Goidelic languages

In the Centum languages, the palato-velar consonants merged with plain velars (*k, *g, *gʰ). Most of the Centum languages preserve Proto-Indo-European labio-velars (*See also:

Centum-Satem isogloss, Centum-Satem isogloss - Proto-Indo-European dorsals, Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem, Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum, Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change, Centum-Satem isogloss - Literature

Read more here: » Centum-Satem isogloss: Encyclopedia II - Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum

It is thought that Galwegian Gaelic probably had more in common with the Manx and Ulster Irish than with Scottish Gaelic as spoken in the Highlands. This idea has in the past been used to disassociate Galwegian Gaelic from other Scottish dialects, for political purposes in fact.1 However, the idea is very misleading. All medieval Goidelic languages were mutually comprehensible so far as we can tell. Perhaps the Gaelic dialect of the Isle of Arran p ...

See also:

Galwegian Gaelic, Galwegian Gaelic - History and extent, Galwegian Gaelic - Culture, Galwegian Gaelic - Relationships to other languages, Galwegian Gaelic - 1500 and after, Galwegian Gaelic - Modern influence, Galwegian Gaelic - Bibliography, Galwegian Gaelic - External link

Read more here: » Galwegian Gaelic: Encyclopedia II - Galwegian Gaelic - Relationships to other languages

In the 19th century, it was sometimes assumed that the centum-satem isogloss was the original dialect division of the Indo-European languages. However already Karl Brugmann, and in particular Johannes Schmidt regarded the Centum/Satem sound changes as an areal feature. Incomplete Satemization in Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, Slavic, is taken as an indication of the diffusion of the satem sound change, or, alternatively, due to loans via early contact of Proto-Baltic and Proto-Germanic speakers. Examples of remnants of labial elemen ...

See also:

Centum-Satem isogloss, Centum-Satem isogloss - Proto-Indo-European dorsals, Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem, Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum, Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change, Centum-Satem isogloss - Literature

Read more here: » Centum-Satem isogloss: Encyclopedia II - Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change

What little is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from a few references in Roman writings, Irish poetry and myth, and archaeology. The earliest inhabitants of Ireland, people of a mid-Stone Age, or Mesolithic, culture, arrived sometime after 8000 BC, when the climate had become more hospitable following the retreat of the polar icecaps. About three or four millennia later, agriculture was introduced from the continent, leading to the establishment of a high Neolithic culture, characterized by the appearance of huge stone monuments, many of ...

See also:

History of Ireland, History of Ireland - Early history: 8000 BC–AD 400, History of Ireland - Early Christian Ireland 400–800, History of Ireland - Early medieval era 800–1166, History of Ireland - Later Medieval Ireland, History of Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167–1185, History of Ireland - The Lordship of Ireland 1185–1254, History of Ireland - Gaelic Resurgence Norman Decline 1254–1360, History of Ireland - Reformation 1536–1654 and Protestant Ascendancy 1654–1801, History of Ireland - Re-conquest and rebellion, History of Ireland - Civil Wars and Penal Laws, History of Ireland - Colonial Ireland, History of Ireland - Union with Great Britain 1801-1922, History of Ireland - Home Rule Easter 1916 and the War of Independence, History of Ireland - Free State/Republic 1922-present, History of Ireland - Northern Ireland, History of Ireland - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - History of Ireland - Early history: 8000 BC–AD 400

The middle centuries of the first millennium AD marked great changes in Ireland. Niall Noigiallach (died c.450/455) laid the basis for the Uí Néill dynasty's hegemony over much of western, northern and central Ireland. Politically, the former emphasis on tribal affiliation had been replaced by the 700's by that of patrilinial and dynastic background. Many formerly powerful kingdoms and peoples disappeared. Irish pirates struck all over the coast of western Britain in the same way that the Vikings would later attack Ireland. Some of ...

See also:

History of Ireland, History of Ireland - Early history: 8000 BC–AD 400, History of Ireland - Early Christian Ireland 400–800, History of Ireland - Early medieval era 800–1166, History of Ireland - Later Medieval Ireland, History of Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167–1185, History of Ireland - The Lordship of Ireland 1185–1254, History of Ireland - Gaelic Resurgence Norman Decline 1254–1360, History of Ireland - Reformation 1536–1654 and Protestant Ascendancy 1654–1801, History of Ireland - Re-conquest and rebellion, History of Ireland - Civil Wars and Penal Laws, History of Ireland - Colonial Ireland, History of Ireland - Union with Great Britain 1801-1922, History of Ireland - Home Rule Easter 1916 and the War of Independence, History of Ireland - Free State/Republic 1922-present, History of Ireland - Northern Ireland, History of Ireland - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - History of Ireland - Early Christian Ireland 400–800

The Satem languages show the characteristic change of the so-called Proto-Indo-European palato-velars (*ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ) into affricate and fricative consonants articulated in the front of the mouth. For example, *ḱ became Sanskrit ś [ʃ], Avestan, Russian and Armen ...

