glutamine - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia - Amino Acid
In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. In biochemistry, this shorter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic Hormone: Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic Hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a hormone that is mainly released when the body is low on water;...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Autosomal Dominant: Encyclopedia - Autosomal Dominant
An autosomal dominant gene is one that occurs on an autosomal (non-sex determining) chromosome. As it is dominant, the phenotype it gives...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia - Biochemistry
Biochemistry the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arginine: Encyclopedia - Arginine
Arginine (Arg) is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. In mammals, arginine is classified as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Q: Encyclopedia - Q
Q is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is cue, occasionally spelled cu. The Semitic sound value of Qôp (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Q: Encyclopedia Ii - Q - Usage
In most modern languages, Q is rather superfluous; in Romance and Germanic languages it appears almost exclusively in the digraph QU. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tay-sachs Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Tay-sachs Disease - Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of Tay Sachs may vary on an individual basis for each patient. The list of signs and symptoms for Tay Sachs includes t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tay-sachs Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Tay-sachs Disease - Pathogenesis
The condition is caused by insufficient activity of an enzyme called hexosaminidase A that catalyzes the biodegradation of acidic fatty m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prion: Encyclopedia Ii - Prion - Prion Hypothesis
The theory that TSEs are caused by an infectious agent made solely of protein has been around since the 1960s (Alper, 1967; Griffith, 196...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxytocin: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxytocin - Structure
Oxytocin is a peptide of nine amino acids (a nonapeptide). The sequence is cysteine - tyrosine - isoleucine - glutamine - asparagine - cy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lumbar Puncture: Encyclopedia Ii - Lumbar Puncture - Procedure
A lumbar puncture requires aseptic technique and performance by qualified and skilled medical practitioners. In performing a lumbar punct...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monosodium Glutamate: Encyclopedia Ii - Monosodium Glutamate - Health Concerns: Msg Intolerance
There have been reports of allergies and/or sensitivities to MSG, sometimes attributed to the free glutamic acid component, which has bee...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Beet: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Beet - Processing
Sugar beet - Reception. After harvesting the beet are hauled to the factory. Delivery in the UK is by haulier or, for local farmers, by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Purine: Encyclopedia Ii - Purine - Metabolism
Many organisms have metabolic pathways to synthesise and break down purines. Purines are biologically synthesised as nucleosides (bases a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prion: Encyclopedia Ii - Prion - Prp And The Prion Hypothesis
The theory that TSEs are caused by an infectious agent made solely of protein has been around since the 1960s [2], [3]. This theory was d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Protein Sequencing: Encyclopedia Ii - Protein Sequencing - Determining Amino Acid Composition
It is often desirable to know the unordered amino acid composition of a protein prior to attempting to find the ordered sequence, as this...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transglutaminase: Encyclopedia Ii - Transglutaminase - Applications
Transglutaminase is now produced by Streptoverticillium mobaraense fermentation in commercial quantities and is used in a variety of indu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxytocin: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxytocin - Synthesis Storage And Release
Oxytocin is synthesized in magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Huntington's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Huntington's Disease - Genetics
Huntington's disease is inherited in autosomal dominant fashion, meaning that it is a dominant allele. People with Huntington's disease h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Physiology - Functions Of The Kidney
Renal physiology - Filtering wastes from the bloodstream. Wastes are filtered out from the blood in the glomeruli which is enclosed by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factor V Leiden: Encyclopedia Ii - Factor V Leiden - Pathophysiology
It is an autosomal dominant condition in which the coagulation factor has a mutation and cannot be destroyed by activated protein C (aPC)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - Overview
Amino acids are the basic structural building units of proteins. They form short polymer chains called peptides or polypeptides which in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factor V: Encyclopedia Ii - Factor V - Role In Disease
Various hereditary disorders of factor V are known. Deficiency is associated with a rare mild form of hemophilia (termed parahemophilia o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Carbohydrates
The function of carbohydrates includes energy storage and providing structure. Sugars are carbohydrates, although there are carbohydrates...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Antidiuretic Hormone - Physiology
Antidiuretic hormone - Control. ADH is activated by "water receptors" in both the extracellular fluid volume and the intracellular flui...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arginine: Encyclopedia Ii - Arginine - Synthesis
Arginine is synthesized from citrulline by the sequential action of the cytosolic enzymes ASS and ASL. This is energetically costly, as t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arginine: Encyclopedia Ii - Arginine - Function
Arginine plays an important role in cell division, the healing of wounds, removing ammonia from the body, immune function, and the releas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Huntington's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Huntington's Disease - Diagnosis
Symptoms of Huntington's disease begin increasingly early the more glutamines a person carries within the repeating portion of his or her...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Huntington's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Huntington's Disease - Symptoms
Symptoms of the disorder include loss of cognitive ability (thinking, speaking), changes in personality, jerking movements of the face an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Development Of Biochemistry
Originally, it was generally believed that life was not subject to the laws of science the way nonlife was. It was thought that only livi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Physiology - Tubular Reabsorption
This is one of the second steps in the formation of urine. As the filtrate moves through the renal tubules certain substances are reabsor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Physiology - Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular filtration is the bulk flow of an essentially protein-free plasma from renal globerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule. Thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renal Physiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Renal Physiology - Tubular Secretion
Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubule lumen. This is one of the second steps in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - General Structure
The general structure of proteinogenic alpha amino acids is: R | H2N-C-COOH | H Where R represents a side chain sp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - List Of Standard Amino Acids
Amino acid - Structures. Structures and symbols of the 20 amino acids present in genetic code. Alanine (Ala / A) Arginine (Arg / R) Asp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Huntington's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Huntington's Disease - Pathology
