Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (ca. 1895-July 4, 1974, أمين الحسيني, alternatively known as al-Husseini, el-Husseini, Al-Hajj Amin or Haj Amin), was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim religious leader. A member of Jerusalem's most prominent family, his most important positions were as Mufti of Jerusalem and President of the Supreme Muslim Council. Known as the "Grand Mufti of Jerusalem", he received this title in 1921 after the death of his father (the Mufti of Jerusalem) under the auspi ...

Including:

• Amin al-Husayni - Early life
• Amin al-Husayni - Palestinian nationalism
• Amin al-Husayni - Nazi ties and World War II
• Amin al-Husayni - Pre-war
• Amin al-Husayni - In Nazi-occupied Europe
• Amin al-Husayni - The Holocaust
• Amin al-Husayni - Post-war activities
• Amin al-Husayni - Mufti's influence
• Amin al-Husayni - Footnotes

Read more here: » Amin al-Husayni: Encyclopedia - Amin al-Husayni

The 1948 Arab-Israeli War is referred to as the "War of Independence" (Hebrew: מלחמת העצמאות) or as the "War of Liberation" (Hebrew: מלחמת השחרור) by Israelis. For Palestinians, the war marked the beginning of the events referred to as "The Catastrophe" ("al Nakba," Arabic: النكبة ). It was the first in a series of wars in the Arab-Israeli conflict. It established the state of Israel as an independent state, dividing the remaining areas of the British Mandate of Palestine into areas co ...

Including:

• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Background
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - The Great Arab Revolt and Its Aftermath
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Yishuv/British Security and Intelligence Collaboration
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - The End of Colonial Rule
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Amin al-Husayni
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Phases of the War
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - First phase: November 29 1947 - April 1 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Second phase: April 1 1948 - May 15 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Third phase: May 15 1948 - June 11 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - First truce: June 11 1948 - July 8 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Fourth phase: July 8 1948 - July 18 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Second truce: July 18 1948 - October 15 1948
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Fifth phase: October 15 1948 - July 20 1949
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Aftermath
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - 1949 Armistice Agreements
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Casualties
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Demographic outcome
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Footnotes

Read more here: » 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Encyclopedia - 1948 Arab-Israeli War

Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paşa) originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning "king") was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. As an honorary title, "Pasha" is roughly equivalent to "Sir". Pasha - Role in Ottoman political system. The sultan of Turkey and (by delegation) the khedive of Egypt had the right to bestow the title of Pasha. The title appears, originally, to have applied exclusivel ...

Including:

• Pasha - Role in Ottoman political system
• Pasha - Honorific
• Pasha - Etymology
• Pasha - List of Notable pashas

Read more here: » Pasha: Encyclopedia - Pasha

Cheltenham College opened in July 1841, in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. Cheltenham College was the first major public school founded in Queen Victoria's reign (1837-1901). An Anglican foundation, it is known for its strong classical, military and sporting traditions. More than six hundred Old Cheltonians (former pupils) were killed in the service of their country in World War I, and more than 400 in World War II. (These statistics are recorded in the College chapel completed in the 1890s, which to a degree resembles King's Co ...

Including:

• Cheltenham College - Former pupils Old Cheltonian Hall of Fame
• Cheltenham College - Victoria Crosses won by Old Cheltonians
• Cheltenham College - Headmasters and Principals

Read more here: » Cheltenham College: Encyclopedia - Cheltenham College

The Arab Legion (Al-jaish Al'-arabi) was Transjordan's and later on also Jordan's regular army. It was formed in 1921 by Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Gerard Peake as a police force to keep order among Transjordanian tribes and to guard the important Jerusalem-Amman road. Originally, the Legion consisted of only 150 men, most of them stationed along the roads. In 1939, John Bagot Glubb, better known as Glubb Pasha, became the Legion's commander a ...

