glutamine

In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. In biochemistry, this shorter and more general term is frequently used to refer to alpha amino acids: those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, the so-called α–carbon. An amino acid residue is what is left of an amino acid once a molecule of water has been lost (an H+ from the nitrogenous side and an OH- from the carboxylic side) i ...

Including:

• Amino acid - Overview
• Amino acid - General structure
• Amino acid - Isomerism
• Amino acid - Reactions
• Amino acid - List of standard amino acids
• Amino acid - Structures
• Amino acid - Chemical properties
• Amino acid - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids
• Amino acid - Nonstandard amino acids
• Amino acid - Uses of substances derived from amino acids

Read more here: » Amino acid: Encyclopedia - Amino acid

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a hormone that is mainly released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to save water by concentrating the urine and is also involved in the creation of thirst. It is a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone - Physiology. Antidiuretic hormone - Control. ADH is activated by "water r ...

Including:

• Antidiuretic hormone - Physiology
• Antidiuretic hormone - Control
• Antidiuretic hormone - Actions
• Antidiuretic hormone - Structure and relation to oxytocin
• Antidiuretic hormone - Pharmacology
• Antidiuretic hormone - Role in disease

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An autosomal dominant gene is one that occurs on an autosomal (non-sex determining) chromosome. As it is dominant, the phenotype it gives will be expressed even if the gene is heterozygous. This contrasts with recessive genes, which need to be homozygous to be expressed. The chances of an autosomal dominant disorder being inherited are 50% if one parent is heterozygous for the mutant gene and the other is homozygous for the normal, or 'wild-type', gene. This is because the offspring will always inherit a normal gene f ...

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Biochemistry the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life. It is a hybrid branch of chemistry which specialises in the chemical processes in living organisms. This article only discusses terrestrial biochemistry (carbon- and water-based), as all the life forms we know are on Earth. Since life forms alive today are believed to have descended from the same common ancestor, they naturally have similar biochemistries, even for matters which would appear to be e ...

Including:

• Biochemistry - Development of biochemistry
• Biochemistry - Carbohydrates
• Biochemistry - Proteins
• Biochemistry - Lipids
• Biochemistry - Nucleic acids
• Biochemistry - Relationship to other molecular-scale biological sciences

Read more here: » Biochemistry: Encyclopedia - Biochemistry

Arginine (Arg) is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. In mammals, arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. Arginine - Structure. Arginine can be considered to be an amphipathic amino acid as the part of the side chain nearest to the backbone is long, carbon-containing and hydrophobic, whereas the end of the side chain is a complex Including:

• Arginine - Structure
• Arginine - Synthesis
• Arginine - Function
• Arginine - In proteins
• Arginine - As a precursor
• Arginine - Sources

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Q is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is cue, occasionally spelled cu. The Semitic sound value of Qôp (perhaps originally qaw cord) was /q/ (voiceless uvular plosive). In Greek this sign as Qoppa Ϙ probably came to represent several labialized velar plosives, among them /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/. These sounds changed to < ...

Including:

• Q - Usage
• Q - Alternative representations
• Q - Computing
• Q - Meanings for Q
• Q - Q trivia

Read more here: » Q: Encyclopedia - Q

In most modern languages, Q is rather superfluous; in Romance and Germanic languages it appears almost exclusively in the digraph QU. In English this digraph most often denotes the cluster /kw/, as it does in Italian (where [w] is an allophone of /u/); in German, /kv/; and in French, Spanish, and Catalan, /k/. (In Spanish and in ...

See also:

Q, Q - Usage, Q - Alternative representations, Q - Computing, Q - Meanings for Q, Q - Q trivia

Read more here: » Q: Encyclopedia II - Q - Usage

Signs and symptoms of Tay Sachs may vary on an individual basis for each patient. The list of signs and symptoms for Tay Sachs includes those listed below: Loss of learned skills Loss of smiling Loss of crawling Loss of grabbing Loss of rolling over Blindness Deafness Inability to swallow Cherry-red spot in the back of the eyes ParalysisSee also:

Tay-Sachs disease, Tay-Sachs disease - Symptoms, Tay-Sachs disease - Pathogenesis, Tay-Sachs disease - Testing, Tay-Sachs disease - Therapy, Tay-Sachs disease - Epidemiology

Read more here: » Tay-Sachs disease: Encyclopedia II - Tay-Sachs disease - Symptoms

The condition is caused by insufficient activity of an enzyme called hexosaminidase A that catalyzes the biodegradation of acidic fatty materials known as gangliosides. Gangliosides are made and biodegraded rapidly in early life as the brain develops. Patients and carriers of Tay-Sachs disease can be identified by a simple blood test that measures hexosaminidase A activity. Both parents must be carriers in order to have an affected child. Prenatal monitoring of pregnancies is available if desired. To expand on the genetic basis, Tay-Sachs is an autosomal recessive genetic condition: if both parents are carriers, there is a 2 ...

