muslim conquerors in the 8th century. The conquered cities of Córdoba, Málaga, Granada, Seville, and Toledo were briefly placed in charge of the Jewish inhabitants, who had been armed by the Arab invaders. The victors removed the restrictions which had oppressed the Jews so heavily, and granted them full religiou ...

See also:

Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - The Nature of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Birth of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - End of the Golden Age, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Notable figures

Read more here: » Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain: Encyclopedia II - Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain - Birth of the Golden Age

Bodo (823-876) was the palace deacon and confessor to Louis the Pious. In early 838, he made a pilgrimage to Rome and converted to Judaism. His conversion was regarded as a rejection of the Carolingian culture. Bodo left France for Muslim Spain in 839. He took the Jewish name Eleazar and married a Jewish woman. Bodo later went into military service at Saragossa. He incited the Moorish governmen ...

Including:

• Bishop Bodo - Correspondance with Alvaro

Read more here: » Bishop Bodo: Encyclopedia - Bishop Bodo

Moshe ben Maimon (March 30, 1135–December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher. Moshe ben Maimon's Hebrew name is רבי משה בן מיימון and his Arabic name is موسى بن ميمون بن عبد الله القرطبي الإسرائيلي, Mussa bin Maimun ibn Abdallah al-Kurtubi al-Israili. However, he is most commonly known by his Greek name, Moses Maimonides (Μωησής Μαϊμονίδης), and many Jewish works refer to him by the acronym of his title and name, RaMBaMIncluding:

• Maimonides - Biography
• Maimonides - Works and bibliography
• Maimonides - Influence
• Maimonides - The 13 principles of faith
• Maimonides - Halakhic works
• Maimonides - Philosophy
• Maimonides - Negative theology
• Maimonides - Prophecy
• Maimonides - The problem of evil
• Maimonides - Astrology
• Maimonides - True beliefs versus necessary beliefs
• Maimonides - Resurrection acquired immortality and the afterlife

Read more here: » Maimonides: Encyclopedia - Maimonides

Israel: nn Europe: nn South Africa: nn Oceania: nn   • Ashkenazi Jews   • Mizrahi Jews   • Other Jewish groups Sephardi Jews (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm< ...

Including:

• Sephardi Jews - Definition
• Sephardi Jews - Distribution
• Sephardi Jews - Language
• Sephardi Jews - Early History
• Sephardi Jews - Sephardim under Islam
• Sephardi Jews - Later History and Culture
• Sephardi Jews - Names
• Sephardi Jews - Other Sephardic Pedigrees
• Sephardi Jews - Congregations
• Sephardi Jews - Relationship to other Jews
• Sephardi Jews - Medicine
• Sephardi Jews - Notes

Read more here: » Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews

Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years. In 711 AD, a Moorish Islamic army from North Africa invaded Visigoth Hispania. Under their leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad, a small force landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711. After a decisive victory at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule in a seven-year campaign. They moved northeast across the Pyrenees but were defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732. The Iberian peninsula, exc ...

Including:

• Al-Andalus - History
• Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years
• Al-Andalus - The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba
• Al-Andalus - The First Taifa Period
• Al-Andalus - Almoravids Almohads and Marīnids
• Al-Andalus - The Emirate of Granada
• Al-Andalus - Aftermath
• Al-Andalus - Culture
• Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate
• Al-Andalus - Philosophy
• Al-Andalus - Etymology of al-Andalus
• Al-Andalus - Vandalícia
• Al-Andalus - Atlántida
• Al-Andalus - Landahlauts

Read more here: » Al-Andalus: Encyclopedia - Al-Andalus

The historical interaction of Islam and Judaism began in the 7th century with the spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. Because both of these religions share a common origin in the Middle East, and because of the shared aspects between Judaism and Islam, as well as the influence of Muslim culture and philosophy on practitioners of Judaism within the Islamic world, there has been considerable and continued physical, theological, and political overlap between the two faiths in the subsequent 1,400 years. Islam and Juda ...

