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glutamine | A Wisdom Archive on glutamine | | glutamine A selection of articles related to glutamine | |
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glutamine, Glutamine, Glutamine - Biochemistry, Glutamine - Nutrition, Glutamine - Aiding gastrointestinal function, Glutamine - Aiding recovery after surgery, Glutamine - Formation and Nomenclature, Glutamine - Usage, Bodybuilding supplements, Dietetics, Gastrointestinal tract
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO glutamine | | | |  glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney
Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream.
Wastes are filtered out from the blood in the glomeruli which is enclosed by a Bowman's capsule via the process of ultrafiltration. The glomerulus and the Bowman's Corpuscle together is known as the Malpighian Corpuscle.
The ultrafiltrate is passed through, in turn, the proximal convoluted tubules, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubules ...
See also:Renal physiology, Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney, Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream, Renal physiology - Secretion of hormones, Renal physiology - Maintaining body sodium and water balance, Renal physiology - Acid-base homeostasis, Renal physiology - Glomerular filtration, Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption, Renal physiology - Tubular secretion, Renal physiology - Measurement of renal function Read more here: » Renal physiology: Encyclopedia II - Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney |
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| | | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Amino acid - Overview Amino acids are the basic structural building units of proteins. They form short polymer chains called peptides or polypeptides which in turn form structures called proteins.
Twenty amino acids are encoded by the standard genetic code and are called proteinogenic or standard amino acids. At least two others are also coded by DNA in a non-standard manner as follows:
Selenocysteine is incorporated into some proteins at a UGA codon, which is normally a stop codon.
Pyrrolysine is used by some methanogens in enzymes that they use to produce methane. It is coded for similarly to selenocysteine ...
See also:Amino acid, Amino acid - Overview, Amino acid - General structure, Amino acid - Isomerism, Amino acid - Reactions, Amino acid - List of standard amino acids, Amino acid - Structures, Amino acid - Chemical properties, Amino acid - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids, Amino acid - Nonstandard amino acids, Amino acid - Uses of substances derived from amino acids Read more here: » Amino acid: Encyclopedia II - Amino acid - Overview |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Factor V - Role in disease Various hereditary disorders of factor V are known. Deficiency is associated with a rare mild form of hemophilia (termed parahemophilia or Owren parahemophilia), the incidence of which is about 1:1,000,000. It inherits in an autosomal recessive fashion.
Other mutations of factor V are associated with venous thrombosis. They are the most common hereditary causes for thrombophilia (a tendency to form blood clots). The most common one of these, factor V Leiden, is due to the replacement of an arginine residue with glutamine at amino acid ...
See also:Factor V, Factor V - Genetics, Factor V - Physiology, Factor V - Role in disease, Factor V - History, Factor V - Reference, Factor V - External link Read more here: » Factor V: Encyclopedia II - Factor V - Role in disease |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Biochemistry - Carbohydrates The function of carbohydrates includes energy storage and providing structure. Sugars are carbohydrates, although there are carbohydrates that are not sugars. There are more carbohydrates on Earth than any other type of biomolecule. The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which among other properties contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio 1:2:1 (generalized formula CnH2nOn, where n is at least 3). Glucose, one of the most important carboyhydrate ...
See also:Biochemistry, Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry, Biochemistry - Carbohydrates, Biochemistry - Proteins, Biochemistry - Lipids, Biochemistry - Nucleic acids, Biochemistry - Relationship to other molecular-scale biological sciences Read more here: » Biochemistry: Encyclopedia II - Biochemistry - Carbohydrates |
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| | | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Arginine - Synthesis Arginine is synthesized from citrulline by the sequential action of the cytosolic enzymes ASS and ASL. This is energetically costly, as the synthesis of each molecule of argininosuccinate requires hydrolysis of ATP to AMP; i.e., two ATP equivalents.
Citrulline can be derived from multiple sources:
from arginine via nitric oxide synthase (NOS);
from ornithine via catabolism of proline or glutamine/glutamate;
from ADMA via DDAH.
The pathways linking arginine, glutamine, and proline are bidirectional. Thus, the net utilization or production of these amino acids is highly dependent ...
See also:Arginine, Arginine - Structure, Arginine - Synthesis, Arginine - Function, Arginine - In proteins, Arginine - As a precursor, Arginine - Sources Read more here: » Arginine: Encyclopedia II - Arginine - Synthesis |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Arginine - Function Arginine plays an important role in cell division, the healing of wounds, removing ammonia from the body, immune function, and the release of hormones.
Arginine - In proteins.
The geometry, charge distribution and ability to form multiple H-bonds make arginine ideal for binding negatively charged groups. For this reason arginine prefers to be on the outside of the proteins where it can interact with the polar environment. Incorporated in proteins, arginine can also be converted to citrulline by PAD enzymes. In addition, arginine can be methylated by protein methyltransferases.
