Hamas regards the land that it calls Palestine, including present-day Israel (without the Golan Heights), as an Islamic homeland that can never be surrendered to non-Muslims, and asserts that individual and community struggle (jihad) to wrest control of the land from Israel is a religious duty for all Muslims. This position is more radical than that of the PLO, which in 1988 recognized Israel's sovereignty. Hamas does not recognize Israel as a sovereign state and refer ...

See also:

Hamas, Hamas - Background, Hamas - Name, Hamas - Beliefs, Hamas - History, Hamas - Activities, Hamas - Legal action against Hamas, Hamas - List of notable Hamas members

Read more here: » Hamas: Encyclopedia II - Hamas - Background

List of wine-producing regions - Israel. Bet Shemesh Galilee Jerusalem Rishon LeZion produced wine since 1886 Golan heights Carmel Latrun Judean Hills List of wine-producing regions - India. Bangalore Nasik Sangli List of wine-producing regions - Lebanon. List of wine-producing regions - Palestinian territorie ...

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List of wine-producing regions, List of wine-producing regions - Africa, List of wine-producing regions - Algeria, List of wine-producing regions - South Africa, List of wine-producing regions - Americas, List of wine-producing regions - Argentina, List of wine-producing regions - Brazil, List of wine-producing regions - Canada, List of wine-producing regions - Chile, List of wine-producing regions - Mexico, List of wine-producing regions - United States, List of wine-producing regions - Venezuela, List of wine-producing regions - Europe, List of wine-producing regions - Austria, List of wine-producing regions - Bulgaria, List of wine-producing regions - Croatia, List of wine-producing regions - Cyprus, List of wine-producing regions - Czech Republic, List of wine-producing regions - France, List of wine-producing regions - Georgia, List of wine-producing regions - Germany see German wine, List of wine-producing regions - Greece, List of wine-producing regions - Hungary, List of wine-producing regions - Italy, List of wine-producing regions - Poland, List of wine-producing regions - Moldova, List of wine-producing regions - Portugal, List of wine-producing regions - Romania, List of wine-producing regions - Republic of Macedonia, List of wine-producing regions - Russia, List of wine-producing regions - Serbia and Montenegro, List of wine-producing regions - Slovakia, List of wine-producing regions - Slovenia, List of wine-producing regions - Spain, List of wine-producing regions - Switzerland, List of wine-producing regions - Turkey, List of wine-producing regions - Ukraine, List of wine-producing regions - United Kingdom, List of wine-producing regions - Asia, List of wine-producing regions - Israel, List of wine-producing regions - India, List of wine-producing regions - Lebanon, List of wine-producing regions - Palestinian territories, List of wine-producing regions - Oceania, List of wine-producing regions - Australia, List of wine-producing regions - New Zealand

Read more here: » List of wine-producing regions: Encyclopedia II - List of wine-producing regions - Asia

List of wine-producing regions - Israel. Bet Shemesh Galilee Jerusalem Rishon LeZion produced wine since 1886 Golan heights Carmel Latrun Judean Hills List of wine-producing regions - India. Bangalore Nasik Sangli Narayangaon Pune List of wine-producing regions - Lebanon. List of wine-producing regions - Palestinian territorie ...

See also:

List of wine-producing regions, List of wine-producing regions - Africa, List of wine-producing regions - Algeria, List of wine-producing regions - South Africa, List of wine-producing regions - Americas, List of wine-producing regions - Argentina, List of wine-producing regions - Brazil, List of wine-producing regions - Canada, List of wine-producing regions - Chile, List of wine-producing regions - Mexico, List of wine-producing regions - United States, List of wine-producing regions - Venezuela, List of wine-producing regions - Europe, List of wine-producing regions - Austria, List of wine-producing regions - Bulgaria, List of wine-producing regions - Croatia, List of wine-producing regions - Cyprus, List of wine-producing regions - Czech Republic, List of wine-producing regions - France, List of wine-producing regions - Georgia, List of wine-producing regions - Germany see German wine, List of wine-producing regions - Greece, List of wine-producing regions - Hungary, List of wine-producing regions - Italy, List of wine-producing regions - Poland, List of wine-producing regions - Moldova, List of wine-producing regions - Portugal, List of wine-producing regions - Romania, List of wine-producing regions - Republic of Macedonia, List of wine-producing regions - Russia, List of wine-producing regions - Serbia and Montenegro, List of wine-producing regions - Slovakia, List of wine-producing regions - Slovenia, List of wine-producing regions - Spain, List of wine-producing regions - Switzerland, List of wine-producing regions - Turkey, List of wine-producing regions - Ukraine, List of wine-producing regions - United Kingdom, List of wine-producing regions - Asia, List of wine-producing regions - Israel, List of wine-producing regions - India, List of wine-producing regions - Lebanon, List of wine-producing regions - Palestinian territories, List of wine-producing regions - Oceania, List of wine-producing regions - Australia, List of wine-producing regions - New Zealand