Including:

• Islam and Judaism - Early relationship
• Islam and Judaism - Islamic view of the Torah
• Islam and Judaism - Historical
• Islam and Judaism - Spain 711-1492
• Islam and Judaism - Ottoman Empire 1326-1800
• Islam and Judaism - Iraq
• Islam and Judaism - Persia and Iran 711-1900
• Islam and Judaism - North Africa
• Islam and Judaism - Tunisia
• Islam and Judaism - Morocco
• Islam and Judaism - Egypt
• Islam and Judaism - Algeria
• Islam and Judaism - Central Asia and the Mongol Khanates
• Islam and Judaism - Interplay between Jewish and Islamic thought
• Islam and Judaism - Major thinkers in Jewish and Islamic philosophy
• Islam and Judaism - Influence on exegesis
• Islam and Judaism - Influences on Worship

Read more here: » Islam and Judaism: Encyclopedia - Islam and Judaism

Jew - Usage note. Some uses of the term "Jew" are tainted by historic anti-Jewish bigotry. The correct adjectival form is "Jewish"; the use of "Jew" as an adjective (as in "Jew lawyer" rather than "Jewish lawyer") is associated with bigotry. The use of "Jew" or "jew" as a verb (as in "to jew someone down": to bargain for a lower price) is generally seen as an extremely offensive expression based on stereotypes. Even when used in a grammatically correct manner as a noun, the term "Jew" can objectify a ...

Including:

• Jew - Usage note
• Jew - Etymology
• Jew - Who is a Jew?
• Jew - Jewish culture
• Jew - Ethnic divisions
• Jew - Population
• Jew - Significant geographic populations
• Jew - State of Israel
• Jew - Diaspora outside Israel
• Jew - Population changes: Assimilation
• Jew - Population changes: Wars against the Jews
• Jew - Population changes: Growth
• Jew - Jewish languages
• Jew - History of the Jews
• Jew - Jews and migrations
• Jew - Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
• Jew - Persian Greek and Roman rule
• Jew - Beginning of the Diaspora
• Jew - Middle Ages: Europe
• Jew - Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa
• Jew - Enlightenment and emancipation
• Jew - Zionism and immigration
• Jew - The Holocaust
• Jew - Israel
• Jew - Persecution
• Jew - Jewish leadership
• Jew - Famous Jews
• Jew - Notes

Read more here: » Jew: Encyclopedia - Jew

This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common Era (Christian), not the Jewish calendar. For more detailed information on Jewish history, including links to individual country histories, see Jewish history. Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history. A separate article exists on the timeline of Biblical characters and the Israelites. See the entry on the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Note, however, that the ...

Including:

• Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history
• Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
• Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE
• Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia - Timeline of Jewish history

Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. The tenets and history of Judaism are the major part of the foundation of other Abrahamic religions, including Samaritanism, Christianity, and Islam. Over at least the last two thousand years, Judaism has not been monolithic in practice, and has not had any centralized authority or binding dogma. Despite this, Judaism in all its variations has remained tightly bound ...

Including:

• Judaism - Introduction
• Judaism - Monotheism
• Judaism - Practical worship and the laws
• Judaism - Traditional view of the development of Judaism
• Judaism - Critical historical view of the development of Judaism
• Judaism - Religious doctrine and Principles of Faith
• Judaism - The traditional Jewish bookshelf
• Judaism - Jewish Law and interpretation
• Judaism - What makes a person Jewish?
• Judaism - Jewish philosophy
• Judaism - Jewish denominations
• Judaism - Jewish denominations in Israel
• Judaism - Karaism
• Judaism - Jewish prayer and practice
• Judaism - Prayers
• Judaism - Jewish holidays
• Judaism - Torah readings
• Judaism - Synagogues and Jewish buildings
• Judaism - Dietary laws: Kashrut
• Judaism - Family purity
• Judaism - Life-cycle events
• Judaism - Community leadership
• Judaism - Classical priesthood
• Judaism - Prayer leaders
• Judaism - Specialized religious roles
• Judaism - Jewish religious history
• Judaism - Ancient Jewish religious history
• Judaism - Historical Jewish groupings to 1700
• Judaism - Persecutions
• Judaism - Hasidism
• Judaism - The Enlightenment and Reform Judaism
• Judaism - The Holocaust
• Judaism - The present situation
• Judaism - Judaism and other religions
• Judaism - Christianity and Judaism
• Judaism - Islam and Judaism
• Judaism - Jews and Judaism
• Judaism - Jewish law and religion
• Judaism - Comparative

Read more here: » Judaism: Encyclopedia - Judaism

Maimonides was born in 1135 in Córdoba, Spain, then under Muslim rule during what some scholars consider to be the end of the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. Maimonides studied Torah under his father Maimon who had in turn studied under Rabbi Joseph ibn Migash. The Almohades conquered Córdoba in 1148, and offered the Jewish community the choice of conversion to Islam, death, or exile. Maimonides's family, along with most other Jews, chose exile. For the next ten years they moved about in southern Spain, avoiding the conquering Almoh ...