See also:

Centum-Satem isogloss, Centum-Satem isogloss - Proto-Indo-European dorsals, Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem, Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum, Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change, Centum-Satem isogloss - Literature

Read more here: » Centum-Satem isogloss: Encyclopedia II - Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem

Multilingualism has been more common in the past than usually supposed; in early times, when most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages for trade or any other dealings outside one's own town or village, and this holds true today in places of high linguistic diversity such as Sub-Saharan Africa and India. Linguist Ekkehard Wolff estimates that 50% of the population of Africa is multili ...

See also:

Multilingualism, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the personal level, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the societal level, Multilingualism - Multilingual at the interactional level, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the linguistic level, Multilingualism - Models for native language literacy programs, Multilingualism - Sequential model, Multilingualism - Bilingual model, Multilingualism - Coordinate model, Multilingualism - Outcomes, Multilingualism - Examples of multilingual regions/settings, Multilingualism - Sources

Read more here: » Multilingualism: Encyclopedia II - Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the societal level

Multilingualism - Models for native language literacy programs. Reasons for native language literacy include sociopolitical as well as socio-cultural identity arguments. While these two camps may occupy much of the debate behind in which languages children will learn to read, a greater emphasis on the linguistic aspects of the argument are necessary. In spite of the political turmoil precipitated by this debate, researches continue to espouse a linguistic basis for this logic. This rationale is based upon the work of Jim Cummi ...

See also:

Multilingualism, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the personal level, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the societal level, Multilingualism - Multilingual at the interactional level, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the linguistic level, Multilingualism - Models for native language literacy programs, Multilingualism - Sequential model, Multilingualism - Bilingual model, Multilingualism - Coordinate model, Multilingualism - Outcomes, Multilingualism - Examples of multilingual regions/settings, Multilingualism - Sources

Read more here: » Multilingualism: Encyclopedia II - Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the linguistic level

Main article Early Medieval Ireland 800-1166 The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred in 795 when Vikings from Norway looted the island of Lambay, located off the Dublin coast. Early Viking raids were generally small in scale and quick. These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture starting the beginning of two hundred years of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout Irelan ...

See also:

History of Ireland, History of Ireland - Early history: 8000 BC–AD 400, History of Ireland - Early Christian Ireland 400–800, History of Ireland - Early medieval era 800–1166, History of Ireland - Later Medieval Ireland, History of Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167–1185, History of Ireland - The Lordship of Ireland 1185–1254, History of Ireland - Gaelic Resurgence Norman Decline 1254–1360, History of Ireland - Reformation 1536–1654 and Protestant Ascendancy 1654–1801, History of Ireland - Re-conquest and rebellion, History of Ireland - Civil Wars and Penal Laws, History of Ireland - Colonial Ireland, History of Ireland - Union with Great Britain 1801-1922, History of Ireland - Home Rule Easter 1916 and the War of Independence, History of Ireland - Free State/Republic 1922-present, History of Ireland - Northern Ireland, History of Ireland - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - History of Ireland - Early medieval era 800–1166

A multilingual person is, in the broadest definition of multilingualism, anyone with communicative skills in more than one language, be it active or passive. More specifically, the terms bilingual and trilingual are used to describe comparable situations in which two or three languages are involved. Multilingual speakers have acquired at least one language during childhood, the so-called L1. L1-type languages are acquired without formal education, by mechanisms heavily disputed. A rather broadly held, yet n ...

See also:

Multilingualism, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the personal level, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the societal level, Multilingualism - Multilingual at the interactional level, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the linguistic level, Multilingualism - Models for native language literacy programs, Multilingualism - Sequential model, Multilingualism - Bilingual model, Multilingualism - Coordinate model, Multilingualism - Outcomes, Multilingualism - Examples of multilingual regions/settings, Multilingualism - Sources

Read more here: » Multilingualism: Encyclopedia II - Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the personal level

There is some doubt about the exact meaning of the word. Uncial itself probably comes from St. Jerome's preface to the Book of Job, where it is found in the form uncialibus, but it is possible that this is a misreading of inicialibus, and Jerome may have been referring to the larger initial letters found at the beginning of paragraphs. If the correct reading is uncialibus, it may mean that the letters occupied one-twelfth of a line of a manuscript, or perhaps that the ink used to write the letters cost an ounce of gold, or that they were decorated with gold and ...