See also:

Tay-Sachs disease, Tay-Sachs disease - Symptoms, Tay-Sachs disease - Pathogenesis, Tay-Sachs disease - Testing, Tay-Sachs disease - Therapy, Tay-Sachs disease - Epidemiology

Read more here: » Tay-Sachs disease: Encyclopedia II - Tay-Sachs disease - Pathogenesis

The theory that TSEs are caused by an infectious agent made solely of protein has been around since the 1960s (Alper, 1967; Griffith, 1967). However, it was not until 1982 that the prion protein itself was discovered, by Stanley B. Prusiner of UCSF, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1997 for this discovery (Prusiner, 1982). Prusiner coined the word "prion" by combining the first two syllables of the words "proteinaceous" and "infectious." It should be noted that Prusiner wanted th ...

See also:

Prion, Prion - Prion hypothesis, Prion - Useful prions in yeast and other fungi, Prion - Molecular properties of prions, Prion - Classification

Read more here: » Prion: Encyclopedia II - Prion - Prion hypothesis

Oxytocin is a peptide of nine amino acids (a nonapeptide). The sequence is cysteine - tyrosine - isoleucine - glutamine - asparagine - cysteine - proline - leucine - glycine (CYIQNCPLG). The cysteine residues form a sulfur bridge. The structure of oxytocin is very similar to that of anti-diuretic hormone, also a nonapeptide with a sulfur bridge. Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are the only known hormones released by the human posterior pituary. Oxytocin is often bound to neurophysin (a carrier protein ...

See also:

Oxytocin, Oxytocin - Synthesis and release, Oxytocin - Structure, Oxytocin - Functions, Oxytocin - Uses

Read more here: » Oxytocin: Encyclopedia II - Oxytocin - Structure

A lumbar puncture requires aseptic technique and performance by qualified and skilled medical practitioners. In performing a lumbar puncture (in an adult), first the patient is usually placed in a left (or right) lateral position with his/her neck bent in full flexion and knees bent in full flexion up to his/her chest, approximating a fetal position as much as possible. It is also possible to have the patient sit on a stool and bend his/her head and shoulders forward. The area around the lower back is prepared using aseptic technique. ...

See also:

Lumbar puncture, Lumbar puncture - Indications, Lumbar puncture - Procedure, Lumbar puncture - Risks, Lumbar puncture - Diagnostics

Read more here: » Lumbar puncture: Encyclopedia II - Lumbar puncture - Procedure

There have been reports of allergies and/or sensitivities to MSG, sometimes attributed to the free glutamic acid component, which has been blamed for causing a wide variety of physical symptoms such as migraines, nausea, digestive upsets, drowsiness, heart palpitations, asthma, anaphylactic shock, and a myriad of other complaints. "Chinese restaurant syndrome" is often used as an example of the symptoms purported to be caused by MSG. However, a considerable amount of research and testing into MSG allergies has been performed over the ...

See also:

Monosodium glutamate, Monosodium glutamate - Umami, Monosodium glutamate - Natural amino acid, Monosodium glutamate - Neurotransmitter, Monosodium glutamate - Sources, Monosodium glutamate - Discovery, Monosodium glutamate - Health concerns: MSG Intolerance, Monosodium glutamate - Health Concerns: Excitotoxicity, Monosodium glutamate - Government agency classification

Read more here: » Monosodium glutamate: Encyclopedia II - Monosodium glutamate - Health concerns: MSG Intolerance

Sugar beet - Reception. After harvesting the beet are hauled to the factory. Delivery in the UK is by haulier or, for local farmers, by tractor and trailer. Railways and boats were once used, but no longer. Each load entering is weighed, and sampled before tipping onto the reception area, typically a "flat pad" of concrete, where it is moved into large heaps. The beet sample is checked for soil tare - the amount of non beet delivered crown tare - the amount of low sugar beet delivered ...