See also:

Maimonides, Maimonides - Biography, Maimonides - Works and bibliography, Maimonides - Influence, Maimonides - The 13 principles of faith, Maimonides - Halakhic works, Maimonides - Philosophy, Maimonides - Negative theology, Maimonides - Prophecy, Maimonides - The problem of evil, Maimonides - Astrology, Maimonides - True beliefs versus necessary beliefs, Maimonides - Resurrection acquired immortality and the afterlife

Read more here: » Maimonides: Encyclopedia II - Maimonides - Biography

Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate. See also: Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain The treatment of non-Muslims (specifically Jews) in the Caliphate has been a subject of considerable interest from scholars and commentators, especially those interested in drawing parallels to the co-existence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world. Some argue that - for at least part of the history of Al-Andalus - Jews were treated significantly better in Muslim-controlled Spain tha ...

See also:

Al-Andalus, Al-Andalus - History, Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years, Al-Andalus - The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba, Al-Andalus - The First Taifa Period, Al-Andalus - Almoravids Almohads and Marīnids, Al-Andalus - The Emirate of Granada, Al-Andalus - Aftermath, Al-Andalus - Culture, Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate, Al-Andalus - Philosophy, Al-Andalus - Etymology of al-Andalus, Al-Andalus - Vandalícia, Al-Andalus - Atlántida, Al-Andalus - Landahlauts

Read more here: » Al-Andalus: Encyclopedia II - Al-Andalus - Culture

Spain's music was invigorated, as its painters were, by religion. Spanish Golden Age - Tomás Luis de Victoria. Tomás Luis de Victoria, a Spanish composer of the sixteenth century, mainly of choral music, is widely regarded as one of the greatest Spanish classical composers. He joined the cause of Ignatius of Loyola in the fight against the Reformation and in 1575 became a priest. He lived for a short time in Italy, where he became acquainted with the polyphonic work of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. L ...

See also:

Spanish Golden Age, Spanish Golden Age - Painting, Spanish Golden Age - El Greco, Spanish Golden Age - Diego Velázquez, Spanish Golden Age - Fransisco de Zurbarán, Spanish Golden Age - Other significant painters, Spanish Golden Age - Music, Spanish Golden Age - Tomás Luis de Victoria, Spanish Golden Age - Alonso Lobo, Spanish Golden Age - Spanish guitar, Spanish Golden Age - Literature, Spanish Golden Age - Don Quixote, Spanish Golden Age - Lope de Vega and Spanish drama, Spanish Golden Age - Other significant authors

Read more here: » Spanish Golden Age: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Golden Age - Music

In 840 Bodo began a correspondance with the knight Pablo Alvaro of Cordova. (Cordova was also a Muslim area of Spain.) Alvaro was born a Jew, but converted to Christianity. Because Bodo and Alvaro were both converts, they began a dialogue to try to convince each other to go back to their old faith. Many of their letters have been preserved. The source of the following letter is disputed, but it is attributed to Bodo. As for your assertion that Christ is God, joined with the Holy Spirit, and you worship him because he had no hum ...

See also:

Bishop Bodo, Bishop Bodo - Correspondance with Alvaro

Read more here: » Bishop Bodo: Encyclopedia II - Bishop Bodo - Correspondance with Alvaro

Spanish Golden Age - Don Quixote. Regarded by many as one of the finest works in the Spanish language, Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes was one of the first novels published in Europe. The novel, like Spain itself, was caught between the Middle Ages and the modern world. A veteran of the Battle of Lepanto ((1571)), Cervantes had fallen on hard times in the late 1590s and was imprisoned for debt in 1597, when he began work on his best-remembered novel. The final installment was published in 1615, a ...