See also:

Uncial, Uncial - Development, Uncial - Forms, Uncial - National styles, Uncial - Origin of the word, Uncial - Other uses, Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial, Uncial - Forms

Read more here: » Uncial: Encyclopedia II - Uncial - Origin of the word

Main article Norman Ireland History of Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167–1185. By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a shifting hierarchy of petty kingdoms and over-kingdoms. Power was concentrated into the hands of a few regional dynasties contending against each other for control of the whole island. One of their number, the King of Leinster Diarmait Mac Murchada (anglicised as Diarmuid MacMorrough) was forcibly exiled from his kingdom by the new High King, Ruai ...

See also:

History of Ireland, History of Ireland - Early history: 8000 BC–AD 400, History of Ireland - Early Christian Ireland 400–800, History of Ireland - Early medieval era 800–1166, History of Ireland - Later Medieval Ireland, History of Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167–1185, History of Ireland - The Lordship of Ireland 1185–1254, History of Ireland - Gaelic Resurgence Norman Decline 1254–1360, History of Ireland - Reformation 1536–1654 and Protestant Ascendancy 1654–1801, History of Ireland - Re-conquest and rebellion, History of Ireland - Civil Wars and Penal Laws, History of Ireland - Colonial Ireland, History of Ireland - Union with Great Britain 1801-1922, History of Ireland - Home Rule Easter 1916 and the War of Independence, History of Ireland - Free State/Republic 1922-present, History of Ireland - Northern Ireland, History of Ireland - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - History of Ireland - Later Medieval Ireland

The word, uncial, is also sometimes used to refer to manuscripts that have been scribed in uncial, especially when differentiating from those which have been penned with minuscule. Some of the most noteworthy Greek uncials are: Codex Sinaiticus Codex Vaticanus Codex Alexandrinus Codex Bezae Codex Petropolitanus The Petropolitanus is considered by some to contain optimum uncial style. It is also an example of how large the characters were getting. For further details on these manuscripts, see Guglielmo Cavallo Ricerche sulla Ma ...

See also:

Uncial, Uncial - Development, Uncial - Forms, Uncial - National styles, Uncial - Origin of the word, Uncial - Other uses, Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial, Uncial - Forms

Read more here: » Uncial: Encyclopedia II - Uncial - Other uses

Main Article Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691 The Reformation, before which, in 1536, Henry VIII broke with Papal authority, fundamentally changed Ireland. While Henry VIII broke English Catholicism from Rome, his son Edward VI of England moved further, breaking with Papal doctrine completely. While the English, the Welsh and, later, the Scots accepted Protestantism, the Irish remained Catholic. This fact determined their relationship with the British state for the next four hundred years, as the Reformation coincided with a dete ...

See also:

History of Ireland, History of Ireland - Early history: 8000 BC–AD 400, History of Ireland - Early Christian Ireland 400–800, History of Ireland - Early medieval era 800–1166, History of Ireland - Later Medieval Ireland, History of Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167–1185, History of Ireland - The Lordship of Ireland 1185–1254, History of Ireland - Gaelic Resurgence Norman Decline 1254–1360, History of Ireland - Reformation 1536–1654 and Protestant Ascendancy 1654–1801, History of Ireland - Re-conquest and rebellion, History of Ireland - Civil Wars and Penal Laws, History of Ireland - Colonial Ireland, History of Ireland - Union with Great Britain 1801-1922, History of Ireland - Home Rule Easter 1916 and the War of Independence, History of Ireland - Free State/Republic 1922-present, History of Ireland - Northern Ireland, History of Ireland - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - History of Ireland - Reformation 1536–1654 and Protestant Ascendancy 1654–1801

The term half-uncial or semi-uncial was first used in the mid-18th century by René Prosper Tassin and Charles François Toustain, and despite its common use and understanding, it is not a very accurate name - it is not really derived from regular uncial, but it does look similar and shares many of its features; sometimes, especially when both were developing, the two scripts were used simultaneously in a mixed-uncial script. Like uncial, half-uncial derived from Roman cursive. It was first used around the 3rd century an ...

See also:

Uncial, Uncial - Development, Uncial - Forms, Uncial - National styles, Uncial - Origin of the word, Uncial - Other uses, Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial, Uncial - Forms

Read more here: » Uncial: Encyclopedia II - Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial

Irish is one of Ireland's two official languages (along with English) and is still fairly widely spoken in the south, west and north west of Ireland. The legally defined Irish-speaking areas are called the Gaeltacht. At present, Irish is primarily spoken in Counties Cork, Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry and, to a lesser extent, in Waterford and Meath. Irish is also spoken by a few people in Northern Ireland and has been accorded some legal status there under the 1998 Belfast Agreement. Approximately 260,000 people in the Republic of Ireland can ...

