Gezira

Alodia or Alwa was the southernmost of the three kingdoms of Christian Nubia; the other two were Nobatia and Makuria to the north. Alodia was converted to Christianity in the 6th century by missionaries sent by Byzantine Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora. Monophysite Christianity flourished in Alodia, moreso than other Christian sects. Alodia was centered south of the great bend in the Nile river and south into the Gezira with its capital at Soba. Most of what is known about Christian Nubia comes from either contemporary ...

Including:

• Alodia - Notes

Read more here: » Alodia: Encyclopedia - Alodia

Two groups claimed responsibility in the early evening hours, local time: the Mujahedeen of Egypt and the Abdullah Azzam Brigades. In its statement, the latter group said the attacks were in retaliation for the government's clampdown on dissidents in the wake of the Sinai Peninsula bombings of October 2004. In the early hours of Sunday, 1 May, security forces arrested some 225 individuals for questioning, mostly from the dead three's home villages and from the area where they lived in Shubra. Particularly keenly sought was Muhammad Ya ...

See also:

April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - First incident: Khan al Khalili, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Second incident: The Sixth of October Bridge, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Third incident: The Citadel, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Aftermath

Read more here: » April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo: Encyclopedia II - April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Aftermath

Osama bin Laden - Afghan Jihad. His wealth and connections permitted him to pursue his interest in supporting the mujahideen, Muslim guerrillas fighting the Soviet Union in Afghanistan following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. (See: the History of Afghanistan.) By 1984 he had established an organization named Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK) (Office of Order in English), which funneled money, ...

See also:

Osama bin Laden, Osama bin Laden - Background, Osama bin Laden - Family and childhood, Osama bin Laden - Turn towards extremism, Osama bin Laden - Appearance and manner, Osama bin Laden - Names, Osama bin Laden - Military and terrorist activity, Osama bin Laden - Afghan Jihad, Osama bin Laden - Formation of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden - Refuge in Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden - Attacks on United States targets, Osama bin Laden - September 11, Osama bin Laden - Whereabouts

Read more here: » Osama bin Laden: Encyclopedia II - Osama bin Laden - Military and terrorist activity

Main article: History of Sudan Three ancient Kushite kingdoms existed consecutively in northern Sudan. This region was also known as the Nubian Kingdom and these civilizations flourished mainly along the Nile River from the first to the sixth cataracts. The kingdoms were influenced by, and in turn influenced Pharaonic Egypt. The borders of the ancient Egyptian and Sudanese kingdoms fluctuated greatly and what is now the upper third of present day Northern Sudan was during ancient times in ...

See also:

Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Sudan - History

Main article: History of Sudan Three Kushite and Meroetic kingdoms called northern Sudan their home in ancient times, this region was also known as the Nubian Kingdom and these civilizations flourished mainly along the Nile River from the first to the sixth cataracts. These kingdoms were influenced by, and in turn influenced Pharaonic Egypt. In fact, the borders of the ancient Egyptian and Sudanese kingdoms fluctuated greatly and what is now the upper third of present day Northern Sudan was during ancient times in ...

See also:

Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Sudan - History

Approximately two hours later the same day, two veiled females armed with guns opened fire on a tourist bus in the neighbourhood known as Islamic Cairo, not far from the Citadel. After firing on the coach, one of the women shot the other dead before turning her gun on herself. Three bystanders were reportedly injured. Police sources later revealed that the women were Negat Yassin, Ehab Yousri Yassin's sister, and Iman Ibrahim Khamis, his wife (described as his fiancée in some early reports). This was the first attack in modern Egypti ...

See also:

April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - First incident: Khan al Khalili, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Second incident: The Sixth of October Bridge, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Third incident: The Citadel, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Aftermath

Read more here: » April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo: Encyclopedia II - April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Third incident: The Citadel

Osama bin Laden - Family and childhood. Osama bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to Muhammad Awad bin Ladin, a wealthy businessman involved in construction and with close ties to the Saudi royal family. There is no definitive account of the number of children born to Muhammed bin Laden, but the number is generally put at 55. In addition, various accounts place Osama as his seventeenth son, while others say he was the last of 25 sons. His family originally came from Hadhramaut, Yem ...

See also:

Osama bin Laden, Osama bin Laden - Background, Osama bin Laden - Family and childhood, Osama bin Laden - Turn towards extremism, Osama bin Laden - Appearance and manner, Osama bin Laden - Names, Osama bin Laden - Military and terrorist activity, Osama bin Laden - Afghan Jihad, Osama bin Laden - Formation of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden - Refuge in Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden - Attacks on United States targets, Osama bin Laden - September 11, Osama bin Laden - Whereabouts

Read more here: » Osama bin Laden: Encyclopedia II - Osama bin Laden - Background

The first of a number of attacks on Saturday, 30 April took place at 15h15 local time (12h15 GMT) in a city bus station located in a 300-metre-wide concourse between the Ramses Hilton Hotel and the Egyptian Museum near Cairo's main traffic intersection. Ehab Yousri Yassin, an Egyptian man suspected of involvement in the 7 April attack was being pursued along the Sixth of October Bridge, a flyover leading into centre of Cairo from the River Nile island of Gezira. He apparently leapt from the bridge down into the bus station below, with ...