See also:

Spanish Golden Age, Spanish Golden Age - Painting, Spanish Golden Age - El Greco, Spanish Golden Age - Diego Velázquez, Spanish Golden Age - Fransisco de Zurbarán, Spanish Golden Age - Other significant painters, Spanish Golden Age - Music, Spanish Golden Age - Tomás Luis de Victoria, Spanish Golden Age - Alonso Lobo, Spanish Golden Age - Spanish guitar, Spanish Golden Age - Literature, Spanish Golden Age - Don Quixote, Spanish Golden Age - Lope de Vega and Spanish drama, Spanish Golden Age - Other significant authors

Read more here: » Spanish Golden Age: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Golden Age - Literature

Many of the details of the development of flamenco are lost in Spanish history. There are several reasons for this lack of historical evidence: The turbulent times of the people involved in flamenco culture. The Moors, the Gitanos and the Jews were all persecuted and expelled by the Spanish Inquisition at various points in time as part of the Reconquista. The Gitanos mainly had an oral culture. Their folk songs were passed on to new generations by repeated performances in their social community. Flamenco was fo ...

See also:

Flamenco, Flamenco - External link, Flamenco - Flamenco history, Flamenco - External link, Flamenco - Flamenco styles, Flamenco - Palos, Flamenco - Flamenco artists

Read more here: » Flamenco: Encyclopedia II - Flamenco - Flamenco history

Through the Guide for the Perplexed and the philosophical introductions to sections of his commentaries on the Mishna, Maimonides exerted an important influence on the Scholastic philosophers, especially on Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, and Duns Scotus. He was himself a Jewish Scholastic. Educated more by reading the works of Arab Muslim philosophers than by personal contact with Arabian teachers, he acquired an intimate acquaintance not only with Arab Muslim philosophy, but with the doctrines of Aristotle. Maimonides strove to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and science, with the teachings of the Torah. < ...

See also:

Maimonides, Maimonides - Biography, Maimonides - Works and bibliography, Maimonides - Influence, Maimonides - The 13 principles of faith, Maimonides - Halakhic works, Maimonides - Philosophy, Maimonides - Negative theology, Maimonides - Prophecy, Maimonides - The problem of evil, Maimonides - Astrology, Maimonides - True beliefs versus necessary beliefs, Maimonides - Resurrection acquired immortality and the afterlife

Read more here: » Maimonides: Encyclopedia II - Maimonides - Philosophy

With the victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711, the lives of the Sephardim changed dramatically. In spite of the stigma attached to being dhimmis (non-Muslim members of monotheistic faiths) under rule, the coming of the Moors was by-and-large welcomed by the Jews of Iberia. Both Muslim and Christian sources tell us that Jews provided valuable aid to the invaders. Once captured, the defense of Cordoba was left in the hands of Jews, and Granada, Malaga, Seville, and Toledo were left to a mixed army of Jews and Moors. Although in some ...

See also:

Sephardi Jews, Sephardi Jews - Definition, Sephardi Jews - Distribution, Sephardi Jews - Language, Sephardi Jews - Early History, Sephardi Jews - Sephardim under Islam, Sephardi Jews - Later History and Culture, Sephardi Jews - Names, Sephardi Jews - Other Sephardic Pedigrees, Sephardi Jews - Congregations, Sephardi Jews - Relationship to other Jews, Sephardi Jews - Sephardic Chief Rabbis in Israel, Sephardi Jews - Medicine, Sephardi Jews - Notes

Read more here: » Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia II - Sephardi Jews - Sephardim under Islam

Flamenco occurs in two types of settings. The first, the Juerga is an informal gathering where people are free to join in creating music. This can include dancing, singing, violin, Palmas (hand clapping), or simply pounding in rhythm on an old orange crate. Flamenco, in this context, is very dynamic; It adapts to the local talent, instrumentation, and mood of the audience. One tradition remains firmly in place: Singers are the most important part. The professional concert is more formal and organized. The most common performance usually has only one or more instruments (guitar is almost always at the center). Dancer ...

See also:

Flamenco, Flamenco - External link, Flamenco - Flamenco history, Flamenco - External link, Flamenco - Flamenco styles, Flamenco - Palos, Flamenco - Flamenco artists

Read more here: » Flamenco: Encyclopedia II - Flamenco - Flamenco artists