Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Von Mises And Globalisation
On the other hand, Marx's theories, including the negative claims regarding the division of labour have been criticized by the Austrian e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Plato
In Plato's Republic we are instructed that the origin of the state lies in that "natural" inequality of humanity that is embodied in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Xenophon
Xenophon, writing in the fourth century BC makes a passing reference to division of labour in in his ' Cyropaedia' or Education Of Cyrus]...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Sir William Petty
Sir William Petty was the first modern writer to take note of division of labour, showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards...   » Read the article

Article - Peace On Earth: Greed Is A Threat To Civilisation
On his release from prison, the great Nelson Mandela said: "Together we live in a global neighbourhood and it is not to the long-...   » Read the article

Article - Peace On Earth: Let Us All Unite For World Peace
In the perspective of Baha'u'llah's teachings, the greatest danger of both the moral crisis and the inequities associated with globali...   » Read the article

Article - Swami Vivekananda: Swami Vivekananda - The Manager Monk  
In an age when 30-something CEOs and VPs no longer surprise us and paradigms are busted each day, holding one's own at the workplace i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Adam Smith
In the first sentence of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Karl Marx
Increasing specialization may also lead to workers with poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for their work. This viewpoint was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Modern Debates
In the modern world, those specialists most preoccupied in their work with theorising about the division of labour are those involved in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Walden Bello: Encyclopedia - Walden Bello
Walden Bello (born 1945) is a left-wing author, academic, and political analyst. He is a professor of sociology and public administration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Working Class: Encyclopedia - Working Class
The working class is a social class often contrasted with middle class and upper class in terms of the nature of work undertaken (manual ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Us 2002 Estimates For The Division Of Labour
Statistics may help to reveal some of the dimensions of the division of labour. This example concerns the USA. First, we can derive the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - The Global Division Of Labour
There exist as yet few comprehensive studies of the global division of labour (an intellectual challenge for researchers), although the I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attac: Encyclopedia Ii - Attac - Organisational History And Background
In December 1997, Ignacio Ramonet wrote in Le Monde diplomatique an editorial in which he advocated the establishment of the Tobin tax an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweatshop: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweatshop - Anti-sweatshop Movement
Concern over the appauling conditions of workers was exposed by the muckrakers during the late 19th/early 20th centuries. The Progressive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweatshop: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweatshop - Results
Some companies have bowed to public pressure to reduce their dependence on sweatshop labour and have reduced or ended this practice in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Division Of Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Division Of Labour - Some Useful Sociological References
Stephanie Coontz & Peta Henderson, Women's Work, Men's Property: The Origins of Gender and Class. Ali Rattansi, Marx and the Division...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attac: Encyclopedia Ii - Attac - Issues And Activities
The main issues covered by ATTAC today are: Control of financial markets (e.g. Tobin tax) "Fair" instead of "free" trade, via democratic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agriculture In Thailand: Encyclopedia Ii - Agriculture In Thailand - Agriculture In Transition
As agriculture declined in relative financial importance in terms of income with rising industrialization and Americanization of Thailand...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Copyright Law: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Copyright Law - Analysis: Recurring Themes In The History Of Copyright
The history of copyright has several key themes: responses to innovations in media technologies, expansions in the definition, scope and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights: Encyclopedia Ii - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights - Controversy
Since TRIPs came into force it has received a growing level of criticism from developing countries, academics, and NGOs, on the basis tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Copyright Law: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Copyright Law - Chronology
History of copyright law - Prehistory of copyright. Modern copyright has been influenced by an array of older legal rights that have be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Football Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Football Culture - The Game
Football culture - 'Derbies'. Main article: Local derby Derby matches, or matches between two neighbouring rival teams, are fiercely co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Football Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Football Culture - Fans
Football culture - Football chants. Main article: Football chants Football chants are chants generated by the crowd at matches to encou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Football Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Football Culture - Teams And Players
From the beginnings of football clubs and players have contributed greatly to the culture of society. Teams have moved from amateur statu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Football Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Football Culture - Society
In many countries football has ingrained itself into the national culture, and many parts of life revolve around it. Many countries have ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Copyright Law: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Copyright Law - Chronology
