Some economists, such as Nobel prize-winning economist Milton Friedman as well as those of the Austrian School, oppose economic regulation. They argue that government should limit its involvement in economies to protecting negative individual rights (life, liberty, property) rather than diminishing individual autonomy and responsibility for the sake of remedying any sort of putative "market failure." They tend to regard the notion of market failure as a misguided contrivance wrongly used to justify coercive government action to further vario ...

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Regulatory economics, Regulatory economics - Regulation as a process, Regulatory economics - Regulation as red tape, Regulatory economics - Deregulation, Regulatory economics - Criticism of economic regulation

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Liberalism - Origins of liberal thought. The focus on "liberty" as an essential right of people within the polity has been repeatedly asserted throughout history. Mentioned above are the conflicts between the plebeians and patricians in ancient Rome and the struggles of Italian city states against the Papal States. The republics of Florence and Venice had forms of elections, the rule of law, and pursuit of free enterprise through much of the 1400s until domination by outside powers in the 16th century. The Dutch ...

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Liberalism, Liberalism - The nature and origins of liberalism: an overview, Liberalism - Etymology and historical usage, Liberalism - Trends within liberalism, Liberalism - Comparative influences, Liberalism - Development of liberal thought, Liberalism - Origins of liberal thought, Liberalism - Revolutionary liberalism, Liberalism - Disputes within liberalism, Liberalism - Liberalism and the great depression, Liberalism - Liberalism against totalitarianism, Liberalism - Liberalism after World War II, Liberalism - The impact of liberalism in the modern world, Liberalism - Contemporary liberalism, Liberalism - A general overview of political positions, Liberalism - Political deviances, Liberalism - Comparative critiques, Liberalism - Liberal conservatism, Liberalism - Neoliberalism, Liberalism - Further reading on liberalism

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Held on the 17th-19th December, 2002, 400 attended, at the Conrad hotel on the banks of the Nile, Speakers included former United Nations (UN) humanitarian coordinator for Iraq Dr Hans von Sponeck. Popular "freedom fighter" and former Algerian president Ahmed Ben Bella chaired the conference. One out come of the conference was the production of the 'Cairo Declaration', which took a stance against the then looming Iraq war, it also noted the negative affects of Capitalist globalisation and U.S. hegemony on the peoples of the world (including ...

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Cairo Anti-war Conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - First Conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Second Conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Third Conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Egyptian organisations supported the third conference, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Criticism, Cairo Anti-war Conference - Further Information

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Post-leftists argue that anarchism has been weakened by its long attachment to contrary "leftist" movements and single-issue causes (anti-war, anti-nuclear, etc.). It calls for a synthesis of anarchist thought and a specifically anti-authoritarian revolutionary movement outside of the authoritarian leftist milieu. It sometimes focuses on the individual rather than speaking in terms of class and in some cases shuns organizational tendencies in favor of attempts at absence of hierarchy, with some attention paid to the fa ...

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Post-left anarchy, Post-left anarchy - Arguments, Post-left anarchy - Conflicts with Authoritarian Leftism, Post-left anarchy - Proponents and Detractors

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In the 1982 general election held on October 28, 1982, the PSOE gained 48.3% of the vote and 202 deputies (out of 350). On December 2 González became the prime minister, with Alfonso Guerra as his deputy. His election was met with tremendous expectation of change amongst Spaniards. Under his government education was made universal and free until the age of 16, the university education was expanded, the social security system began, and a partial legalisation of abortion became law for the first time, despite opposition from the Roman Catholic Church. González pushed for libe ...

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Felipe González, Felipe González - Career, Felipe González - Presidency, Felipe González - After the presidency, Felipe González - Published works

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The Venice Arsenal provides the first example of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, Italy, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, it mass-produced ships on assembly lines using manufactured parts. The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day and, at its height, employed 16,000 people. Apart from that, many historians regard Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory (established in 1761 in Birmingham) as the first modern factory. (Other claims might be made for John Lombe ...

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Factory, Factory - Word usage, Factory - History of the factory, Factory - Siting the factory, Factory - Governing the factory

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The debate around euroscepticism has been a major political issue in the United Kingdom since the inception of the European Union (then the European Economic Community or EEC), and has not reduced significantly following UK membership of the Union. Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic views in the UK today. Many people in Britain feel poorly informed about the European Union. Partly ...

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Euroscepticism, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic influences on European politics, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic issues, Euroscepticism - Centralisation, Euroscepticism - Compromising sovereignty, Euroscepticism - Harmonising of justice and home affairs, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in France, Euroscepticism - 1970s, Euroscepticism - Recent events, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic views in the UK today, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptics in UK political parties, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic British press, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in Denmark, Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism in Central and Eastern Europe, Euroscepticism - Eurosceptics in the European Parliament, Euroscepticism - Terminology, Euroscepticism - Criticism of the European Union by non-Europeans

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The Economist's primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts. Every two weeks, the newspaper includes, as an additional section, an in-depth survey of a particular business issue, business sector or geographical region. Articles often take a definite editorial stance and almost never carry a byline. This means that no specific person or persons can be named as the author. Not even the name of the editor (since 1993, Bill Emmott) is ...

