Ghazna

Syed Abul Hassan Bin Usman Bin Ali Al-Hajweri (sometimes spelled Hujwiri), also known as Shaikh Ali Hajweri, Data Ganj Bakhsh, or Data Sahib, was a scholar of Islam and a Sufi saint, and writer of the 11th century. He was born in Ghazna and died in Lahore in 1073CE. His most famous work is Kashf al Mahjub ("Unveiling the Veiled"), which was the first Persian language treatise on Sufism. His mausoleum, popularl ...

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Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur of Kabul, a descendant of the Mongol conqueror Timur made several incursions into India before finally overthrowing Sultan Ibrahim Lodi with his 12,000-man army, including the Gakhars, equipped with Cannon against Ibrahim Lodis 100,000 soldiers and 100 elephants at the First battle of Panipat, April 21, 1526. In 1519 during one of these incursions Bahur decided to make a surprise attack on the Gakhar stronghold of Pharwala Fort near Rawalpindi. Pharwala Fort covers about 175 acres and is si ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar

The ancient nation of Iran was historically known to the West as Persia until March 21, 1935. The name was used in the West due to the ancient Greek name for Iran, Persis. Persia is used to describe the nation of Iran, its people, or its ancient empire. The Persians call their country Iran / Iranshahr since Sassanian period. The name Persia comes from a region in the south of Iran, called Fars or Pars in the Persian language. Persis is the Hellenized form of Pars, based on which other European nation ...

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History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

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Coban attempted to neutralize the influence of the viziers. In 1318, he convinced the discredited former vizier Rashid al-Din to return to the Ilkhanid court. Rashid, who had many enemies, was accused of poisoning Öljeitü soon after he returned. Coban promptly turned on him, and Rashad was put to death in July of that year. In 1319, armies under the command of the khan of the Blue Horde, Öz-Beg, invaded the Ilkhanate. Abu Sa'id led a campaign to stop the invasion. Coban was on his way to assist Amir Husain (the father of the founde ...

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Coban Chobanids, Coban Chobanids - Rise to Power, Coban Chobanids - Height and Fall Under Abu Sa'id, Coban Chobanids - Coban's Children

Read more here: » Coban Chobanids: Encyclopedia II - Coban Chobanids - Height and Fall Under Abu Sa'id

Man Asleep While mankind remains mere baggage in the world It will be swept along, as in a boat, asleep. What can they see in sleep? What real merit or punishment can there be? ...

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Sanai, Sanai - Sanai poem samples, Sanai - References used

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The Ghaznavid Empire ended in 1149 with the capture of Ghazna or Ghazni by Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori. Ghaznavid power in northern India continued until the conquest of Lahore in 1187. According to Ansari in "The Encylopedia of Islam"; "In 1204-5 they (Gakhars) rose up against the rule of Muhammad Ghori, who took strong measures against them and quelled the rebellion with an iron hand. After this crushing defeat they were so demoralised that their chief simply because a Muslim capitive had initiated him into the tenents of Islam, will ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars

The Shahi dynasty were descendants of the Indo-Sassanians and Indo-Hephthalites and ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northwestern India. The Hindu Shahi replaced the Turk Shahi from the mid-ninth century to the early eleventh century but was destroyed by Sabuktigin, founder of the Ghaznavid Empire, and his son Mahmud of Ghazni. According to Ferishta; 'Mahmud of Ghazni having thus settled his affairs in India, returned, in the autumn, to Ghazni; where he remained during the winter. In the spring of the year ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars

The Gakhar clans apical ancestor is Kaid of Isfahan, who was a son of Bahram V of Persia (also called "Bahram Gur"). In the Sassanid era, Isfahan was governed by "Espoohrans" or the members of seven noble Iranian families who had important royal positions. According to the Gakhar legends, these families went into exile, under the leadership of Feroozshah, in China, serving as an Imperial Guard to the emperor, then Tibet then Kashmir then Kabul wher ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars

Amir Coban was first mentioned as a supporter of Gaykhatu during the latter's successful campaign for the Ilkhanid throne. During Ghazan's march to the throne in 1295, Coban met with him near the Ustunavand castle. Coban served under Ghazan, participating in the campaign against the rebel Nauruz. He acted as a senior commander during Ghazan's three campaigns against Syria, then under the rule of the Mamelukes. During one of these campaigns, Coban's army, under the command of Ghazan's chief military officer Qutlugh Shah, was defeated by the M ...

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Coban Chobanids, Coban Chobanids - Rise to Power, Coban Chobanids - Height and Fall Under Abu Sa'id, Coban Chobanids - Coban's Children

Read more here: » Coban Chobanids: Encyclopedia II - Coban Chobanids - Rise to Power

But worse was to come; The Mongol conqueror, Timur (1370–1405), ruler of the Timurid Empire in Central Asia. Known for his daring military adventures, audacious campaigns and aggressive expansions, Timur was also responsible for bloodthirsty massacres of civilians and the plundering of whole nations. In 1398, when Timur was more than sixty years of age, Ferishta tells us that, "informed of the commotions and civil wars of India," he "began his expedition into that country," and on the September ...