History of copyright law - Prehistory of copyright. Modern copyright has been influenced by an array of older legal rights that have b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilateral Agreement On Investment: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilateral Agreement On Investment - Background
International investment has been taking place in various forms and to different degrees for over a century. There have always been rules...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Left-wing Politics: Encyclopedia Ii - Left-wing Politics - History Of The Term
Although it may seem ironic in light of present-day usage, those originally on 'The Left' during the French Revolution were the largely b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Left-wing Politics: Encyclopedia Ii - Left-wing Politics - Left-wing Issues
The left has historically opposed the concentration of wealth and power, especially in an institutionalized form, in the hands of those w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cairo Anti-war Conference: Encyclopedia Ii - Cairo Anti-war Conference - First Conference
Held on the 17th-19th December, 2002, 400 attended, at the Conrad hotel on the banks of the Nile, Speakers included former United Nations...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Left-wing Politics: Encyclopedia Ii - Left-wing Politics - Communism And Left-wing Politics
Despite the important differences from other left-wing ideologies, communism is almost universally considered to be a part of "the left."...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Left-wing Politics: Encyclopedia Ii - Left-wing Politics - The Left And Postmodernism
As Barbara Epstein notes, "Many people, inside and outside the world of postmodernism (and for that matter inside and outside the left), ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Left-wing Politics: Encyclopedia Ii - Left-wing Politics - The Left And War
Historically, various groups on the Left have been either enthusiastic supporters or high-profile opponents of various wars. While anti-w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - Finland - Globalization
Finland's unique relationship with Czarist Russia, the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation, has profoundly impacted Finland's fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - Finland - Globalization
Finland's unique relationship with Czarist Russia, the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation, has profoundly impacted Finland's fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Social Forum: Encyclopedia Ii - World Social Forum - Criticisms
The WSF has been criticised, particularly by socialist and communist left parties, for producing few practical ideas, concentrating inste...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neocolonialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Neocolonialism - Neocolonialism: Origins In Decolonization
The term neocolonialism first saw widespread use, particularly in reference to Africa, soon after the post-WWII process of decolonization...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neocolonialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Neocolonialism - Africa: Neocolonialist Allegations Against The Imf
Those who argue that neocolonialism historically supplanted or supplemented colonialism, point to the fact that Africa today pays more mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Betar: Encyclopedia Ii - Betar - Violence In France
In France, members of the Betar have clashed with pro-Arab supporters. The Betar offices were bombed by the leftist FLNC, a Corsican mili...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Economist: Encyclopedia Ii - The Economist - Opinions
Main article: The Economist editorial stance When the newspaper was founded, the term “economism” denoted what would today be termed ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Betar: Encyclopedia Ii - Betar - Violence In France
In France, members of the Betar have clashed with pro-Arab supporters. The Betar offices were bombed by the leftist FLNC, a Corsican mili...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Working Class: Encyclopedia Ii - Working Class - Definitions
Definitions of social classes reflect a number of sociological perspectives, informed by anthropology, economics, psychology and sociolog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Working Class: Encyclopedia Ii - Working Class - History
In feudal Europe, and other pre-capitalist societies, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, society conceive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Working Class: Encyclopedia Ii - Working Class - Culture And Personal Characteristics
As the working class is divided among nations, and internally divided along very broad lines of rural, blue collar and white collar occup...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweatshop: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweatshop - Ethics
Sweatshop - The free-market defense. Those who defend the practice of moving production to low-wage facilities overseas point to a lowe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweatshop: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweatshop - Anti-sweatshop Movement
Concern over the appauling conditions of workers was exposed by the muckrakers during the late 19th/early 20th centuries. The Progressive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sweatshop: Encyclopedia Ii - Sweatshop - Results
Some companies have bowed to public pressure to reduce their dependence on sweatshop labour and have reduced or ended this practice in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unequal Exchange: Encyclopedia Ii - Unequal Exchange - Basic Definition
The basic principle of unequal exchange can be described simply as "buying cheap and selling dear", in such a way that a commodity or ass...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unequal Exchange: Encyclopedia Ii - Unequal Exchange - Value In Marxian Economics
Karl Marx aimed to go beyond moral discussion, in order to establish what, objectively speaking, real values are, how they are establishe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unequal Exchange: Encyclopedia Ii - Unequal Exchange - Criticisms Of The Concept Of Unequal Exchange