See also:

Goidelic languages, Goidelic languages - Nomenclature, Goidelic languages - Classification, Goidelic languages - History and range, Goidelic languages - Irish, Goidelic languages - Scottish Gaelic, Goidelic languages - Manx, Goidelic languages - Other Celtic languages

Read more here: » Goidelic languages: Encyclopedia II - Goidelic languages - Irish

All the other living Celtic languages belong to the Brythonic branch of Celtic, which includes Welsh (Cymraeg), Breton (Brezhoneg), and Cornish (Kernowek). Pictish was the ancient language of much of modern day Scotland, but it is not clear that Pictish was a Celtic language. These are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Gaelic". For extinct Celtic languages of the European mainland, see Continental Celtic languages. There are also two mixed languages that are not specifically Goidelic languages as such, but hav ...

See also:

Goidelic languages, Goidelic languages - Nomenclature, Goidelic languages - Classification, Goidelic languages - History and range, Goidelic languages - Irish, Goidelic languages - Scottish Gaelic, Goidelic languages - Manx, Goidelic languages - Other Celtic languages

Read more here: » Goidelic languages: Encyclopedia II - Goidelic languages - Other Celtic languages

Goidelic languages were once restricted to Ireland, but sometime between the 3rd century and the 6th century a group of the Irish Celts known to the Romans as Scoti began migrating from Ireland to what is now Scotland and eventually assimilated the Picts (a group of peoples who may have originally spoken a Brythonic language) who lived there. Manx, the former common language of the Isle of Man, is closely akin to the Gaelic spoken in north east Ireland and the now extinct Gaelic of Galloway (in southwest Scotland), with heavy influenc ...

See also:

Goidelic languages, Goidelic languages - Nomenclature, Goidelic languages - Classification, Goidelic languages - History and range, Goidelic languages - Irish, Goidelic languages - Scottish Gaelic, Goidelic languages - Manx, Goidelic languages - Other Celtic languages

Read more here: » Goidelic languages: Encyclopedia II - Goidelic languages - History and range

Irish is one of Ireland's two official languages (along with English) and is still fairly widely spoken in the south, west and north west of Ireland. The legally defined Irish-speaking areas are called the Gaeltacht. At present, Irish is primarily spoken in Counties Cork, Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry and, to a lesser extent, in Waterford and Meath. Irish is also spoken by a few people in Northern Ireland and has been accorded some legal status there under the 1998 Belfast Agreement. Approximately 260,000 people in the Republic of Ireland can ...

See also:

Goidelic languages, Goidelic languages - Nomenclature, Goidelic languages - Classification, Goidelic languages - History and range, Goidelic languages - Irish, Goidelic languages - Scottish, Goidelic languages - Manx, Goidelic languages - Other Celtic tongues, Goidelic languages - Mixed languages

Read more here: » Goidelic languages: Encyclopedia II - Goidelic languages - Irish

Goidelic languages were once restricted to Ireland, but sometime between the 3rd century and the 6th century a group of the Irish Celts known to the Romans as Scoti began migrating from Ireland to what is now Scotland and eventually assimilated the Picts (a group of peoples who may have originally spoken a Brythonic language) who lived there. Manx, the former common language of the Isle of Man, is closely akin to the Gaelic spoken in north east Ireland and the now extinct Gaelic of Galloway (in southwest Scotland), with heavy influenc ...

See also:

Goidelic languages, Goidelic languages - Nomenclature, Goidelic languages - Classification, Goidelic languages - History and range, Goidelic languages - Irish, Goidelic languages - Scottish, Goidelic languages - Manx, Goidelic languages - Other Celtic tongues, Goidelic languages - Mixed languages

Read more here: » Goidelic languages: Encyclopedia II - Goidelic languages - History and range

Some people in the north and west of Scotland and the Hebrides still speak Scottish Gaelic, but because of its minimal official recognition and because of large-scale emigration from those parts of Scotland, the language has been in decline. There are now believed to be approximately 1,000 native speakers of Scottish Gaelic in Nova Scotia and 60,000 in Scotland. Its historical range was much larger. For example, it was the everyday language of most of the rest of the Highlands until little more than a century ago. Galloway had also be ...

See also:

Goidelic languages, Goidelic languages - Nomenclature, Goidelic languages - Classification, Goidelic languages - History and range, Goidelic languages - Irish, Goidelic languages - Scottish, Goidelic languages - Manx, Goidelic languages - Other Celtic tongues, Goidelic languages - Mixed languages

Read more here: » Goidelic languages: Encyclopedia II - Goidelic languages - Scottish