The word "Orb", from the Latin orbis 'circle', is another name for a round object, especially a disk or a sphere. The term may also refer to one of the following. The Orb in the "Orb and Sceptre" is a type of regalia known as a globus cruciger (Latin: orb cross). The Sovereign's Orb (a globus cruciger) is one of the best known Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The Orb River empties into the Golfe du Lion in southern France. The Orb is a British band. O ...

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The collective term Crown Jewels denotes the regalia and vestments worn by the sovereign of the United Kingdom during the coronation ceremony and at various other state functions. The term refers to the following objects: the crowns, sceptres (with either the cross or the dove), orbs, swords, rings, spurs, colobium sindonis, dalmatic, armill, and the royal robe or pall, as well as several other objects connected with the ceremony itself. Many of these descend directly from the Reformation period and thus have a religious ...

Including:

• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - UK topics
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - International

Read more here: » Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

Danish Crown Regalia. The symbols of the monarchy, consist of the crown, the sceptre (symbolising supreme authority), the orb (a globus cruciger, symbolising the earthly realm surmounted by a cross), the sword of state and the ampulla. The oldest of these is Christian III's sword of state from 1551. The Danish Royal Regalia are kept at Rosenborg Castle. They include King Christian IV's diamond, pearl and gold-embroidered saddles; objects carved from ivory and rock-crystal; lapidary pieces of precious stones, and brooches in the form o ...

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Belief in a flat Earth is found in humankind's oldest writings. In early Mesopotamian thought the world was portrayed as a flat disk floating in the ocean, and this forms the premise for early Greek maps like those of Anaximander and Hecataeus. By classical times an alternative idea, that Earth was spherical, had appeared. This was espoused by Pythagoras apparently on aesthetic grounds, as he also held all other celestial bodies to be spherical. Aristotle provided physical evidence for the spherical Earth: Ships actually ...

See also:

Flat Earth, Flat Earth - Antiquity, Flat Earth - The Early Church, Flat Earth - The Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Early Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Later Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Modern times, Flat Earth - Notes

Read more here: » Flat Earth: Encyclopedia II - Flat Earth - Antiquity

The collection of Crown Jewels contains various crowns, some of which are used by every Sovereign, others being made personally for Sovereigns or for Queens Consort. Typically the crown of a King has a slightly pointed arched top, while Queen's crowns have a slightly bowed top. St. Edward's Crown was made in 1661. Made of gold, its design consists of four crosses pattee and four fleurs-de-lis, with two arches on top. Surmounting the arches is a jewelled cross pattee. The Crown includes 444 semi-precious stones. It is used throu ...

See also:

Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - UK topics, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - International

Read more here: » Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns

German art, for the roughly 136 year period 919-1056, is commonly called "Ottonian art" (part of what is sometimes called the Ottonian Renaissance), after the three Saxon Emperors named Otto: (Otto the Great, Otto II and Otto III) who ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 919-1024—as well as the Franco-Salian emperors Conrad II (r. 1024-1039) and Henry III (r. 1039-1056). After the decline of the Carolignian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire was re-established under the Saxon Ottonian dynasty. From this emerged a renewed faith ...

See also:

Pre-Romanesque art, Pre-Romanesque art - Carolingian art, Pre-Romanesque art - Ottonian art, Pre-Romanesque art - Anglo-Saxon art, Pre-Romanesque art - France, Pre-Romanesque art - Italy, Pre-Romanesque art - Spain

Read more here: » Pre-Romanesque art: Encyclopedia II - Pre-Romanesque art - Ottonian art

The regalia is made out of two different parts. The greater group are the so-called Nürnberger Kleinodien (roughly translated Nuremberg jewels), named after the town of Nuremberg where the regalia where kept from 1424 to 1796. This part comprised the Imperial Crown, parts of the coronation vestments, the Imperial Orb (a globus cruciger), the Imperial Sceptre, the Imperial Sword, the Ceremonial Sword , the Imperial Cross, the Holy Lance, and all ...

See also:

Imperial Regalia, Imperial Regalia - Components, Imperial Regalia - History, Imperial Regalia - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Imperial Regalia: Encyclopedia II - Imperial Regalia - Components

The Crown of Dom Pedro II was built by the goldsmith Carlos Martin in Rio de Janeiro, and was first exhibited to the public on July 8, 1841, just days before the new monarch's coronation that took place on July 18 of the same year. The Crown's frame is made of quality gold. Its circlet base supports eight imperial semi-arches, connected at the top by a golden monde, which in turn is surmounted by a jeweled cross, forming a globus cruciger. Inside the half-arches lies a dark-green velvet cap. The Crown is set wi ...

See also:

Imperial Crown of Brazil, Imperial Crown of Brazil - Manufacture, Imperial Crown of Brazil - Usage, Imperial Crown of Brazil - Image Gallery

Read more here: » Imperial Crown of Brazil: Encyclopedia II - Imperial Crown of Brazil - Manufacture

Aside from the coronation mass, it was customary for Brazilian Emperors to wear their crowns only on days of great festivity at the imperial court. Later in the reign of Dom Pedro II, the Emperor further reduced the use of the Crown, wearing it only twice a year, for the ceremonies of opening and closing the session of the Brazilian Imperial Parliament (known as General Assembly), when the Emperor appeared in f ...