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See also:Arginine, Arginine - Structure, Arginine - Synthesis, Arginine - Function, Arginine - In proteins, Arginine - As a precursor, Arginine - Sources Read more here: » Arginine: Encyclopedia II - Arginine - Function |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Huntington's disease - Diagnosis Symptoms of Huntington's disease begin increasingly early the more glutamines a person carries within the repeating portion of his or her mutant huntingtin proteins. This number increases as the disease gene is passed on, so that the age of onset decreases with successive generations (although not infinitely early, since patients with childhood symptoms tend not to have children themselves).
The diagnosis is established by neurological examination findings and/or demonstration of cell loss, especially in the caudate nucleu ...
See also:Huntington's disease, Huntington's disease - Symptoms, Huntington's disease - Genetics, Huntington's disease - Diagnosis, Huntington's disease - Pathology, Huntington's disease - Survival Rate, Huntington's disease - Treatment and Prevention, Huntington's disease - Ethical aspects Read more here: » Huntington's disease: Encyclopedia II - Huntington's disease - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Huntington's disease - Symptoms Symptoms of the disorder include loss of cognitive ability (thinking, speaking), changes in personality, jerking movements of the face and body in general and unsteady walking. These symptoms develop into dementia and cognitive decline (not mental retardation which is an older term referring to the lack of development of mental ability rather than loss of it) and an advanced form of rapid jerking called chorea, the Greek word for dance.
The symptoms of Huntington’s disease begin insidiously. One-half to three-fourths of the patients ...
See also:Huntington's disease, Huntington's disease - Symptoms, Huntington's disease - Genetics, Huntington's disease - Diagnosis, Huntington's disease - Pathology, Huntington's disease - Survival Rate, Huntington's disease - Treatment and Prevention, Huntington's disease - Ethical aspects Read more here: » Huntington's disease: Encyclopedia II - Huntington's disease - Symptoms |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry Originally, it was generally believed that life was not subject to the laws of science the way nonlife was. It was thought that only living beings could produce the molecules of life (from other, previously existing biomolecules). Then, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper about the synthesis of urea, proving that organic compounds can be created artificially. The dawn of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833 by Anselme Payen. It is generally accepted that the term biochemistry was coi ...
See also:Biochemistry, Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry, Biochemistry - Carbohydrates, Biochemistry - Proteins, Biochemistry - Lipids, Biochemistry - Nucleic acids, Biochemistry - Relationship to other molecular-scale biological sciences Read more here: » Biochemistry: Encyclopedia II - Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption This is one of the second steps in the formation of urine.
As the filtrate moves through the renal tubules certain substances are reabsorbed. Reabsorption rates are high for nutrients, water, and ions but lower for waste products.
Reabsorption is caused by Starling forces, diffusion, and active transport.
Sodium reabsorption is an active process dependent upon sodium potassium pumps. Sodium reabsorption creates an osmotic difference across the tubule which drives water reabsorption through water chann ...
See also:Renal physiology, Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney, Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream, Renal physiology - Secretion of hormones, Renal physiology - Maintaining body sodium and water balance, Renal physiology - Acid-base homeostasis, Renal physiology - Glomerular filtration, Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption, Renal physiology - Tubular secretion, Renal physiology - Measurement of renal function Read more here: » Renal physiology: Encyclopedia II - Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption |
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| | | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Renal physiology - Tubular secretion Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubule lumen. This is one of the second steps in the formation of urine.
Tubular secretion is caused mainly by active transport.
Usually only a few substances are secreted. These substances are present in great excess, or are natural poisons.
Secretion of bicarbonate into the blood plasma is achieved by tubular excretion of hydronium. ...
See also:Renal physiology, Renal physiology - Functions of the kidney, Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream, Renal physiology - Secretion of hormones, Renal physiology - Maintaining body sodium and water balance, Renal physiology - Acid-base homeostasis, Renal physiology - Glomerular filtration, Renal physiology - Tubular reabsorption, Renal physiology - Tubular secretion, Renal physiology - Measurement of renal function Read more here: » Renal physiology: Encyclopedia II - Renal physiology - Tubular secretion |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Amino acid - General structure The general structure of proteinogenic alpha amino acids is:
R
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H2N-C-COOH
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H
Where R represents a side chain specific to each amino acid. Amino acids are usually classified by properties of the side chain into four groups: acidic, basic, hydrophilic (polar), and hydrophobic (nonpolar).
Amino acid - Isomerism.
Except for glycine, where R = H, amino acids occur in two possible optical isomers, called D and L. Using the newer C ...
