Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism: Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism
The term Anti-Americanism represents a consistent hostility towards the government, culture, or people of the United States of America. A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Architectural History: Encyclopedia - Architectural History
Architectural history studies the evolution and history of architecture across the world through a consideration of various influences- a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe: Encyclopedia - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe
The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is a Group in the Eur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights: Encyclopedia - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights
The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) is an international treaty which sets down minimum sta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweatshop: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweatshop - Anti-sweatshop Movement
Concern over the appauling conditions of workers was exposed by the muckrakers during the late 19th/early 20th centuries. The Progressive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - War On Want: Encyclopedia - War On Want
War On Want is a campaigning charity based in London, England, which highlights the needs of poverty-stricken areas around the world, lob...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociocultural Evolution: Encyclopedia - Sociocultural Evolution
Sociocultural evolution(ism) is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and soc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cultural Diversity: Encyclopedia - Cultural Diversity
Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. There is a general con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Walden Bello: Encyclopedia - Walden Bello
Walden Bello (born 1945) is a left-wing author, academic, and political analyst. He is a professor of sociology and public administration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia - Liberalism
Liberalism is an ideology, or current of political thought, which strives to maximize liberty. [1] Liberalism seeks a society characteriz...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Surname: Encyclopedia - Chinese Surname
A Chinese surname, family name (Chinese: 姓; Hanyu Pinyin: xìng or clan name 氏; shì), is one of the hundreds or thousands of family ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bpl Group: Encyclopedia - Bpl Group
BPL is an Indian electronics company. The acronym stands for "British Physical Laboratories". It deals with consumer electronics (such as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweatshop: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweatshop - Results
Some companies have bowed to public pressure to reduce their dependence on sweatshop labour and have reduced or ended this practice in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factory: Encyclopedia - Factory
A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is a large industrial building where workers manufacture goods. Most modern fac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Criticism
Traditionally, criticism of Marx's law of value has been of three kinds: conceptual logical empirical The conceptual criticism concerns...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factory: Encyclopedia Ii - Factory - History Of The Factory
The Venice Arsenal provides the first example of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, Italy, several hun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism In The United Kingdom
The debate around euroscepticism has been a major political issue in the United Kingdom since the inception of the European Union (then t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Us 2002 Estimates For The Division Of Labour
Statistics may help to reveal some of the dimensions of the division of labour. This example concerns the USA. First, we can derive the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Liberalism - Development Of Liberal Thought
Liberalism - Origins of liberal thought. The focus on "liberty" as an essential right of people within the polity has been repeatedly a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nando's: Encyclopedia Ii - Nando's - History
The name Nando's comes from Fernando, the name of one of the founders of the chain. He and a friend bought a restaurant called Chickenlan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regulatory Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Regulatory Economics - Criticism Of Economic Regulation
Some economists, such as Nobel prize-winning economist Milton Friedman as well as those of the Austrian School, oppose economic regulatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Liberalism - Development Of Liberal Thought
Liberalism - Origins of liberal thought. The focus on "liberty" as an essential right of people within the polity has been repeatedly a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cairo Anti-war Conference: Encyclopedia Ii - Cairo Anti-war Conference - First Conference
Held on the 17th-19th December, 2002, 400 attended, at the Conrad hotel on the banks of the Nile, Speakers included former United Nations...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Post-left Anarchy: Encyclopedia Ii - Post-left Anarchy - Conflicts With Authoritarian Leftism