Read more here: » List of wine-producing regions: Encyclopedia II - List of wine-producing regions - Asia

Lebanon This article is part of the series: Politics of Lebanon Constitution President: Emile Lahoud Prime Minister: Fouad Siniora Parliament Speaker of the Parliament Political parties Elections edit Hezbollah (Arabic ‮حزب الله‬, meaning Party of God, for other designations or alternative spellings, see 'name' part of this article) is a Shi'a Islamist group in Le ...

Including:

Hezbollah - Alternative spellings and names Hezbollah - Designations Hezbollah - History
Hezbollah - Hezbollah during the Lebanese war 1982-1990 Hezbollah - The South Lebanon period 1990-2000 Hezbollah - Hezbollah after the Israeli withdrawal Hezbollah - Post-Lebanese election
Hezbollah - Political activities Hezbollah - Foreign relations Hezbollah - Ideology Hezbollah - Media operations

Read more here: » Hezbollah: Encyclopedia - Hezbollah

The State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ▶ (help·info); Medinat Yisra'el; Arabic: دَوْلَةْ إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrā'īl) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. It is a parliamentary democracy and the world's only Jewish state. The name "Israel" is rooted in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh, wherein Jacob is renamed Israel after wrestling with a mysterious adversary ("a man", and later "God" according to Genesis 32:24- ...

Including:

Israel - History
Israel - Zionism and Aliyah Israel - Establishment of the State Israel - War of Independence Israel - Continuing immigration Israel - Subsequent wars Israel - Articles related to the wars
Israel - Politics and law
Israel - Legislature Israel - Constitution and Legal System Israel - Judiciary
Israel - Military Israel - Geography
Israel - Metropolitan areas
Israel - Economy Israel - Demographics
Israel - Children's welfare
Israel - Religion in Israel Israel - Culture and religion Israel - Footnotes Israel - Annotated List of Israeli Media Sources

Read more here: » Israel: Encyclopedia - Israel

This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common Era (Christian), not the Jewish calendar. For more detailed information on Jewish history, including links to individual country histories, see Jewish history. Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history. A separate article exists on the timeline of Biblical characters and the Israelites. See the entry on the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Note, however, that the ...

Including:

Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500 Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800 Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900 Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945
Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia - Timeline of Jewish history

The Republic of Lebanon, or Lebanon (لبنان), is a small, largely mountainous country in the Middle East, located at the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south, with a narrow coastline along its western edge. The flag of Lebanon features the Lebanon Cedar in green against a wide, white stripe backdrop, with two thinner red stripes alongside. The name Lebanon (also "Loubnan" or "Lebnan") is derived from the Aramaic word laban, meaning ...

Including:

Lebanon - History
Lebanon - Cedar Revolution Intifada of Independence Lebanon - Withdrawal of Syrian troops
Lebanon - Politics Lebanon - Administrative divisions Lebanon - Geography Lebanon - Economy Lebanon - Demographics Lebanon - Culture Lebanon - Foreign relations

Read more here: » Lebanon: Encyclopedia - Lebanon

The Druze (Arabic: duruzī درزي, pl. durūz دروز, Hebrew: druzi דרוזי, pl. druzim דרוזים) are a small, distinct religious community based mostly in the Middle East, whose religion resembles Islam, but is influenced by Greek philosophy and other religions. Druze - Location. The Druze reside primarily in Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Turkey and Jordan. Small communities of expatriates also live in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Australia, and Europe. They use Arabi ...