See also:Amino acid, Amino acid - Overview, Amino acid - General structure, Amino acid - Isomerism, Amino acid - Reactions, Amino acid - List of standard amino acids, Amino acid - Structures, Amino acid - Chemical properties, Amino acid - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids, Amino acid - Nonstandard amino acids, Amino acid - Uses of substances derived from amino acids Read more here: » Amino acid: Encyclopedia II - Amino acid - General structure |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Amino acid - List of standard amino acids
Amino acid - Structures.
Structures and symbols of the 20 amino acids present in genetic code.
Alanine (Ala / A)
Arginine (Arg / R)
Asparagine (Asn / N)
Aspartic Acid (Asp / D)
Cysteine (Cys / C)
Glutamic Acid (Glu / E)
Glutamine (Gln / Q)
Glycine (Gly / G)
Histidine (His / H)
Isoleucine (Ile / I)
Leucine (Leu / L)
Lysine (Lys / K)
Methionine (Met / M)
Phenylalanine (Phe / F)
Proline (Pro / P)
Serine (Ser / S)
Threonine (Thr / T)
Tryptophan ...
See also:Amino acid, Amino acid - Overview, Amino acid - General structure, Amino acid - Isomerism, Amino acid - Reactions, Amino acid - List of standard amino acids, Amino acid - Structures, Amino acid - Chemical properties, Amino acid - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids, Amino acid - Nonstandard amino acids, Amino acid - Uses of substances derived from amino acids Read more here: » Amino acid: Encyclopedia II - Amino acid - List of standard amino acids |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Huntington's disease - Pathology Degeneration of the caudate and the putamen (striatum) can be found. There is also neuronal loss and astrogliosis, as well as loss of medium spiny neurons, a GABAergic result. Intranuclear inclusions that stain for ubiquitin and huntingtin can be seen, as well as huntingtin in cortical neurites. Genetically, huntingtin is found on chromosome 4, as are CAG repeats. It is suspected that the cross-linking of huntingtin results in aggregates which are toxic, and can lead to dysfunction of the proteosome system. This mitochondrial dysfunctio ...
See also:Huntington's disease, Huntington's disease - Symptoms, Huntington's disease - Genetics, Huntington's disease - Diagnosis, Huntington's disease - Pathology, Huntington's disease - Survival Rate, Huntington's disease - Treatment and Prevention, Huntington's disease - Ethical aspects Read more here: » Huntington's disease: Encyclopedia II - Huntington's disease - Pathology |
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| | | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Protein sequencing - Edman degradation The Edman degradation is a very important reaction for protein sequencing, because it allows the ordered amino acid composition of a protein to be discovered. Automated Edman sequencers are now in widespread use, and are able to sequence peptides up to approximately 50 amino acids long. A reaction scheme for sequencing a protein by the Edman degradation follows - some of the steps are elaborated on subsequently.
Break any disulfide bridges in the protein by oxidising with performic acid.
Separate and purify the individu ...
See also:Protein sequencing, Protein sequencing - Determining amino acid composition, Protein sequencing - Hydrolysis, Protein sequencing - Separation, Protein sequencing - Quantitative analysis, Protein sequencing - N-terminal amino acid analysis, Protein sequencing - C-terminal amino acid analysis, Protein sequencing - Edman degradation, Protein sequencing - The Edman degradation reaction, Protein sequencing - Limitations of the Edman degradation, Protein sequencing - Mass spectroscopy, Protein sequencing - Predicting protein sequence from DNA/RNA sequences Read more here: » Protein sequencing: Encyclopedia II - Protein sequencing - Edman degradation |
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| | | | | glutamine: Encyclopedia II - Protein sequencing - The Edman degradation reaction The peptide to be sequenced is adsorbed onto a solid surface - one common substrate is glass fibre coated with polybrene, a cationic polymer. The Edman reagent, phenylisothiocyanate (PTC), is added to the adsorbed peptide, together with a mildly basic buffer solution of 12% trimethylamine. This reacts with the amine group of the N-terminal amino acid.
The terminal amino acid derivative can then be selectively detached by the addition of anhydrous acid. The derivative then isomerises to give a substituted phenylthiohydantoin which can ...
See also:Protein sequencing, Protein sequencing - Determining amino acid composition, Protein sequencing - Hydrolysis, Protein sequencing - Separation, Protein sequencing - Quantitative analysis, Protein sequencing - N-terminal amino acid analysis, Protein sequencing - C-terminal amino acid analysis, Protein sequencing - Edman degradation, Protein sequencing - The Edman degradation reaction, Protein sequencing - Limitations of the Edman degradation, Protein sequencing - Mass spectroscopy, Protein sequencing - Predicting protein sequence from DNA/RNA sequences Read more here: » Protein sequencing: Encyclopedia II - Protein sequencing - The Edman degradation reaction |
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