Post-leftists argue that anarchism has been weakened by its long attachment to contrary "leftist" movements and single-issue causes (anti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Felipe González: Encyclopedia Ii - Felipe González - Presidency
In the 1982 general election held on October 28, 1982, the PSOE gained 48.3% of the vote and 202 deputies (out of 350). On December 2 Gon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factory: Encyclopedia Ii - Factory - History Of The Factory
The Venice Arsenal provides the first example of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, Italy, several hun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism In The United Kingdom
The debate around euroscepticism has been a major political issue in the United Kingdom since the inception of the European Union (then t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Economist: Encyclopedia Ii - The Economist - Features
The Economist's primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Food Security: Encyclopedia Ii - Food Security - Achieving Food Security
From The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2003 [1] 'In general the countries that succeeded in reducing hunger were characterised b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jean Charles De Menezes: Encyclopedia Ii - Jean Charles De Menezes - Disputed Facts And Events
Many of the "disputed" facts in this section were very quickly resolved. Some were later demonstated as being patently false and to be fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reclaim The Streets: Encyclopedia Ii - Reclaim The Streets - Protests
Reclaim the Streets often stage non-violent direct action street reclaiming events such as the 'invasion' of a major road, highway or fre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Late Capitalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Late Capitalism - Characteristics
Among the characteristics of late capitalism (or the 'third age' of capitalism after freely-competitive capitalism and monopoly capitalis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fair Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - Fair Trade - Fair Trade And Politics
The Federation of European Green Parties is, unlike most of its counterparts outside Europe, strongly represented in the European Parliam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights: Encyclopedia Ii - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights - Controversy
Since TRIPs came into force it has received a growing level of criticism from developing countries, academics, and NGOs, on the basis tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilateral Agreement On Investment: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilateral Agreement On Investment - Background
International investment has been taking place in various forms and to different degrees for over a century. There have always been rules...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agriculture In Thailand: Encyclopedia Ii - Agriculture In Thailand - Agriculture In Transition
As agriculture declined in relative financial importance in terms of income with rising industrialization and Americanization of Thailand...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Public Good: Encyclopedia Ii - Public Good - Possible Solutions To The Free Rider Problem
Public good - Dominant assurance contracts. Assurance contracts are contracts in which participants make a binding pledge to contribute...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Biodiversity - Scope
Although the term agricultural biodiversity is relatively new - it has come into wide use in recent years as evidenced by bibliographic r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Architectural History: Encyclopedia Ii - Architectural History - Western Architecture — Classical To Eclecticism
Architectural history - Classical architecture. Main article: Classical architecture The architecture and urbanism of the Greeks and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-americanism - History
Strong feeling against the United States (and at times the North American continent) has persisted since the country's original settlemen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe - Alde In Pace Parliamentary Assembly Of The Council Of Europe
The rapid expansion of the Council of Europe has brought new responsibilities for the political groups. Between 1990 and 1995 alone, the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Skilled Worker: Encyclopedia Ii - Skilled Worker - Overview
While most (if not all) jobs require some level of skill, "skilled workers" bring some degree of expertise to the performance of a given ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attac: Encyclopedia Ii - Attac - Organisational History And Background
In December 1997, Ignacio Ramonet wrote in Le Monde diplomatique an editorial in which he advocated the establishment of the Tobin tax an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saif Saaeed Shaheen: Encyclopedia Ii - Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Defection To Qatar
Despite Shaheen's achievements on the track, he is most notable for his defection from Kenya to Qatar in 2003. Changing his name from Ste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Surname: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Surname - Origin Of Surnames