Including:

• Arab Legion - Books

Read more here: » Arab Legion: Encyclopedia - Arab Legion

The Jews lived in the land of Babylon for more than 2,500 years that followed the Babylonian captivity (see History of the Jews in Iraq). By 1941, the approximately 150,000 Iraqi Jews played active roles in many aspects of Iraqi life, including farming, banking, commerce and the government bureaucracy. After the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the First World War, the League of Nations granted the mandate of Iraq to Britain. After King Ghazi who inherited the throne of Faisal I, died in a 1939 car accident, Britain inst ...

See also:

Farhud, Farhud - Historical background, Farhud - The Golden Square coup, Farhud - June 1-2 1941, Farhud - Aftermath

Read more here: » Farhud: Encyclopedia II - Farhud - Historical background

1948 Arab-Israeli War - First phase: November 29 1947 - April 1 1948. Right after the UN partition plan was approved, joint Jordanian, Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese and Iraqi troops invaded Palestine, which Israel, the United States, the Soviet Union, and UN Secretary-General Trygve Lie called illegal aggression. The British Army frequently intervened, but as the end of British involvement in Palestine drew nearer and attacks on them by Irgun and Lehi increased, their intervention grew steadily more inconsistent and ...

See also:

1948 Arab-Israeli War, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Background, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - The Great Arab Revolt and Its Aftermath, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Yishuv/British Security and Intelligence Collaboration, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - The End of Colonial Rule, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Amin al-Husayni, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Phases of the War, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - First phase: November 29 1947 - April 1 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Second phase: April 1 1948 - May 15 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Third phase: May 15 1948 - June 11 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - First truce: June 11 1948 - July 8 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Fourth phase: July 8 1948 - July 18 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Second truce: July 18 1948 - October 15 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Fifth phase: October 15 1948 - July 20 1949, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Aftermath, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - 1949 Armistice Agreements, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Casualties, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Demographic outcome, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Footnotes

Read more here: » 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Encyclopedia II - 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Phases of the War

Fourteen Victoria Crosses have been won by Old Cheltonians, making the school third, behind the much larger Eton College (22 awards) and Harrow School (15 awards). Cheltenham's military past is recognised in the fact that it is one of only two schools (the other being Eton) to have its own military colours. A replica of the Boyes VC is on permanent display in the library (Big Modern) with photographs of all 14 Victoria Cross winners and a world map showing where they were won. Below the Victoria Cross display a selection of other medals won ...

See also:

Cheltenham College, Cheltenham College - Former pupils Old Cheltonian Hall of Fame, Cheltenham College - Victoria Crosses won by Old Cheltonians, Cheltenham College - Headmasters and Principals

Read more here: » Cheltenham College: Encyclopedia II - Cheltenham College - Victoria Crosses won by Old Cheltonians

When the hopelessness of their position became undeniable on May 13, the defenders of Kfar Etzion laid down their arms and attempted to surrender. The number of people killed and the perpetrators are in dispute. According to one account, the main group of about 50 defenders were surrounded by a large number of Arab irregulars, who shouted "Deir Yassin!" and ordered the Jews to sit down, stand up, and sit down again. Suddenly someone opened up on the Jews with a machine gun and others joined in the killing. Those Jews not imm ...

See also:

Kfar Etzion massacre, Kfar Etzion massacre - Background, Kfar Etzion massacre - The Massacre, Kfar Etzion massacre - The aftermath, Kfar Etzion massacre - Sources

Read more here: » Kfar Etzion massacre: Encyclopedia II - Kfar Etzion massacre - The Massacre

1948 Arab-Israeli War - First phase: November 29 1947 - April 1 1948. In the twelve days following the UN decision 79 jews were killed by Palestinians, on Nov 30 seven were killed in an attack on a Jerusalem bound bus, and on Dec 2, a mob of Palestinians looted jewish-owned shops in Jerusalem and killed two. The British, who were responible for law and order did not always enforce it, sometimes they would disarm Jewish defense brigades who would then be attacked by Palestinians. The Jews defended themselves and s ...

