The confernece has been critised by some right-wing groups who are generally hostile to the anti-war movment. For example, Marc Schulman comments on his blog American Future that the conference was "an anti-U.S. hate fest attended by a variety of Islamists". They also see the conference as proof that the anti-war movment is prepared to work with what they describe as "Muslim extremists" who have a retrogressive social agenda. [5] The organisers counter this argument by pointing out that the conferences have included advocates for the rights ...

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Cairo Anti-war Conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - First Conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Second Conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Third Conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Egyptian organisations supported the third conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Criticism, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Further Information

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Some authors have interpreted Marx's law of value as a theory of market equilibrium. However, Marx offered no theory of market equilibrium, only a dynamic theory of economic reproduction. In reality, markets were rarely in equilibrium anyway (that was more a hypothesis used by economists), and what explained the market behaviour of individuals and groups was precisely the imbalances between supply and demand. Under capitalist conditions, balancing output and market demand depended on capital accumulation occurring. A capitalist ...

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Law of value, Law of value - Economic value as such, Law of value - Is it an equilibrium theory?, Law of value - Factors counteracting the law of value, Law of value - Law of value in capitalism, Law of value - Smith's hidden hand, Law of value - Modification of the law of value in the world market, Law of value - A comment by Marx on the law of value, Law of value - A comment by Frederick Engels on the law of value, Law of value - The law of value in non-capitalist societies, Law of value - Post-modern thinking about the topic, Law of value - Criticism, Law of value - A Californian perspective: Jim Devine on the LoV, Law of value - Steve Keen and the machine

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The ecological critique focuses on mindless "production for production's sake", attacking both the neoclassical notion and the Marxist concept of "productiveness". It is argued noeclassical economics can understand the value of anything (and therefore the costs and benefits of an activity) only if it has a price, real or imputed. However, physical and human resources may have a value which cannot be expressed in price terms, and to turn them into an object of trade via some legal specification of property rights may be h ...

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Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

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In the USSR and later other socialist countries in Eastern Europe, China and Cuba, a system of social accounts was created based around the notion of the "material product" (material product system, or "MPS"). This was an alternative to GDP based accounts. This system was, paradoxically, strongly influenced by Marx's critique of wealth creation in capitalist society, and his distinction between capitalistically productive and unproductive labour. The "material product" represented, in price terms, the net new value created annu ...

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Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

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In the first volume of Das Kapital, Marx suggests that productive labour may be a misfortune: "That labourer alone is productive, who produces surplus-value for the capitalist, and thus works for the valorisation of capital. If we may take an example from outside the sphere of production of material objects, a schoolmaster is a productive labourer when, in addition to belabouring the heads of his scholars, he works like a horse to enrich the school proprietor. That the latter has laid out his capital in a teaching factory, instead of ...

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Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

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In national accounts and social accounting theory the concepts of productive and unproductive labour do survive to some extent. The first reason is that if we want to estimate and account for the value of the net new output created by a country in a year, we must be able to distinguish between sources of new value added and conserved or transferred value. In other words, we need a value-theoretic principleSee also:

Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

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In Book 2, Chapter 3 of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote: "There is one sort of labour which adds to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed; there is another which has no such effect. The former, as it produces a value, may be called productive; the latter, unproductive labour. Thus the labour of a manufacturer adds, generally, to the value of the materials which he works upon, that of his own maintenance, and of his master's profit. The labour of a menial servant, on the contrary, adds to the value of nothin ...

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Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

Read more here: » Productive and unproductive labour: Encyclopedia II - Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith

In neoclassical economics, the distinction between productive and unproductive labour was however rejected as being largely arbitrary and irrelevant. All the factors of production (land, labour and capital) create wealth and add value; they are all "productive". If the value of a good is just what somebody is prepared to pay for it (or its marginal utility), then regarding some activities as value-creating and others not is a purely subjective matter; any activity which produces anything, or generates an income, could be considered production and produ ...

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Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

Read more here: » Productive and unproductive labour: Encyclopedia II - Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics

Four important overall results of neo-liberal economic reforms since 1980 and of globalisation have been a strong increase in the volume of world trade, an gigantic increase in speculative activity. a strong increase in the grey economy. a strong increase in the services economy, especially financial services of all kinds (business services, real estate, insurance, consultancy etc.). As regards world trade, trading volumes have grown much faster each year than GDP. As a result, the value ...

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Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

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Common examples of public goods include: defense and law enforcement (including the system of property rights), public fireworks, lighthouses, clean air and other environmental goods, and information goods, such as software development, authorship, and invention. Some goods -such as orphan drugs- require special governmental incentives to be produced, but can't be classified as public goods since they don't fulfil th ...