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The Economist, The Economist - Features, The Economist - History, The Economist - Editors, The Economist - Opinions, The Economist - Business, The Economist - Letters, The Economist - Censorship of The Economist

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From The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2003 [1] 'In general the countries that succeeded in reducing hunger were characterised by more rapid economic growth and specifically more rapid growth in their agricultural sectors. They also exhibited slower population growth, lower levels of HIV and higher ranking in the Human Development Index'. USAID [2] proposes several key steps to increasing agricultural productivity which is in turn key to increasing rural income and reducing food insecurity. They include:

Food security, Food security - World Food Production, Food security - World Food Summit, Food security - Achieving food security, Food security - Biotechnology for smallholders in the subtropics

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Many of the "disputed" facts in this section were very quickly resolved. Some were later demonstated as being patently false and to be fabrications of various "eyewitnesses" and journalists within the media. Disputed facts include: Jean Charles de Menezes - Clothing. With regards to his dress on the day of the shooting The Observer reported that he was dressed in "baseball cap, blue fleece and baggy trousers." Mark Whitby, a witness to the shooting, told Reuters that he observed Menezes weari ...

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Jean Charles de Menezes, Jean Charles de Menezes - Biography, Jean Charles de Menezes - Background to the shooting, Jean Charles de Menezes - Pursuit and shooting, Jean Charles de Menezes - An innocent man, Jean Charles de Menezes - Public reaction, Jean Charles de Menezes - Independent Police Complaints Commission inquiry, Jean Charles de Menezes - Controversy over police procedure, Jean Charles de Menezes - The Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign, Jean Charles de Menezes - Similar incidents, Jean Charles de Menezes - Disputed facts and events, Jean Charles de Menezes - Clothing, Jean Charles de Menezes - Police challenge, Jean Charles de Menezes - Ticket barrier, Jean Charles de Menezes - CCTV footage, Jean Charles de Menezes - Motivations, Jean Charles de Menezes - Gunshots, Jean Charles de Menezes - Involvement of special forces, Jean Charles de Menezes - Notes

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Reclaim the Streets often stage non-violent direct action street reclaiming events such as the 'invasion' of a major road, highway or freeway to stage a party. While this may obstruct the regular users of these spaces such as car drivers and public bus riders, the philosophy of Reclaim the Streets is that it is vehicle traffic, not pedestrians who are causing the obstruction, and that by occupying the road they are in fact opening up public space. RTS events are usually spectacular and colourful, with dancing, traffic disruption and occasion ...

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Reclaim the Streets, Reclaim the Streets - Protests, Reclaim the Streets - History, Reclaim the Streets - Transport related, Reclaim the Streets - General

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Among the characteristics of late capitalism (or the 'third age' of capitalism after freely-competitive capitalism and monopoly capitalism) are said to be: the hypertrophy of the state, and systematic attempts by the state to moderate economic fluctuations as well as exerting more and more social controls; intensified monopolistic and oligopolistic competition for superprofit in world markets; the co-optation and integration of trade union and oppositional political movements into the stat ...

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Late capitalism, Late capitalism - Origin of the term, Late capitalism - Characteristics

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The Federation of European Green Parties is, unlike most of its counterparts outside Europe, strongly represented in the European Parliament and is firmly in the fair trade camp. Caroline Lucas, a British Green MEP, argues that " ... many developing countries called for a study to examine the effects of tariff reductions on local industries and jobs, before being required to open their markets further. Local industries, they say, have already collapsed in most African and least developed countries as a result of previous tariff cuts.. ...

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Fair trade, Fair trade - Overview, Fair trade - Fairtrade labelling, Fair trade - Fair trade and politics, Fair trade - Fair trade versus free trade, Fair trade - Relevant articles

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Since TRIPs came into force it has received a growing level of criticism from developing countries, academics, and NGOs, on the basis that the WTO system in general and the TRIPs system in particular encapsulates all that is socially, politically and economically unjust about globalisation (see also anti-globalisation). However, due to the rule-based system of the WTO, and the technical complexities of applicable laws, many commentators consider that only extensive and intense social and political opposition is likely to ov ...

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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Background and history, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - The requirements of TRIPs, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Controversy, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Access to essential medicines, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Software and business method patents, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Use for enforcement of industrial espionage cases, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Post-TRIPs expansionism, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Panel reports

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International investment has been taking place in various forms and to different degrees for over a century. There have always been rules in place, most typically through the development of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), which are signed between two countries and which state the desired conditions under which investment can take place between them. The first BIT was signed in 1960 and their numbers have grown steadily since then. However with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 and the onset of apparent globalisation, the ...