See also:

Sugar beet, Sugar beet - Culture, Sugar beet - Processing, Sugar beet - Reception, Sugar beet - Diffusion, Sugar beet - Carbonatation, Sugar beet - Evaporation, Sugar beet - Crystallization, Sugar beet - Sugar beet syrup, Sugar beet - History, Sugar beet - Agriculture

Read more here: » Sugar beet: Encyclopedia II - Sugar beet - Processing

Many organisms have metabolic pathways to synthesise and break down purines. Purines are biologically synthesised as nucleosides (bases attached to ribose). Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleoside inosine monophosphate, which is synthesised on a pre-existing ribose through a complex pathway using atoms from the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartic acid, as well as formate ions transferre ...

See also:

Purine, Purine - Metabolism, Purine - History

Read more here: » Purine: Encyclopedia II - Purine - Metabolism

The theory that TSEs are caused by an infectious agent made solely of protein has been around since the 1960s [2], [3]. This theory was developed to explain the discovery that the mysterious infectious agent causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease resisted ultraviolet radiation (which breaks down nucleic acids), yet responded to agents that disrupt proteins See also:

Prion, Prion - PrP and the Prion hypothesis, Prion - Prions in yeast and other fungi, Prion - Molecular properties of prions, Prion - Classification

Read more here: » Prion: Encyclopedia II - Prion - PrP and the Prion hypothesis

It is often desirable to know the unordered amino acid composition of a protein prior to attempting to find the ordered sequence, as this knowledge can be used to facilitate the discovery of errors in the sequencing process or to distinguish between ambiguous results. Knowledge of the frequency of certain amino acids may also be used to choose which protease to use for digestion of the protein. A generalised method for doing this is as follows: Hydrolyse a known quantity of protein into its constituent amino acids. Separate the amino acids in some way ...

See also:

Protein sequencing, Protein sequencing - Determining amino acid composition, Protein sequencing - Hydrolysis, Protein sequencing - Separation, Protein sequencing - Quantitative analysis, Protein sequencing - N-terminal amino acid analysis, Protein sequencing - C-terminal amino acid analysis, Protein sequencing - Edman degradation, Protein sequencing - The Edman degradation reaction, Protein sequencing - Limitations of the Edman degradation, Protein sequencing - Mass spectroscopy, Protein sequencing - Predicting protein sequence from DNA/RNA sequences

Read more here: » Protein sequencing: Encyclopedia II - Protein sequencing - Determining amino acid composition

Transglutaminase is now produced by Streptoverticillium mobaraense fermentation in commercial quantities and is used in a variety of industrial processes, including the production of processed meat and fish products. It can be used as a binding agent to improve the texture of protein-rich foods such as surimi or ham. Transglutaminase can be used in these applications: Binding small chunks of meats into a big one ("Portion control"). Examples: Sausage, hot dog, restructured steak, ... I ...

See also:

Transglutaminase, Transglutaminase - Applications, Transglutaminase - Other transglutaminases

Read more here: » Transglutaminase: Encyclopedia II - Transglutaminase - Applications

Oxytocin is synthesized in magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Oxytocin is also synthesized by some neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that project within the brain and to the spinal cord. Oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland is packaged in large dense core vesicles, where it is bound to neurophysin as shown in the inset of the figure; neurophysin is a large peptide fragment of the giant precursor protein mole ...

See also:

Oxytocin, Oxytocin - Synthesis storage and release, Oxytocin - Structure, Oxytocin - Receptor, Oxytocin - Actions, Oxytocin - Uses, Oxytocin - Evolution

Read more here: » Oxytocin: Encyclopedia II - Oxytocin - Synthesis storage and release

Huntington's disease is inherited in autosomal dominant fashion, meaning that it is a dominant allele. People with Huntington's disease have a 50% chance of passing the disease to each of their children. The causative gene HD (one of the first identified to cause an inherited disease) is located on chromosome 4. Huntington's disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. The autosomal dominant fashion means that a recipient of the gene only needs one allele to inherit the disease. Most genetic diseases are autosomal rec ...

See also:

Huntington's disease, Huntington's disease - Symptoms, Huntington's disease - Genetics, Huntington's disease - Diagnosis, Huntington's disease - Pathology, Huntington's disease - Survival Rate, Huntington's disease - Treatment and Prevention, Huntington's disease - Ethical aspects

Read more here: » Huntington's disease: Encyclopedia II - Huntington's disease - Genetics