The first criticism of the concept of unequal exchange is that, even although it may be proved to occur, this of itself has no specific m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Productive And Unproductive Labour: Encyclopedia Ii - Productive And Unproductive Labour - New Mysteries Of Wealth Creation And The Modern Mercantilism
Four important overall results of neo-liberal economic reforms since 1980 and of globalisation have been a strong increase in the volume...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stavanger: Encyclopedia Ii - Stavanger - Modern Stavanger
Since petroleum exploration and production became the most important business sector in the Stavanger area during the mid 1970s, business...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Extension College: Encyclopedia Ii - International Extension College - Courses
The IEC provides a high quality of professional training in all aspects of distance learning including one-day workshops, short courses, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Critical Management Studies: Encyclopedia Ii - Critical Management Studies - Controversy And Debate
Main points of debate now centre on the relationship with more orthodox forms of Marxism, the nature and purposes of CMS critique, as wel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Medical Journal: Encyclopedia Ii - British Medical Journal - Impact And Readership
The journal began its journey in 1840 as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal, and quickly attracted the attention of physicians a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tobin Tax: Encyclopedia Ii - Tobin Tax - Original Idea And Antiglobalization Movement
In a interview given to Der Spiegel on 2001 James Tobin distanced himself from the antiglobalization movement. However, he continued to s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mondragón Cooperative Corporation: Encyclopedia Ii - Mondragón Cooperative Corporation - Current Developments
In the 1980s, the various companies responded to pressures of globalisation by joining together as the Mondragón Cooperative Corporation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crass: Encyclopedia Ii - Crass - Direct Action 'thatchergate' And Internal Debates
From their earliest days of spraying stencilled graffiti around the London Underground network [4], the band had always been involved in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - K. R. Narayanan: Encyclopedia Ii - K. R. Narayanan - Subsequent Life
After his retirement as President, K. R. Narayanan, along his wife Usha, lived his remaining years in a modest bungalow (34, Prithviraj R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Political Scientists: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Political Scientists - Notable Political Scientists
List of political scientists - A. Chris Achen - Political methodologist at Princeton University John Aldrich - Political parties exper...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Socialism In Great Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Socialism In Great Britain - The 21st Century
The international anti-globalisation movement, while difficult to define, has become a focus for other socialists in the 21st century, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia - Liberalism
Liberalism is an ideology, or current of political thought, which strives to maximize liberty. [1] Liberalism seeks a society characteriz...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factory: Encyclopedia - Factory
A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is a large industrial building where workers manufacture goods. Most modern fac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-americanism - History
Strong feeling against the United States (and at times the North American continent) has persisted since the country's original settlemen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Architectural History: Encyclopedia Ii - Architectural History - Western Architecture — Classical To Eclecticism
Architectural history - Classical architecture. Main article: Classical architecture The architecture and urbanism of the Greeks and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociocultural Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociocultural Evolution - Classical Social Evolutionism
Sociocultural evolution - Development. The 14th century Islamic scholar Ibn Khaldun, considered by some to be the father of sociology, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism In The United Kingdom
The debate around euroscepticism has been a major political issue in the United Kingdom since the inception of the European Union (then t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Surname: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Surname - Origin Of Surnames
Prior to the Warring States Period (5th century BCE), only the royal family and the aristocratic elite could generally take surnames. His...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe - Alde In Pace Parliamentary Assembly Of The Council Of Europe
The rapid expansion of the Council of Europe has brought new responsibilities for the political groups. Between 1990 and 1995 alone, the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factory: Encyclopedia Ii - Factory - History Of The Factory
The Venice Arsenal provides the first example of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, Italy, several hun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Liberalism - Development Of Liberal Thought
Liberalism - Origins of liberal thought. The focus on "liberty" as an essential right of people within the polity has been repeatedly a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociocultural Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociocultural Evolution - Modern Theories
When the critique of classical social evolutionism became widely accepted, modern anthropological and sociological approaches changed to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociocultural Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociocultural Evolution - Overview
Virtually all anthropologists and sociologists assume that human beings have natural social tendencies and that particular human social b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Surname: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Surname - The Sociological Use Of Surnames