See also:

April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - First incident: Khan al Khalili, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Second incident: The Sixth of October Bridge, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Third incident: The Citadel, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Aftermath

Read more here: » April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo: Encyclopedia II - April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Second incident: The Sixth of October Bridge

After the September 11 attacks, the United States demanded the Taliban authorities, who were not recognized as the legitimate government of Afghanistan by the United Nations or indeed most nations in the world, to deliver bin Laden to face trial for his crimes. The Taliban refused to surrender their "guest" and made a counter-offer to try bin Laden in an Islamic court or extradite him to a third-party country. As the aggrieved nation in the September 11, 2001 attack, this was unacceptable to the U.S. government. The following U.S. invasion of Afghanistan resulted in the death or arrest of many members of both Al Qaeda and t ...

See also:

Osama bin Laden, Osama bin Laden - Background, Osama bin Laden - Family and childhood, Osama bin Laden - Turn towards extremism, Osama bin Laden - Appearance and manner, Osama bin Laden - Names, Osama bin Laden - Military and terrorist activity, Osama bin Laden - Afghan Jihad, Osama bin Laden - Formation of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden - Refuge in Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden - Attacks on United States targets, Osama bin Laden - September 11, Osama bin Laden - Whereabouts

Read more here: » Osama bin Laden: Encyclopedia II - Osama bin Laden - Whereabouts

Main article: Demographics of Sudan, Social order of Sudan In Sudan’s 1993 census, the population was calculated at 26 million. No comprehensive census has been carried out since that time due to the continuation of the civil war. Current estimates from the Central Intelligence Agency factbook as of 2004 estimate the population to be about 39 million. The population of metropolitan Khartoum (including Khartoum, Omdurman, and Khartoum North) is growing rapidly and ranges from 6-7 million, including around 2 million displaced persons from the southern war zone as well as weste ...

See also:

Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Sudan - Demographics

Main article: Foreign relations of Sudan Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbors and much of the international community due to what is viewed as its aggressively Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia formed an ad-hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" with support from the United States to check the influence of the National Islamic Front government. During this period, Sudan supported anti-Uganda rebel groups such as the Lord's Resistance Army in retaliation for Uganda ...

See also:

Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Sudan - Foreign relations

Sudan has an authoritarian government in which all effective political power is in the hands of President Omar Hassan al-Bashir. Bashir and his party have controlled the government since he led the military coup on 30 June 1989. From 1983 to 1997, the country was divided into five regions in the north and three in the south, each headed by a military governor. After the April 6, 1985 military coup, regional assemblies were suspended. The RCC was abolished in 1996, and the ruling National Islamic Front changed its name to the National ...

See also:

Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Sudan - Politics

Main article: States of Sudan Sudan has 26 states or wilayat: Al Jazirah, Al Qadarif, Bahr al Jabal, Blue Nile, East Equatoria, Junqali, Kassala, Khartoum, Lakes, North Bahr al Ghazal, North Darfur, North Kurdufan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kurdufan, Unity, Upper Nile, Warab, West Bahr al Ghazal, West Darfur, West Equatoria, West Kurdufan, and White Nile. Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts. Southern Sudan is an autonomous region intermediate between the sta ...

See also:

Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Sudan - States

Main article: Geography of Sudan Sudan is situated in Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea. It is dominated by the River Nile and its tributaries. With an area of 2,505,810 km², it is the largest country in the continent. The terrain is generally flat plains, though there are mountains in the east and west. The climate is tropical in the south; arid desert conditions in the north, with a rainy season from April to October. Soil erosion and desertification are environmental hazards.

See also:

Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Sudan - Geography

Main article: Economy of Sudan Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces formidable economic problems, starting from its low level of per capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped su ...

See also:

Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Sudan - Economy

On Thursday, 7 April, a suicide bomber set off his explosive device on Sharia al-Moski, near the Khan al Khalili bazaar – a street market popular with tourists and locals alike – and the al Hussein Mosque. Three foreign tourists (two from France and one from the United States) were killed, and 11 Egyptians and seven other overseas visitors were injured. Egyptian police identified the perpetrator as Muhammad Sobhi Ali Jidan, origi ...

See also:

April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - First incident: Khan al Khalili, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Second incident: The Sixth of October Bridge, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Third incident: The Citadel, April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Aftermath

Read more here: » April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo: Encyclopedia II - April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - First incident: Khan al Khalili