See also:

1948 Arab-Israeli War, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Background, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - The Great Arab Revolt and Its Aftermath, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Yishuv/British Security and Intelligence Collaboration, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - The End of Colonial Rule, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Amin al-Husayni, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Phases of the War, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - First phase: November 29 1947 - April 1 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Second phase: April 1 1948 - May 15 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Third phase: May 15 1948 - June 11 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - First truce: June 11 1948 - July 8 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Fourth phase: July 8 1948 - July 18 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Second truce: July 18 1948 - October 15 1948, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Fifth phase: October 15 1948 - July 20 1949, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Aftermath, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - 1949 Armistice Agreements, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Casualties, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Demographic outcome, 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Footnotes

Read more here: » 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Encyclopedia II - 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Phases of the War

According to the 1947 UN Partition Plan, a large part of Palestine including the areas that came under Jordanian control were to have become an independent Arab state, but neither the Palestinians nor any Arab state accepted the partition. On 10 May, Golda Meir represented the Yishuv in the last of a series of clandestine meetings between the Zionists and Transjordan's King Abdullah that had taken place over the previous two years. Whereas for months there had been a tacit agreement between the Zionists and Transjordan to prevent the establi ...

See also:

Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Jordanian conquest of 1948, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Jordanian rule, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Six Day War, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Rapprochement and peace

Read more here: » Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Jordanian conquest of 1948

In total fourteen Victoria Crosses have been won by Old Cheltonians, making the school third only in this regard to the much larger Eton College (22 awards) and Harrow School (15 awards). Cheltenham's military past is recognised in the fact that it is one of only two schools (the other being Eton) to have its own military colours. A replica of the Boyes VC is on permanent display in the library (Big Modern) with photographs of all 14 Victoria Cross winners and a world map showing where they were won. Below the Victoria Cross display a select ...

See also:

Cheltenham College, Cheltenham College - Former pupils Old Cheltonian Hall of Fame, Cheltenham College - Victoria Crosses won by Old Cheltonians, Cheltenham College - Headmasters and Principals

Read more here: » Cheltenham College: Encyclopedia II - Cheltenham College - Victoria Crosses won by Old Cheltonians

The sultan of Turkey and (by delegation) the khedive of Egypt had the right to bestow the title of Pasha. The title appears, originally, to have applied exclusively to military commanders, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom their superiors desired to honour. Pashas ranked above beys, but below khedives and viziers. Pashas governed territories called pashaluks or eyalets. The word pasbalik designates a ...

See also:

Pasha, Pasha - Role in Ottoman political system, Pasha - Honorific, Pasha - Etymology, Pasha - List of Notable pashas

Read more here: » Pasha: Encyclopedia II - Pasha - Role in Ottoman political system

The raid at Qibya took place on the evening of October 14, 1953. It began with an artillery barrage at the village until Israeli troops reached the outskirts of the village. Landmines were laid out on roads to prevent Jordanian troops from joining the fight. When the village had been cleared of resistance, Israeli soldiers laid explosives around many of the houses and blew them up after calling for residents to evacuate. At dawn the operation was considere ...

See also:

Qibya massacre, Qibya massacre - Events leading up to the attack, Qibya massacre - The operation, Qibya massacre - Results, Qibya massacre - Sources

Read more here: » Qibya massacre: Encyclopedia II - Qibya massacre - The operation

Viewing the Balfour Declaration as a betrayal of the Arabs by the British, al-Husayni organized violent anti-Zionist demonstrations in Jerusalem in 1920. His speeches called for unity with Syria, as he had not yet adopted the Palestinian nationalism for which he would become known a few years later. One such demonstration, in April, 1920, turned into violent attacks against Jews, and in the ensuing riots 5 Jews and 4 Arabs were killed. Several Jews and Arabs were sentenced to prison terms for their parts in the riots, with al-Husayni being sentenced to ten years imprisonment in absentia, si ...