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Multilateral Agreement on Investment, Multilateral Agreement on Investment - Background, Multilateral Agreement on Investment - Main purposes of the Agreement, Multilateral Agreement on Investment - Protests

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As agriculture declined in relative financial importance in terms of income with rising industrialization and Americanization of Thailand from the 1960s, but it continued to provide the benefits of employment and self-sufficiency, rural social support, and cultural custody. Technical and economic globalisation forces have continued to change agriculture to a food industry and thereby exposed smallholder farmers to such an extent the traditional environmental and human values have declined markedly in all but the poorer areas. Unregulated exp ...

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Agriculture in Thailand, Agriculture in Thailand - Agriculture in Transition, Agriculture in Thailand - Distinctions

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Public good - Dominant assurance contracts. Assurance contracts are contracts in which participants make a binding pledge to contribute to a contract for building a public good, contingent on a quorum of a predetermined size being reached. Otherwise their money is refunded. A dominant assurance contract is a variation in which an entrepreneur creates the contract and refunds the initial pledge plus an additional sum of money if the quorum is not reached. In game theory terms this makes pledging to build the public good a dominant strategy: the ...

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Public good, Public good - Examples of public goods, Public good - Subtypes of public goods, Public good - Global public good, Public good - The free rider problem, Public good - Possible solutions to the free rider problem, Public good - Dominant assurance contracts, Public good - Coasian solution, Public good - Government provision, Public good - Subsidies, Public good - Privileged group, Public good - Merging of free riders, Public good - Legislated exclusion, Public good - Non-individualism, Public good - Efficient production levels of public goods, Public good - Criticism of public goods theory, Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory, Public good - Subjective value criticisms, Public good - Assumptions regarding government provision, Public good - Normative criticism, Public good - External sources

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Although the term agricultural biodiversity is relatively new - it has come into wide use in recent years as evidenced by bibliographic references - the concept itself is quite old. It is the result of the careful selection and inventive developments of farmers, herders and fishers over millennia. Agricultural biodiversity is a vital sub-set of biodiversity. It is a creation of humankind whose food and livelihood security depend on the sustained management of those diverse biological resources that are important for food and agricultu ...

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Agricultural biodiversity, Agricultural biodiversity - Scope, Agricultural biodiversity - Human dependency, Agricultural biodiversity - Agroecosystems vs natural ecosystems

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Architectural history - Classical architecture. Main article: Classical architecture The architecture and urbanism of the Greeks and Romans were very different from those of the Egyptians or Persians in that civic life gained importance. During the time of the ancients, religious matters were the preserve of the ruling order alone; by the time of the Greeks, religious mystery had skipped the confines of the temple-palace compounds and was the subject of the people or polis. Greek ...

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Architectural history, Architectural history - Prehistoric architecture, Architectural history - Historic architecture Dated Events, Architectural history - Ancient architecture, Architectural history - Western Architecture — Classical to Eclecticism, Architectural history - Classical architecture, Architectural history - Medieval architecture, Architectural history - Italian Renaissance architecture, Architectural history - Baroque architecture, Architectural history - The Age of Enlightenment, Architectural history - Consequences of Enlightenment, Architectural history - Modern architecture and beyond, Architectural history - Writing Tabula Rasa, Architectural history - Postmodern architecture, Architectural history - Critical Regionalism, Architectural history - Regional architecture

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Strong feeling against the United States (and at times the North American continent) has persisted since the country's original settlement, with criticisms varying greatly in content and motive. Anti-Americanism - Degeneracy thesis. Anti-American sentiment in Europe originates with the discovery of America, the study of the Native Americans, and the examination of its flora, fauna, and climate. The first anti-American image ("the degeneracy thesis") saw America as a regressive and culturally bankrupt conti ...

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Anti-Americanism, Anti-Americanism - Use of the term anti-Americanism, Anti-Americanism - History, Anti-Americanism - Degeneracy thesis, Anti-Americanism - Romantic hostility, Anti-Americanism - Racialism, Anti-Americanism - Anti-technology and consumerism, Anti-Americanism - Political hypocrisy, Anti-Americanism - The Other, Anti-Americanism - Modern political origins and public opinion, Anti-Americanism - Criticisms of the United States, Anti-Americanism - Criticisms of anti-Americanism, Anti-Americanism - Notes

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The rapid expansion of the Council of Europe has brought new responsibilities for the political groups. Between 1990 and 1995 alone, the Council of Europe was enlarged to include Albania, Andorra, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia and additional delegations with special guest status regularly take part in the sessions in Strasbourg. The political groups have shown that they have the potential to play an effective introductory role, especially with regard to parl ...

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Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe - European Liberal Democrat and Reform ELDR party, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe - Foundation, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe - Program, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe - Group Members, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe - ALDE in PACE Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe - Members of the ALDE PACE Group, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe - External link

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