Prior to the Warring States Period (5th century BCE), only the royal family and the aristocratic elite could generally take surnames. His...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Economist: Encyclopedia Ii - The Economist - Features
The Economist's primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triple J: Encyclopedia Ii - Triple J - Programming
Triple J - Current programming mix. As well as general pop music broadcasts (with a strong bias towards new music, Australian performer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Years Of Rice And Salt: Encyclopedia Ii - The Years Of Rice And Salt - Synopsis
The book is set between about AD 1405 (783 solar years since the Hegira), and AD 2002 (1423 after Hegira). In the eighth Islamic century,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociocultural Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociocultural Evolution - Classical Social Evolutionism
Sociocultural evolution - Development. The 14th century Islamic scholar Ibn Khaldun, considered by some to be the father of sociology, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Overview Of Issues In Business Ethics
Business ethics - General business ethics. This part of business ethics overlaps with the philosophy of business, one of the aims of w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - Marx's Critique
Karl Marx regarded land and labour as the source of all wealth, and distinguished between material wealth and human wealth. Human wealth ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attac: Encyclopedia Ii - Attac - Issues And Activities
The main issues covered by ATTAC today are: Control of financial markets (e.g. Tobin tax) "Fair" instead of "free" trade, via democratic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-americanism - Criticisms Of The United States
Some of the most common criticisms of the United States involve: U.S. Foreign Policy - Main article: Opposition to U.S. foreign policy. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regulatory Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Regulatory Economics - Regulation As A Process
Public services can encounter conflict between commercial procedures (e.g. maximising profit), and the interests of the people using thes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regulatory Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Regulatory Economics - Deregulation
Main article: deregulation During the late 1970s and 1980s, regulation was seen as imposing unnecessary 'red tape' and other restrictions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Business Ethics In The Field
Business ethics - Corporate ethics policies. Many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of empl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Theoretical Issues In Business Ethics
Business ethics - Conflicting interests. Business ethics can be examined from various perspectives, including the perspective of the em...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cairo Anti-war Conference: Encyclopedia Ii - Cairo Anti-war Conference - Second Conference
Held 13th and 14th December, 2003, at the Egyptian Journalists' Union headquarters. This had 800 attendees. Conference final declaration ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Related Disciplines
Business ethics should be distinguished from the philosophy of business, the branch of philosophy that deals with the philosophical, poli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cairo Anti-war Conference: Encyclopedia Ii - Cairo Anti-war Conference - Third Conference
24-27 March 2005. Political groups, independent activists, and organisations in Egypt were invited to take part in the conference and als...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-americanism - Modern Political Origins And Public Opinion
As European immigration to the United States continued and the country's economic potential became more obvious, anti-American stances gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Biodiversity: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Biodiversity - Human Dependency
Agricultural biodiversity is not only the result of human activity but human life is dependent on it not just for the immediate provision...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Business Ethics - Religious Views On Business Ethics
Many faiths have extensive literature and legal code on the accumulation and use of wealth; and many businesses rely on these ethical gui...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cairo Anti-war Conference: Encyclopedia Ii - Cairo Anti-war Conference - Criticism
The confernece has been critised by some right-wing groups who are generally hostile to the anti-war movment. For example, Marc Schulman ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Is It An Equilibrium Theory?
Some authors have interpreted Marx's law of value as a theory of market equilibrium. However, Marx offered no theory of market equilibriu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - Ecological Critique
The ecological critique focuses on mindless "production for production's sake", attacking both the neoclassical notion and the Marxist co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - Material Product Accounts In Soviet-type Societies
In the USSR and later other socialist countries in Eastern Europe, China and Cuba, a system of social accounts was created based around t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - Productive Labour As Misfortune?