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Public good, Public good - Examples of public goods, Public good - Subtypes of public goods, Public good - Global public good, Public good - The free rider problem, Public good - Possible solutions to the free rider problem, Public good - Dominant assurance contracts, Public good - Coasian solution, Public good - Government provision, Public good - Subsidies, Public good - Privileged group, Public good - Merging of free riders, Public good - Legislated exclusion, Public good - Non-individualism, Public good - Efficient production levels of public goods, Public good - Criticism of public goods theory, Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory, Public good - Subjective value criticisms, Public good - Assumptions regarding government provision, Public good - Normative criticism, Public good - External sources

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Said Saaeef Shaheen was born and raised in Kenya, showing athletic ability from a young age. He initially made his mark on the international stage with a win at World Youth games in 1999 over the 2000 metre steeplechase. He went on to become the world champion over the 3000 metre steeplechase course in 2003 and again in 2005. He currently holds the world record for 3000 metre steeplechase in a time of 7:53:62 set in 2004 in Brussels and is considered the pre-eminent steeplechase athlete in the world. Shaheen possesses a powerful finish and notably defeated ...

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Saif Saaeed Shaheen, Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Background, Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Defection to Qatar, Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Repercussions, Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Achievements

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Shaheen himself felt the repercussions of the defection as he was barred from competing in the 2004 Olympic Games. The IOC rule that athletes may not compete in international events for a period of three years subsequent to competing in an international event for a different country. This rule may be waived where the athlete and the governing athletics bodies from the two countries involved are willing to forego the penalty. In the case of Saif Saaeed Shaheen, the Kenyan Athletics Association were not willing to forego the penalty and he was barred from the Olympics. T ...

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Saif Saaeed Shaheen, Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Background, Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Defection to Qatar, Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Repercussions, Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Achievements

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Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory. Many of the goods that are provided on the market without state involvement fit the description of public goods. For example, street musicians, written and spoken languages, money transactions (as opposed to bartering), personal hygiene, etc., are all public goods according to the requirements of public goods theory. However, all of these are provided by free actors on the market. State provision of many goods such as television, radio and telephone ...

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Public good, Public good - Examples of public goods, Public good - Subtypes of public goods, Public good - Global public good, Public good - The free rider problem, Public good - Possible solutions to the free rider problem, Public good - Dominant assurance contracts, Public good - Coasian solution, Public good - Government provision, Public good - Subsidies, Public good - Privileged group, Public good - Merging of free riders, Public good - Legislated exclusion, Public good - Non-individualism, Public good - Efficient production levels of public goods, Public good - Criticism of public goods theory, Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory, Public good - Subjective value criticisms, Public good - Assumptions regarding government provision, Public good - Normative criticism, Public good - External sources

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Public goods provide a very important example of market failure, in which market-like behavior of individual gain-seeking does not produce efficient results. The production of public goods results in positive externalities which are not remunerated. Because no private organisation can reap all the benefits of a public good which they have produced, there will be insufficient incentives to produce it voluntarily. Consumers can take advantage of public goods without contributing sufficiently to their creation. This is called the free rider ...

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Public good, Public good - Examples of public goods, Public good - Subtypes of public goods, Public good - Global public good, Public good - The free rider problem, Public good - Possible solutions to the free rider problem, Public good - Dominant assurance contracts, Public good - Coasian solution, Public good - Government provision, Public good - Subsidies, Public good - Privileged group, Public good - Merging of free riders, Public good - Legislated exclusion, Public good - Non-individualism, Public good - Efficient production levels of public goods, Public good - Criticism of public goods theory, Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory, Public good - Subjective value criticisms, Public good - Assumptions regarding government provision, Public good - Normative criticism, Public good - External sources

Read more here: » Public good: Encyclopedia II - Public good - The free rider problem

One of the most common ways of looking at goods in economics, illustrated in the table below, is the classic division based on: whether there is competition involved in obtaining a given good whether it is possible to exclude a person from consumption of a given good Sometimes, club and common goods are included in the broad definition of public goods. There are always some goods that can be ar ...

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Public good, Public good - Examples of public goods, Public good - Subtypes of public goods, Public good - Global public good, Public good - The free rider problem, Public good - Possible solutions to the free rider problem, Public good - Dominant assurance contracts, Public good - Coasian solution, Public good - Government provision, Public good - Subsidies, Public good - Privileged group, Public good - Merging of free riders, Public good - Legislated exclusion, Public good - Non-individualism, Public good - Efficient production levels of public goods, Public good - Criticism of public goods theory, Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory, Public good - Subjective value criticisms, Public good - Assumptions regarding government provision, Public good - Normative criticism, Public good - External sources

Read more here: » Public good: Encyclopedia II - Public good - Subtypes of public goods

The classical political economists, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo raised the economic question of which kinds of labour contributed to increasing society's wealth, as against activities earning income which just represented a drain on wealth, a cost, or a form of parasitism. They regarded human labour as the mainspring of wealth, and therefore they regarded the economical use of labour as highly important. Within an enterprise, for example, there were many tasks which had to be performed, such as cleaning, record and bookkeeping ...

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Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism

Read more here: » Productive and unproductive labour: Encyclopedia II - Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy

Liberalism - A general overview of political positions. The word liberalism is today used differently in various countries. (See Liberalism worldwide.) One of the greatest contrasts is between the usage in the United States and usage in Continental Europe. In the US, liberalism is usually contrasted with conservatism, and American liberals support broader tolerance and more readily embrace multiculturalism and affirmative action. In Europe, on the other hand, liberalism is not only contrasted with c ...