Throughout most of Chinese history, surnames have served sociological functions. Because of their association with the aristocratic elite...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Surname: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Surname - Surnames At Present
Of the thousands of surnames which have been identified from historical texts prior to the Han Dynasty, most have either been lost or sim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Surname: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Surname - Usage
In writing Chinese names, Chinese family names are placed before the given name, e.g. Cheung Kwok Wing. Hence the Western concept of firs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sociocultural Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Sociocultural Evolution - Contemporary Moral And Political Debates Over Sociocultural Evolution
The Cold War period was marked by rivalry between two superpowers, both of which considered themselves to be the most highly evolved cult...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism In Denmark
Most of the Danish population is relatively enthusiastic about European initiatives of an economic nature, such as a free trade zone, but...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism In Central And Eastern Europe
One common argument raised by eurosceptics in the new EU member states from Central Europe is that the European Union's bureaucracy and p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Liberalism - The Nature And Origins Of Liberalism: An Overview
Liberalism - Etymology and historical usage. The word "liberal" derives from the Latin liber ("free"). Livy's History of Rome from Its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Euroscepticism In France
Euroscepticism - 1970s. In 1978, Jacques Chirac, a rival of then president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, published the Call of Cochin in w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic Influences On European Politics
Euroscepticism is generally stronger in Northern European countries, including member-states UK, Sweden, and Denmark, all of which have, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euroscepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Euroscepticism - Eurosceptic Issues
The issues on which eurosceptics focus vary from country to country. In European countries outside the EU, eurosceptics focus attention o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chinese Surname: Encyclopedia Ii - Chinese Surname - Distribution Of Surnames
Surnames are not evenly distributed throughout China's geography. In northern China, Wang (王) is the most popular surname, being shared...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Liberalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Liberalism - Contemporary Liberalism
Liberalism - A general overview of political positions. The word liberalism is today used differently in various countries. (See Libera...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe - European Liberal Democrat And Reform Eldr Party
The European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) party brings together political parties with common liberal, democratic and reform ideals...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe: Encyclopedia Ii - Alliance Of Liberals And Democrats For Europe - Foundation
The meeting of the Parliamentary Group of the liberal democrat European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party which took place in Brussels on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights: Encyclopedia Ii - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights - Panel Reports
According to WTO 10th Anniversary, Highlights of the first decade, Annual Report 2005 page 142 [5], in the first ten years, 25 complaints...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights: Encyclopedia Ii - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights - Post-trips Expansionism
Although the requirements of TRIPs are, from a policy perspective, extremely stringent, the lobby groups working to expand various IP law...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights: Encyclopedia Ii - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights - The Requirements Of Trips
TRIPs requires member states to provide strong protection for intellectual property rights. For example, under TRIPs: Copyright terms mu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factory: Encyclopedia Ii - Factory - Siting The Factory
Before the advent of mass transportation, factories' needs for ever-greater concentrations of workers meant that they typically grew up i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-americanism - Use Of The Term Anti-americanism
Perceptions of anti-Americanism are widespread, yet hard to define and isolate. The term itself does not imply a critical attitude based ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Factory: Encyclopedia Ii - Factory - Word Usage
Before becoming associated with large-scale manufacturing, the term factory might refer to: a foreign-based trading station. Proto-colon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Architectural History: Encyclopedia Ii - Architectural History - Modern Architecture And Beyond
The instrumentalisation of Architecture as paraded by "form follows function" after "wiping the slate clean". Arts and Crafts Movement A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Architectural History: Encyclopedia Ii - Architectural History - Historic Architecture Dated Events
For the key architectural event(s) of any year in history, just search under ### in architecture, where ### is a year, as 23 BC in archit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-americanism - Criticisms Of The United States
Whilst the criticisms listed below can be held within a general anti-American stance, it should be noted that most do not by themselves i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-americanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-americanism - Modern Political Origins And Public Opinion
As European immigration to the United States continued and the country's economic potential became more obvious, anti-Americanism grew a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights: Encyclopedia Ii - Agreement On Trade-related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights - Background And History
TRIPs was added to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) treaty at the end of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations in 1994...   » Read the article