Degeneration of the caudate and the putamen (striatum) can be found. There is also neuronal loss and astrogliosis, as well as loss of med...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxytocin: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxytocin - Structure
Oxytocin is a peptide of nine amino acids (a nonapeptide). The sequence is cysteine - tyrosine - isoleucine - glutamine - asparagine - cy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Protein Sequencing: Encyclopedia Ii - Protein Sequencing - Edman Degradation
The Edman degradation is a very important reaction for protein sequencing, because it allows the ordered amino acid composition of a prot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Protein Sequencing: Encyclopedia Ii - Protein Sequencing - The Edman Degradation Reaction
The peptide to be sequenced is adsorbed onto a solid surface - one common substrate is glass fibre coated with polybrene, a cationic poly...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tay-sachs Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Tay-sachs Disease - Symptoms
Infants with Tay-Sachs disease appear to develop normally for the first six months of life. Then, as nerve cells become distended with fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tay-sachs Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Tay-sachs Disease - Therapy
There is currently no way to effectively cure or treat TSD. Even with the best care TSD children will die by the age of five. However, re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Protein Sequencing: Encyclopedia Ii - Protein Sequencing - N-terminal Amino Acid Analysis
Determining which amino acid forms the N-terminus of a peptide chain is useful for two reasons: to aid the ordering of individual peptide...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Antidiuretic Hormone - Structure And Relation To Oxytocin
ADH is a peptide consisting of nine amino acids (a nonapeptide). The sequence is cysteine - tyrosine - phenylalanine - glutamine - aspara...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Huntington's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Huntington's Disease - Treatment And Prevention
Although dopamine receptor blockers may have restricted benefits, there is no definite treatment for disease. In 2004 it was found that a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxytocin: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxytocin - Uses
Oxytocin is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract and is therefore administered by injection or as nasal spray. Oxytocin given intraven...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antidiuretic Hormone: Encyclopedia Ii - Antidiuretic Hormone - Pharmacology
ADH is used therapeutically in various conditions, and its long-acting synthetic analogue desmopressin is used in conditions featuring lo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prion: Encyclopedia Ii - Prion - Molecular Properties Of Prions
A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins. A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Huntington's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Huntington's Disease - Survival Rate
It usually takes between 10 to 25 years for the disease to kill someone, and it is invariably fatal. Mortality is due to complications re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Beet: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Beet - History
Although beets have been grown as vegetables and for fodder since antiquity (a large root vegetable appearing in 4000-year old Egyptian t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monosodium Glutamate: Encyclopedia Ii - Monosodium Glutamate - Government Agency Classification
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists monosodium glutamate as "generally recognized as safe", along with such substa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monosodium Glutamate: Encyclopedia Ii - Monosodium Glutamate - Discovery
In 1907, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factor V: Encyclopedia Ii - Factor V - Physiology
Factor V is bound to platelets and is activated by thrombin. On activation, factor V is spliced in two chains (heavy and light chain) whi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prion: Encyclopedia Ii - Prion - Useful Prions In Yeast And Other Fungi
Not all prions are dangerous; in fact, prion-like proteins are found naturally in many (perhaps all) plants and animals[1]. Because of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prion: Encyclopedia Ii - Prion - Molecular Properties Of Prions
A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins. A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lumbar Puncture: Encyclopedia Ii - Lumbar Puncture - Risks
Headache is the most common complication; it often responds to intravenous caffeine injection, and can often be prevented by strict maint...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Huntington's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Huntington's Disease - Survival Rate
It usually takes between 10 to 25 years for the disease to kill someone, and it is invariably fatal. Mortality is due to complications re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lumbar Puncture: Encyclopedia Ii - Lumbar Puncture - Indications
The most common indication for a lumbar puncture is to collect cerebrospinal fluid in a case of suspected meningitis. Subarachnoid hemorr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - Hydrophilic And Hydrophobic Amino Acids
Depending on how polar the side chain, aminoacids can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic to various degree. This influences their interaction ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - List Of Standard Amino Acids
Amino acid - Structures. Structures and symbols of the 20 amino acids present in genetic code. Amino acid - Chemical properties. Fol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Beet: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Beet - Culture
Sugar beet is a hardy biennial vegetable that can be grown commercially in a wide variety of temperate climates. During its first growing...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Beet: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Beet - Sugar Beet Syrup
An unrefined sugary syrup can be produced directly from sugar beet. This thick, dark syrup is produced by cooking shredded sugar beet for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Huntington's Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Huntington's Disease - Diagnosis
Symptoms of Huntington's disease begin increasingly early the more glutamines a person carries within the repeating portion of his or her...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sugar Beet: Encyclopedia Ii - Sugar Beet - Agriculture
Sugar beet is an important part of a rotating crop cycle. Sugar beet plants are susceptible to rhizomania ("root madness") which turns th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tay-sachs Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Tay-sachs Disease - Testing
In populations with a high carrier frequency for TSD, genetic counseling is recommended so genetic testing can be done to detect carriers...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic informatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - General Structure
The general structure of proteinogenic alpha amino acids is: COOH | H-C-R | NH2 Where "R" represents a side chain specific...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amino Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Amino Acid - Nonstandard Amino Acids
Aside from the twenty standard amino acids and the two special amino acids, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, already mentioned above, ther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Q: Encyclopedia Ii - Q - Alternative Representations
Quebec represents the letter Q in the NATO phonetic alphabet. In international Morse code the letter Q is DahDahDitDah: - - •...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Lipids
The term lipid comprises a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compoun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Biochemistry - Proteins
Like carbohydrates, some proteins perform largely structural roles. For instance, movements of the proteins actin and myosin ultimately a...   » Read the article