Including:

Druze - Location Druze - History of the Druze Druze - The Druze today Druze - Prominent Druze figures Druze - Beliefs of the Druze Druze - Notes

Read more here: » Druze: Encyclopedia - Druze

33°30' N 36°18' E The Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية) or Syria (Arabic: سوريا) is a country in the Middle East. It borders Lebanon to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north. Israel occupies the Golan Heights in the southwest of the country; a dispute with Turkey over the Hatay Province now seems to have subsided. Historically, Syria has often been taken to include the terri ...

Including:

Syria - Name Syria - History
Syria - Independence to 1970 Syria - 1970 to 2005 Syria - 2000 to 2005 Syria - The events from 2005
Syria - Politics
Syria - Government
Syria - Governorates Syria - Geography Syria - Economy Syria - Demographics Syria - Culture
Syria - Holidays Syria - Fairs and festivals
Syria - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Syria: Encyclopedia - Syria

Lebanon War (Hebrew: מלחמת לבנון Milkhemet Levanon), also known as the 1982 Invasion of Lebanon or Operation Peace of the Galilee (מבצע שלום הגליל Mivtsa Shlom HaGalil in Hebrew), began June 6, 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces invaded southern Lebanon. The Government of Israel justified the invasion as a response to the Abu Nidal organization's assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov and to artillery attacks launched by the Palestine Liberation Organization against populat ...

Including:

1982 Lebanon War - Background 1982 Lebanon War - Reasons for the war 1982 Lebanon War - Course of the fighting 1982 Lebanon War - Outcome of the war
1982 Lebanon War - The security buffer zone 1982 Lebanon War - Political results
1982 Lebanon War - Consequences

Read more here: » 1982 Lebanon War: Encyclopedia - 1982 Lebanon War

The 1991 Gulf War also known as Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations[1] mandated by the United Nations and led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, following Iraqi contentions that Kuwait was illegally "slant-drilling" oil across Iraq's border. The invasion was met with immediate economic sanc ...

Including:

Gulf War - Name Gulf War - Causes Gulf War - Pre-war Iraqi-American relations Gulf War - Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War - Diplomacy Gulf War - Air campaign Gulf War - Ground campaign Gulf War - The end of hostilities Gulf War - Coalition involvement Gulf War - Casualties
Gulf War - Casualties during the War Gulf War - The Post-War Effects of Depleted Uranium
Gulf War - Cost Gulf War - Media Gulf War - Consequences Gulf War - Technology
Gulf War - Films about the Gulf War Gulf War - Further reading
Gulf War - Notes

Read more here: » Gulf War: Encyclopedia - Gulf War

The 1991 Gulf War also known as Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations[1] mandated by the United Nations and led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, following Iraqi contentions that Kuwait was illegally "slant-drilling" oil across Iraq's border. The invasion was met with immediate economic sanc ...

Including:

Gulf War - Name Gulf War - Causes Gulf War - Pre-war Iraqi-American relations Gulf War - Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War - Diplomacy Gulf War - Air campaign Gulf War - Ground campaign Gulf War - The end of hostilities Gulf War - Coalition involvement Gulf War - Casualties
Gulf War - Casualties during the War Gulf War - The Post-War Effects of Depleted Uranium
Gulf War - Cost Gulf War - Media Gulf War - Consequences Gulf War - Technology
Gulf War - Films about the Gulf War Gulf War - Further reading
Gulf War - Notes

Read more here: » Gulf War: Encyclopedia - Gulf War

Arab anti-Semitism is anti-Semitism (hostility towards or discrimination against Jews) in the Arab world. As the Arab-Israeli conflict has placed Arab states in conflict with the Jewish state of Israel for decades, alleged and actual anti-Semitism has been a recurring issue in Arab countries, and is the source of much controversy. Arabs, in general, refer to the term Arab anti-Semitism as oxymoron since the Arabs are Semitic people. They even argue that Jews came to Palestine in the early twentieth century because of the anti-Semitism ...