In the first volume of Das Kapital, Marx suggests that productive labour may be a misfortune: "That labourer alone is productive, who pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - National Accounts
In national accounts and social accounting theory the concepts of productive and unproductive labour do survive to some extent. The first...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - A Quote From Adam Smith
In Book 2, Chapter 3 of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote: "There is one sort of labour which adds to the value of the subject upon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - Neoclassical Economics
In neoclassical economics, the distinction between productive and unproductive labour was however rejected as being largely arbitrary and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - New Mysteries Of Wealth Creation And The Modern Mercantilism
Four important overall results of neo-liberal economic reforms since 1980 and of globalisation have been a strong increase in the volume...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Public Good: Encyclopedia Ii - Public Good - Examples Of Public Goods
Common examples of public goods include: defense and law enforcement (including the system of property rights), public fireworks, lightho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saif Saaeed Shaheen: Encyclopedia Ii - Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Background
Said Saaeef Shaheen was born and raised in Kenya, showing athletic ability from a young age. He initially made his mark on the internatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saif Saaeed Shaheen: Encyclopedia Ii - Saif Saaeed Shaheen - Repercussions
Shaheen himself felt the repercussions of the defection as he was barred from competing in the 2004 Olympic Games. The IOC rule that athl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Public Good: Encyclopedia Ii - Public Good - Criticism Of Public Goods Theory
Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory. Many of the goods that are provided on the market without state involve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Public Good: Encyclopedia Ii - Public Good - The Free Rider Problem
Public goods provide a very important example of market failure, in which market-like behavior of individual gain-seeking does not produc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Public Good: Encyclopedia Ii - Public Good - Subtypes Of Public Goods
One of the most common ways of looking at goods in economics, illustrated in the table below, is the classic division based on: whether ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - Classical Political Economy
The classical political economists, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo raised the economic question of which kinds of labour contribute...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Liberalism - Contemporary Liberalism
Liberalism - A general overview of political positions. The word liberalism is today used differently in various countries. (See Libera...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Factors Counteracting The Law Of Value
The main factors counteracting the operation of the law of value, as a law of economic exchange, are: structural unequal exchange - alte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Law Of Value In Capitalism
Marx argues that as economic exchange develops and markets expand, the law of value is modified in its operation. Thus, capitalism is a t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Economic Value As Such
Economic value exists necessarily, according to Marx, because human beings as social and moral beings must co-operatively produce their m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Architectural History: Encyclopedia Ii - Architectural History - Modern Architecture And Beyond
The instrumentalisation of Architecture as paraded by "form follows function" after "wiping the slate clean". Arts and Crafts Movement A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Felipe González: Encyclopedia Ii - Felipe González - Career
González was born in Seville. When he became a student at the University of Seville he was a Christian Democrat and was active in 2 Roma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Felipe González: Encyclopedia Ii - Felipe González - After The Presidency
Since September 1996 he heads the Madrid-based Global Progress Foundation (FPG). At the beginning of the XXXIV PSOE National Congress on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Smith's Hidden Hand
Neo-classical economics is based on the assumption that, left to themselves, markets will balance supply and demand spontaneously. If equ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Modification Of The Law Of Value In The World Market
Marx believed that the operation of the law of value was not only modified by the capitalist mode of production, but also in the world ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Steve Keen And The Machine
In an important new book, Debunking Economics, Steve Keen tries to pull the rug from under Marx's theory with a stunningly simple argumen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Liberalism - The Nature And Origins Of Liberalism
Liberalism - Etymology and historical usage. The word "liberal" derives from the Latin liber ("free"), from which the term "liberty" al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - Post-modern Thinking About The Topic
It has become increasingly clear to intellligent economists that there is not one principle that can explain resource allocation in any r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - The Law Of Value In Non-capitalist Societies
There has been a long and drawn-out debate among Marxists about whether the law of value also operates in non-capitalist societies where ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Value: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Value - A Comment By Marx On The Law Of Value
In his letter to Kugelmann of July 11, 1868, Karl Marx commented gruffly: "As for the Centralblatt, the man is making the greatest conces...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Terminology
The appropriate use of the term eurosceptic is sometimes disputed by those on both sides of the pro-/anti-EU debate. Eurosceptics who fee...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Triple J: Encyclopedia Ii - Triple J - Station History
Triple J - Foundation and early years. Triple J originally commenced operation in Sydney as 2JJ or Double Jay. It is a legacy of the pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Karl Marx
Increasing specialization may also lead to workers with poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for their work. This viewpoint was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Von Mises And Globalisation
On the other hand, Marx's theories, including the negative claims regarding the division of labour have been criticized by the Austrian e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Adam Smith
In the first sentence of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Sir William Petty
Sir William Petty was the first modern writer to take note of division of labour, showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Plato
In Plato's Republic we are instructed that the origin of the state lies in that "natural" inequality of humanity that is embodied in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Xenophon
Xenophon, writing in the fourth century BC makes a passing reference to division of labour in in his ' Cyropaedia' or Education Of Cyrus]...   » Read the article