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Liberalism, Liberalism - The nature and origins of liberalism, Liberalism - Etymology and historical usage, Liberalism - Trends within liberalism, Liberalism - Comparative influences, Liberalism - Development of liberal thought, Liberalism - Origins of liberal thought, Liberalism - Revolutionary liberalism, Liberalism - Disputes within liberalism, Liberalism - Liberalism and the great depression, Liberalism - Liberalism against totalitarianism, Liberalism - Liberalism after World War II, Liberalism - The impact of liberalism in the modern world, Liberalism - Contemporary liberalism, Liberalism - A general overview of political positions, Liberalism - Political deviances, Liberalism - Comparative critiques, Liberalism - Liberal conservatism, Liberalism - Liberal international relations theory, Liberalism - Neoliberalism, Liberalism - Further reading on liberalism

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The main factors counteracting the operation of the law of value, as a law of economic exchange, are: structural unequal exchange - alternative or competing sources of supply or demand are absent or blocked, distorting trading ratios in favour of those in a stronger market (or bargaining) position. In that case, the true value or cost of products may deviate greatly from actual selling prices. other restrictions on trade and what people may do with resources (legal, technical, protectionismetc.). ...

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Law of value, Law of value - Economic value as such, Law of value - Is it an equilibrium theory?, Law of value - Factors counteracting the law of value, Law of value - Law of value in capitalism, Law of value - Smith's hidden hand, Law of value - Modification of the law of value in the world market, Law of value - A comment by Marx on the law of value, Law of value - A comment by Frederick Engels on the law of value, Law of value - The law of value in non-capitalist societies, Law of value - Post-modern thinking about the topic, Law of value - Criticism, Law of value - A Californian perspective: Jim Devine on the LoV, Law of value - Steve Keen and the machine

Read more here: » Law of value: Encyclopedia II - Law of value - Factors counteracting the law of value

Marx argues that as economic exchange develops and markets expand, the law of value is modified in its operation. Thus, capitalism is a type of economy in which both inputs and outputs of production have become marketed goods and services (or commodities). In such an economy, Marx argues, what regulates the economic exchange of labour-products is their prices of production, i.e. cost-price + average profit. In pre-capitalist societies, where inputs often were ...

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Law of value, Law of value - Economic value as such, Law of value - Is it an equilibrium theory?, Law of value - Factors counteracting the law of value, Law of value - Law of value in capitalism, Law of value - Smith's hidden hand, Law of value - Modification of the law of value in the world market, Law of value - A comment by Marx on the law of value, Law of value - A comment by Frederick Engels on the law of value, Law of value - The law of value in non-capitalist societies, Law of value - Post-modern thinking about the topic, Law of value - Criticism, Law of value - A Californian perspective: Jim Devine on the LoV, Law of value - Steve Keen and the machine

Read more here: » Law of value: Encyclopedia II - Law of value - Law of value in capitalism

Economic value exists necessarily, according to Marx, because human beings as social and moral beings must co-operatively produce their means of life to survive, and in so doing they are subject to relations of production. This involves three kinds of relationships which are objectively and empirically verifiable, and often formalised in law: between people (social relations). between people and their products (technical relations). between products themselves (with or without trading prices; these a ...

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Law of value, Law of value - Economic value as such, Law of value - Is it an equilibrium theory?, Law of value - Factors counteracting the law of value, Law of value - Law of value in capitalism, Law of value - Smith's hidden hand, Law of value - Modification of the law of value in the world market, Law of value - A comment by Marx on the law of value, Law of value - A comment by Frederick Engels on the law of value, Law of value - The law of value in non-capitalist societies, Law of value - Post-modern thinking about the topic, Law of value - Criticism, Law of value - A Californian perspective: Jim Devine on the LoV, Law of value - Steve Keen and the machine

Read more here: » Law of value: Encyclopedia II - Law of value - Economic value as such

The instrumentalisation of Architecture as paraded by "form follows function" after "wiping the slate clean". Arts and Crafts Movement Art Deco Art Nouveau Bauhaus Constructivist architecture Chicago school De Stijl Futurist architecture International Style Le Corbusier Nazi architecture Socialist realism Architec ...

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Architectural history, Architectural history - Prehistoric architecture, Architectural history - Historic architecture Dated Events, Architectural history - Ancient architecture, Architectural history - Western Architecture — Classical to Eclecticism, Architectural history - Classical architecture, Architectural history - Medieval architecture, Architectural history - Italian Renaissance architecture, Architectural history - Baroque architecture, Architectural history - The Age of Enlightenment, Architectural history - Consequences of Enlightenment, Architectural history - Modern architecture and beyond, Architectural history - Writing Tabula Rasa, Architectural history - Postmodern architecture, Architectural history - Critical Regionalism, Architectural history - Regional architecture

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