Including:

Arabs and anti-Semitism - Arab anti-Semitism in the 20th and 21st century
Arabs and anti-Semitism - Arab Newspapers Arabs and anti-Semitism - Arab 9/11 conspiracy theories Arabs and anti-Semitism - The Palestinian Authority's view of Israel Arabs and anti-Semitism - The Palestinian Authority's view of Jews Arabs and anti-Semitism - Hizbullah's Al-Manar TV channel Arabs and anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic laws and policies in Arab countries
Arabs and anti-Semitism - Quotes Arabs and anti-Semitism - Arab View of Anti-Semitism Arabs and anti-Semitism - Jewish-Arab dialogue

Read more here: » Arabs and anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia - Arabs and anti-Semitism

Lebanon War (Hebrew: מלחמת לבנון Milkhemet Levanon), also known as the 1982 Invasion of Lebanon or Operation Peace of the Galilee (מבצע שלום הגליל Mivtsa Shlom HaGalil in Hebrew), began June 6, 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces invaded southern Lebanon. The Government of Israel justified the invasion as a response to the Abu Nidal organization's assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov and to artillery attacks launched by the Palestine Liberation Organization against populat ...

Including:

1982 Lebanon War - Background 1982 Lebanon War - Reasons for the war 1982 Lebanon War - Course of the fighting 1982 Lebanon War - Outcome of the war
1982 Lebanon War - The security buffer zone 1982 Lebanon War - Political results
1982 Lebanon War - Consequences

Read more here: » 1982 Lebanon War: Encyclopedia - 1982 Lebanon War

Dolmens, cromlechs, Hünengräber or Hunebedden are megalithic tombs consisting of large stones ("megaliths") set in formation and originally covered with earth or more, smaller stones. In many cases the covering has been weathered away leaving only the stone 'skeleton' of the monument. They are a single chamber type of megalithic tomb. The word dolmen, in Breton and Cornish means "stone table". The word was introduced into archaeological usage by Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne. Cromlech derives fr ...

Read more here: » Dolmen: Encyclopedia - Dolmen

Main article: History of Syria Archaeologists have demonstrated that Syria was the center of one of the most ancient civilizations on earth. Around the excavated city of Ebla in north-eastern Syria, discovered in 1975, a great Semitic empire spread from the Red Sea north to Turkey and east to Mesopotamia from 2500 to 2400 B.C. The city of Ebla alone during that time had a population estimated at 260,000. Scholars believe the language of Ebla to be the oldest Semitic language. Other notable cities excavated inclu ...

See also:

Syria, Syria - Name, Syria - History, Syria - French occupation, Syria - Independence to 1970, Syria - 1970 to 2005, Syria - 2000 to 2005, Syria - The events from 2005, Syria - Politics, Syria - Government, Syria - Governorates, Syria - Geography, Syria - Economy, Syria - Demographics, Syria - Culture, Syria - Holidays, Syria - Fairs and festivals, Syria - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Syria: Encyclopedia II - Syria - History

Lebanon is one of the main regions of the Phoenicians, Semitic traders whose maritime culture flourished for more than 2,000 years, roughly from 2700 to 500 BC. The region was a territory of the Roman Empire in the province of Syria and during the Middle Ages was important in the Crusades. It was then taken by the Ottoman Empire. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the League of Nations mandated the five provinces that make up present-day Lebanon to France. Modern Lebanon's constitut ...

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Lebanon, Lebanon - History, Lebanon - Civil War 1975-1990, Lebanon - Cedar Revolution Intifada of Independence, Lebanon - Withdrawal of Syrian troops, Lebanon - Politics, Lebanon - Administrative divisions, Lebanon - Geography, Lebanon - Economy, Lebanon - Demographics, Lebanon - Culture, Lebanon - Foreign relations

Read more here: » Lebanon: Encyclopedia II - Lebanon - History

Prior to the Iran-Iraq War, U.S.-Iraqi relations were cool, and Iraq had been chiefly an ally of the Soviet Union. The U.S. was concerned with Iraq's belligerence toward Israel and disapproval of moves towards peace with other Arab states. It also condemned Iraqi support for various Arab and Palestinian terrorist groups such as Abu Nidal, which led to its inclusion on the incipient State Department list of states that sponsor terrorism on December 29, 1979. The U.S. remained officially neutral during the outbreak of hostilities in the Iran-I ...