See also:

Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar

Sultan Adam was imprisoned at Pharwala Fort by his nephew Kamal Khan, one of Sultan Sarang's sons. Adam died in captivity. Kamal Khan also hanged Adam's son Lashkar Khan who had been found guilty of an illicit love affair with the wife of Kamal Khans brother. Abul Fazl in his Akbarnama gives a different version omitting all reference to the love-affair and asserting that on a petition from Kamal Khan, Akbar ordered the division of the Gakhar territory between him and his uncle Adam; this resulted in a pitched battle in which Adam was utterly ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars

Four years later he was treacherously captured and put to death by a rival chief, Himmat Khan. The Sikhs annexed the entire Gakhar territory to the Sikh kingdom of Punjab. Mukarrab Khan's two elder sons were, however, allowed to retain Pharwala Fort; this too was confiscated in 1818 by the Sikh governor of the area. Chafing under successive insults and acts of expropriation, the Gakhars revolted in 1835 but were crushed by the Sikhs who put their chiefains - Shadman Khan and Muddu Khan - along with their families in c ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests

During the reign of Humayun, Sultan Sarang Khan gained much prominence. He became so powerful that he struck his own money, included his name in the khutba and refused to recognise Sher Shah Suri, on the defeat and exile of Humayun in 1540, as the new sovereign of India. Sher Shah Suri sent emissaries to the Gakhar Sultan Sarang Khan to demand his submission and his presence at Sher Shah Suris court. He famously replied that were a warlike people and sent Sher Shah Suri, a sheaf or arrows and a pair of tiger cubs to remind him of the fact. H ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan

At Timur’s death in 1405 AD. Jasrat Gakhar regained his freedom, returned to the Punjab and reestablished the Gakhar state. Meanwhile Timur's governor Khizr Khan seized the Delhi Sutanate for himself. Khizr Khan’s son, Mubarak Shah, spent much of his reign trying to defend Delhi against the Gakhar ruler Jasrat who was growing stronger. Around AD 1420. Jasrat defeated the army of Kashmir and participated in the selection of the new Kashmir ruler, the great Zain-ul-ab-ad-din (see History of Kashmir). The Gakhars w ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar

Supported by Mujaheddin-e-Khalq, militant Iranian students seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979 and held it until January 20, 1981 (see Iran hostage crisis). The Carter administration severed diplomatic relations and imposed economic sanctions on April 7, 1980 and later that month attempted a rescue. A commando mission was aborted on April 25 after mechanical problems grounded rescue helicopters and eight American troops were killed in a mid-air collision. On May 24 the International Court of Justice called for the hostages' release. Finally Ronald Reagan ended the crisis on the day of his ...

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History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

Read more here: » History of Iran: Encyclopedia II - History of Iran - The Islamic Republic

The Gakhars were in a state of constant war with the successors of Muhammad Ghori the Delhi Sultanate. According to Ferishta; 'Meanwhile news had arrived that the Mongols of Genghis Khan had invaded Lahore, on Monday the 16th of Jumad-ool-Akhir, in the year AH 639 (November 22, AD 1241); that Mullik Kurragooz, the Viceroy, finding his troops mutinous, had been obliged to fly in the night, and was on his way to Delhi, and that Lahore was plundere ...

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Gakhars, Gakhars - Earliest history of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars

Arnaud de Borchgrave wrote: Several U.S. administrations, beginning in 1953 with a CIA-engineered coup to oust Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh and bring back Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from a brief exile in Rome, to the U.S. betrayal of the shah in 1978, interfered directly in the country's internal affairs. [2] Initially there were hopes that post-occupation Iran could become a constitutional monarchy. The new, young Shah Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi initially took a very hands-off role in government, and allowed ...

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History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

Read more here: » History of Iran: Encyclopedia II - History of Iran - United States and the Shah

But worse was to come; The Mongol conqueror, Timur (1370–1405), ruler of the Timurid Empire in Central Asia. Known for his daring military adventures, audacious campaigns and aggressive expansions, Timur was also responsible for bloodthirsty massacres of civilians and the plundering of whole nations. In 1398, when Timur was more than sixty years of age, Ferishta tells us that, "informed of the commotions and civil wars of India," he "began his expedition into that country," and on the September ...

See also:

Gakhars, Gakhars - Introduction, Gakhars - Earliest History of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar

Sultan Adam was imprisoned at Pharwala Fort by his nephew Kamal Khan, one of Sultan Sarang's sons. Adam died in captivity. Kamal Khan also hanged Adam's son Lashkar Khan who had been found guilty of an illicit love affair with the wife of Kamal Khans brother. Abul Fazl in his Akbarnama gives a different version omitting all reference to the love-affair and asserting that on a petition from Kamal Khan, Akbar ordered the division of the Gakhar territory between him and his uncle Adam; this resulted in a pitched battle in which Adam was utterly ...

See also:

Gakhars, Gakhars - Introduction, Gakhars - Earliest History of the Gakhars, Gakhars - Mahmud of Ghazni and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Muhammad of Ghor and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Early Delhi Sultanate and the Gakhars, Gakhars - Timur and Sheikha Gakhar, Gakhars - The Later Delhi Sutanate and Jasrat Gakhar, Gakhars - The Emperor Babur and Hati Gakhar, Gakhars - Sher Shah Suri and Sultan Sarang Khan, Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars, Gakhars - The Sikh and British Conquests, Gakhars - Today, Gakhars - Reference

Read more here: » Gakhars: Encyclopedia II - Gakhars - The Later Mughals and the Gakhars

During World War I the country was occupied by British and Russian forces but was essentially neutral. In 1919, Britain attempted to establish a protectorate in Iran, aided by the Soviet Union's withdrawal in 1921. In that year a military coup established Reza Khan, a Persian officer of the Persian Cossack Brigade, as dictator and then hereditary Shah of the new Pahlavi dynasty (1925). Reza Shah Pahlavi ruled for almost 16 years, at the beginning mostly secretly aided by the British, installed the new Pahlavi dynasty, thwarted the British attempt at cont ...

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History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

Read more here: » History of Iran: Encyclopedia II - History of Iran - World Wars