See also:

Amin al-Husayni, Amin al-Husayni - Early life, Amin al-Husayni - Palestinian nationalism, Amin al-Husayni - Nazi ties and World War II, Amin al-Husayni - Pre-war, Amin al-Husayni - In Nazi-occupied Europe, Amin al-Husayni - The Holocaust, Amin al-Husayni - Post-war activities, Amin al-Husayni - Mufti's influence, Amin al-Husayni - Footnotes

Read more here: » Amin al-Husayni: Encyclopedia II - Amin al-Husayni - Palestinian nationalism

Initially, via the media, the Israeli public was left unaware of the attack. On October 19, Ben-Gurion claimed that the raid had been carried out by Israeli civilians. "None deplores it more than the Government of Israel, if ... innocent blood was spilled ... The Government of Israel rejects with all vigor the absurd and fantastic allegation that 600 men of the IDF took part in the action ... We have carried out a searching investigation and it is clear beyond doubt that not a single army unit was absent from its base on the night of the attack on Qibya." (Statement by Prime ...

See also:

Qibya massacre, Qibya massacre - Events leading up to the attack, Qibya massacre - The operation, Qibya massacre - Results, Qibya massacre - Sources

Read more here: » Qibya massacre: Encyclopedia II - Qibya massacre - Results

Unlike any other Arab state to where Palestinian refugees fled, those in the West Bank and East Jerusalem were given Jordanian citizenship along with the existing residents. However, many of the refugees continued to live in camps and rely on UNRWA for sustenance. Palestinian refugees constituted more than a third of the kingdom's population of 1.5 million. In the Jordanian parliament, the West and East Banks received 30 seats each, having roughly equal population. The first elections were held April 11, 1950; although the West Bank h ...

See also:

Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Jordanian conquest of 1948, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Jordanian rule, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Six Day War, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Rapprochement and peace

Read more here: » Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Jordanian rule

The attack was the result of escalating border clashes which had begun almost immediately after the signing of the armistice in 1949. The state of Israel was confronted by a wave of Palestinian infiltrations. The Jordanian Arab Legion proved unwilling or unable to stop many infiltrations. In 1951, 137 Israelis, mostly civilians, were killed by such infiltrators. The following year, the death toll was 162. In 1953, 160 Israelis were killed. On October 12, 1953, an unarmed Jewish mother and her two children were killed in a raid by Jord ...

See also:

Qibya massacre, Qibya massacre - Events leading up to the attack, Qibya massacre - The operation, Qibya massacre - Results, Qibya massacre - Sources

Read more here: » Qibya massacre: Encyclopedia II - Qibya massacre - Events leading up to the attack

Kfar Etzion was a religious kibbutz founded in 1943, about 2 km east of the road between Jerusalem and Hebron. By the end of 1947, there were 163 adults and 50 children living there. Together with three nearby kibbutzim established 1945-1947, it formed Gush Etzion (the Etzion Bloc). The United Nations partition plan for Palestine of November 29, 1947 placed the Etzion Bloc in the interior of the intended Arab state. Very soon fighting broke out in many parts of Palestine. The position of the Etzion Bloc on the important Jerusal ...

See also:

Kfar Etzion massacre, Kfar Etzion massacre - Background, Kfar Etzion massacre - The Massacre, Kfar Etzion massacre - The aftermath, Kfar Etzion massacre - Sources

Read more here: » Kfar Etzion massacre: Encyclopedia II - Kfar Etzion massacre - Background

Following the outbreak of the Six Day War in June 1967, Israel warned King Hussein not to join Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser in opening a new front against Israel in the West Bank. Nevertheless, in accordance with its mutual defense treaty with Egypt, Jordan initiated artillery fire on Israeli positions in West Jerusalem. The Israel Defense Forces counter-attacked and heavy urban fighting ensued. The Israel Defense Force had long planned to capture East Jerusalem and completely pushed the Jordanian army out of the West Bank. T ...

See also:

Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Jordanian conquest of 1948, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Jordanian rule, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Six Day War, Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Rapprochement and peace

Read more here: » Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan - Six Day War