See also:

Gulf War, Gulf War - Name, Gulf War - Causes, Gulf War - Pre-war Iraqi-American relations, Gulf War - Invasion of Kuwait, Gulf War - Diplomacy, Gulf War - Air campaign, Gulf War - Ground campaign, Gulf War - The end of hostilities, Gulf War - Coalition involvement, Gulf War - Canada, Gulf War - Casualties, Gulf War - Casualties during the War, Gulf War - The Post-War Effects of Depleted Uranium, Gulf War - Cost, Gulf War - Media, Gulf War - Consequences, Gulf War - Technology, Gulf War - Films about the Gulf War, Gulf War - Further reading, Gulf War - Notes

Read more here: » Gulf War: Encyclopedia II - Gulf War - Pre-war Iraqi-American relations

Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE. 200 BCE–100 CE Throughout this era the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) is gradually canonized. Jewish religious works that were written after the time of Ezra were not canonized, although many became popular among many groups of Jys. Those works that made it into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) became known as the deuterocanonical books. 30–100 CE Christianity emerges as a movement, and then splits from Judaism. 66–70 CE The Great Jewish Revolt en ...

See also:

Timeline of Jewish history, Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history, Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history, Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE, Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500, Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800, Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900, Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945, Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history

After the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict, Lebanon became home to more than 110,000 Palestinian refugees. From 1970 to 1973, the PLO was engaged in the Jordanian Civil War, which routed a large number of Palestinian fighters and refugees into neighboring Lebanon. By 1975, they numbered more than 300,000, creating an informal state-within-a-state in South Lebanon. The PLO became a powerful force and played an important role in the Lebanese Civil War. Continual violence occurred between Israel and ...

See also:

1982 Lebanon War, 1982 Lebanon War - Background, 1982 Lebanon War - Reasons for the war, 1982 Lebanon War - Course of the fighting, 1982 Lebanon War - Outcome of the war, 1982 Lebanon War - Casualties, 1982 Lebanon War - The security buffer zone, 1982 Lebanon War - Political results, 1982 Lebanon War - Consequences

Read more here: » 1982 Lebanon War: Encyclopedia II - 1982 Lebanon War - Background

1949 Armistice Agreements - With Egypt. The agreement with Egypt was signed on February 24. The main points were: The armistice line was drawn along the international border (dating back to 1906) for the most part, except near the Mediterranean Sea, where Egypt remained in control of a strip of land along the coast, which became known as the Gaza Strip. The Egyptian forces besieged in the Faluja Pocket were allowed to return to Egypt with their weapons, and the area was handed ...

See also:

1949 Armistice Agreements, 1949 Armistice Agreements - Agreements, 1949 Armistice Agreements - With Egypt, 1949 Armistice Agreements - With Lebanon, 1949 Armistice Agreements - With Jordan, 1949 Armistice Agreements - With Syria, 1949 Armistice Agreements - Others, 1949 Armistice Agreements - Cease-fire line vs. permanent border, 1949 Armistice Agreements - Violations, 1949 Armistice Agreements - Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties, 1949 Armistice Agreements - Texts

Read more here: » 1949 Armistice Agreements: Encyclopedia II - 1949 Armistice Agreements - Agreements

Six-Day War - Preliminary Air Attack. Israel's first and most important move was a pre-emptive attack on the Egyptian Air Force. It was by far the largest and the most modern of all the Arab air forces, sporting about 450 combat aircraft, all of them Soviet-built and relatively new. Of particular concern to the Israelis were the 30 TU-16 Badger medium bombers, capable of inflicting heavy damage to Israeli military and civilian centers. ^{See also:}

Six-Day War, Six-Day War - Background, Six-Day War - Main reasons for the war, Six-Day War - Condition of Combatant Armies, Six-Day War - Warfare, Six-Day War - Preliminary Air Attack, Six-Day War - Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, Six-Day War - West Bank, Six-Day War - Golan Heights, Six-Day War - War in the air and at sea, Six-Day War - Conclusion of conflict and post-war situation, Six-Day War - Accusations and controversial claims, Six-Day War - IDF killings of Egyptian prisoners of war, Six-Day War - U.S. and British support, Six-Day War - Soviet instigation, Six-Day War - Footnotes

Read more here: » Six-Day War: Encyclopedia II - Six-Day War - Warfare