See also:

Imperial Crown of Brazil, Imperial Crown of Brazil - Manufacture, Imperial Crown of Brazil - Usage, Imperial Crown of Brazil - Image Gallery

Read more here: » Imperial Crown of Brazil: Encyclopedia II - Imperial Crown of Brazil - Usage

After the demise of the Carolingian Empire, France split into a number of feuding provinces, so that lacking any organized patronage, French art of the 10th and 11th centuries was produced by local monasteries for the purpose of spreading literacy (and piety); however the primitive styles produced did not match the techniques of the Carolingian period. Multiple regional styles developed based on the chance availability of Carolingian manuscripts (as models to draw from), and the availability of itinerant artists. The monastery of Sain ...

See also:

Pre-Romanesque art, Pre-Romanesque art - Carolingian art, Pre-Romanesque art - Ottonian art, Pre-Romanesque art - Anglo-Saxon art, Pre-Romanesque art - France, Pre-Romanesque art - Italy, Pre-Romanesque art - Spain

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There is evidence that the round Earth was accepted by many Christians. For example, Emperor Theodosius II of the Byzantine Empire placed the globus cruciger (which depicts the Earth as round) on his coins. However, the antipodes (thought to be separated from the Mediterranean world by the uncrossable torrid clime) were difficult to reconcile with the Christian view of a unified human race descended from one couple and redeemed by a single Christ. Consequently, some of the Church Fathers questioned their existence and even the roundne ...

See also:

Flat Earth, Flat Earth - Antiquity, Flat Earth - The Early Church, Flat Earth - The Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Early Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Later Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Modern times, Flat Earth - Notes

Read more here: » Flat Earth: Encyclopedia II - Flat Earth - The Early Church

Two Sceptres used by the Sovereign form a part of the regalia: The Sceptre with the Cross was made in 1661, and is so called because it is surmounted by a cross. In 1905, it was redesigned to incorporate the Cullinan I, also known as the Great Star of Africa, which at over 530 carats (106 g), is the largest cut diamond in the world. During the coronation, the monarch bears the Sceptre with the Cross in the right hand. The Sceptre with the Dove was also made in 1661, and atop it is a dove symbolising the Holy Ghost ...

See also:

Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - UK topics, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - International

Read more here: » Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres

State Diadem—Worn by her on the way to her coronation and worn in such a way by Queens Consort down to the nineteenth century. Coronation Crown—The crown with which she was actually crowned. Now in the Museum of London. State Crown—Worn for the procession out of the Abbey and put to various other uses subsequently. Almost by definition, every Monarch of England or Britain wore a crown. ...

See also:

Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - UK topics, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - International

Read more here: » Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns

Five Swords are used during the coronation. The Jewelled Sword of Offering was made for the Coronation of King George IV. Its jewels are in the shapes of the floral symbols of the United Kingdom: the rose for England, the thistle for Scotland, and the shamrock for Ireland. It is the only sword actually presented to the Sovereign during the Coronation; the others are merely borne in front of the Sovereign. The Sword of State is the largest sword in the collection, and is borne in front of the Monarch by the Lord Great Chamberlain b ...

See also:

Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - UK topics, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - International

Read more here: » Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords

The Ring was made for William IV's coronation in 1831. Previously, each Sovereign received a new ring to symbolise their "marriage" to the nation, though no new rings have been used since 1831. When the Sovereign is anointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the anointing oil is poured from the Ampulla into the Anointing Spoon. The Ampulla is a hollow gold vessel shaped like an eagle, and the Spoon is a silver-gilt spoon set with pearls. Both were spared when Cromwell ordered the destruction of the new regalia; the Spoon, probably dating ...

See also:

Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - UK topics, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - International

Read more here: » Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements

Flat Earth - Early Middle Ages. Europe's view of the world between 600 and 1000 is difficult to determine because of the general scarcity of records from that time and the primitive cartography: most medieval mappae mundi served as indices of geographical terms rather than navigational aids. Our best evidence comes from the writings of theologians: The 6th century Egyptian monk Cosmas Indicopleustes of Alexandria in his Topographia Christiana argued on theological grounds that the Earth was fl ...

See also:

Flat Earth, Flat Earth - Antiquity, Flat Earth - The Early Church, Flat Earth - The Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Early Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Later Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Modern times, Flat Earth - Notes

Read more here: » Flat Earth: Encyclopedia II - Flat Earth - The Middle Ages

The Crown Jewels have been kept at the Tower of London since 1303 after they were stolen from Westminster Abbey1. After the coronation of Charles II, they were locked away and shown for a viewing fee paid to a custodian. However, this arrangement ended when Colonel Thomas Blood stole the Crown Jewels after having bound and gagged the custodian. Thereafter, the Crown Jewels were kept in a part of the Tower known as Jewel House, where armed guards defend them. They were temporarily taken out of the Tower. It was reported that they w ...

See also:

Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - UK topics, Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - International

Read more here: » Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London

During the 19th century, the Romantic conception of a European "Dark Age" gave much more prominence to the Flat Earth model than it ever possessed historically. The widely circulated woodcut of a man poking his head through the firmament of a flat earth to view the mechanics of the spheres, executed in the style of the 16th century cannot be traced to an earlier source than Camille Flammarion's L'Atmosphere: Météorologie Populaire (Paris, 1888, p. 163) [2]. The woodcut illustrates the statement in the text that a medieval missionary ...

See also:

Flat Earth, Flat Earth - Antiquity, Flat Earth - The Early Church, Flat Earth - The Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Early Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Later Middle Ages, Flat Earth - Modern times, Flat Earth - Notes

Read more here: » Flat Earth: Encyclopedia II - Flat Earth - Modern times