Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - Scottish Gaelic
Some people in the north and west of Scotland and the Hebrides still speak Scottish Gaelic, but because of its minimal official recogniti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - Nomenclature
Although Irish and Manx are often referred to as Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic — and it is correct to describe them as Goidelic or Gaeli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Gaels - Historical Expansion
It is not known with any certainty when speakers of a Goidelic (or q-Celtic) language reached Ireland, or how they came to be the dominan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gaels: Encyclopedia Ii - Gaels - Historical Expansion
It is not known with any certainty when speakers of a Goidelic (or q-Celtic) language reached Ireland, or how they came to be the dominan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uncial: Encyclopedia - Uncial
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. From the 8th century to the 13th ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ireland: Encyclopedia - History Of Ireland
The History of Ireland is the story of a large island in the north-west of Europe and is heavily influenced by the concurrent History of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilingualism: Encyclopedia - Multilingualism
The term multilingualism can refer to rather different phenomena. Sociolinguists distinguish: multilingualism at the personal level mult...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gaelic: Encyclopedia Ii - Gaelic - Languages
As a noun, it may refer to the group of languages (originally) spoken by the Gaels, or to any one of the individual languages. Gaelic may...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ireland - Union With Great Britain 1801-1922
In 1800, after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British and the Irish parliaments (the latter controversially, as massive bribery was inv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galwegian Gaelic: Encyclopedia Ii - Galwegian Gaelic - History And Extent
Gaelicization in Galloway and Carrick occurred at the expense of Old English and British. Old Irish can be traced in the Rhinns of Gallow...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Copula - The Proto-indo-european Roots
Indo-European copula - *h1es-. The root *h1es- was certainly already a copula in Proto-Indo-European. The e-grade (see Indo-European ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilingualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilingualism - Examples Of Multilingual Regions/settings
There is a distinction between social and personal bilinguism. Many countries, such as Belgium, which are officially multilingual, may ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Centum-satem Isogloss: Encyclopedia Ii - Centum-satem Isogloss - Proto-indo-european Dorsals
The Centum-Satem isogloss discusses the treatement of the three dorsal rows reconstructed for PIE, *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ (labiovelars), *k, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uncial: Encyclopedia Ii - Uncial - Forms
In general, there are some common features of uncial script: m, n, and u are relatively broad; m is formed with curved strokes (although...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilingualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilingualism - Multilingual At The Interactional Level
Whenever two people meet, negotiations take place. If they want to express solidarity and sympathy, they tend to seek common features in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galwegian Gaelic: Encyclopedia Ii - Galwegian Gaelic - Culture
Gaelic-speakers in medieval Galloway, whom Richard of Hexham erroneously called Picts, had a fearsome reputation. They were the barbarian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galwegian Gaelic: Encyclopedia Ii - Galwegian Gaelic - 1500 And After
An important source for the perception of Galwegian language is the poem known as The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy. The poem, written so...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilingualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilingualism - Multilingualism At The Societal Level
Widespread multilingualism is one form of language contact. Multilingualism has been more common in the past than usually supposed; in ea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Copula - The Resulting Paradigms
Indo-European copula - Germanic languages. Main article: Germanic verb Old English kept the verbs wesan and bēon separate throughout...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Copula - General Features
This verb has two basic meanings. In a less marked context it is a simple copula (I'm tired; That's a shame!), a function which in non-In...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Centum-satem Isogloss: Encyclopedia Ii - Centum-satem Isogloss - Centum
In the Centum languages, the palato-velar consonants merged with plain velars (*k, *g, *gʰ). Most of the Centum languages preserve Proto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Galwegian Gaelic: Encyclopedia Ii - Galwegian Gaelic - Relationships To Other Languages
It is thought that Galwegian Gaelic probably had more in common with the Manx and Ulster Irish than with Scottish Gaelic as spoken in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Centum-satem Isogloss: Encyclopedia Ii - Centum-satem Isogloss - Origins Of The Sound Change
In the 19th century, it was sometimes assumed that the centum-satem isogloss was the original dialect division of the Indo-European langu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ireland - Early History: 8000 Bc–ad 400
What little is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from a few references in Roman writings, Irish poetry and myth, and archaeology. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ireland - Early Christian Ireland 400–800
The middle centuries of the first millennium AD marked great changes in Ireland. Niall Noigiallach (died c.450/455) laid the basis for th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Centum-satem Isogloss: Encyclopedia Ii - Centum-satem Isogloss - Satem
The Satem languages show the characteristic change of the so-called Proto-Indo-European palato-velars (*ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ) into affricate a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilingualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilingualism - Multilingualism At The Societal Level
Multilingualism has been more common in the past than usually supposed; in early times, when most people were members of small language c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilingualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilingualism - Multilingualism At The Linguistic Level
Multilingualism - Models for native language literacy programs. Reasons for native language literacy include sociopolitical as well as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ireland - Early Medieval Era 800–1166
Main article Early Medieval Ireland 800-1166 The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred in 795 when Vikings from Norway loo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilingualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilingualism - Multilingualism At The Personal Level
A multilingual person is, in the broadest definition of multilingualism, anyone with communicative skills in more than one language, be i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uncial: Encyclopedia Ii - Uncial - Origin Of The Word
There is some doubt about the exact meaning of the word. Uncial itself probably comes from St. Jerome's preface to the Book of Job, where...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ireland - Later Medieval Ireland
Main article Norman Ireland History of Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167–1185. By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uncial: Encyclopedia Ii - Uncial - Other Uses
The word, uncial, is also sometimes used to refer to manuscripts that have been scribed in uncial, especially when differentiating from t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ireland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ireland - Reformation 1536–1654 And Protestant Ascendancy 1654–1801
Main Article Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691 The Reformation, before which, in 1536, Henry VIII broke with Papal authority, fundamentally ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uncial: Encyclopedia Ii - Uncial - Half-uncial Or Semi-uncial
The term half-uncial or semi-uncial was first used in the mid-18th century by René Prosper Tassin and Charles François Toustain, and de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - Irish
Irish is one of Ireland's two official languages (along with English) and is still fairly widely spoken in the south, west and north west...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - Other Celtic Languages
All the other living Celtic languages belong to the Brythonic branch of Celtic, which includes Welsh (Cymraeg), Breton (Brezhoneg), and C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - History And Range
Goidelic languages were once restricted to Ireland, but sometime between the 3rd century and the 6th century a group of the Irish Celts k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - Irish
Irish is one of Ireland's two official languages (along with English) and is still fairly widely spoken in the south, west and north west...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - History And Range
Goidelic languages were once restricted to Ireland, but sometime between the 3rd century and the 6th century a group of the Irish Celts k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - Scottish
Some people in the north and west of Scotland and the Hebrides still speak Scottish Gaelic, but because of its minimal official recogniti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Goidelic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Goidelic Languages - Nomenclature
Although Irish and Manx are often referred to as Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic — and it is correct to describe them as Goidelic or Gaeli...   » Read the article