Encyclopedia - Gersonides: Encyclopedia - Gersonides
Levi ben Gershon ("Levi son of Gerson"), better known as Gersonides or the Ralbag (1288-1344), was a famous rabbi, philosopher, mathemati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gersonides: Encyclopedia Ii - Gersonides - Works
Gersonides - Philosophical and religious works. Part of his writings consist of commentaries on the portions of Aristotle then known, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gersonides: Encyclopedia Ii - Gersonides - Works
Gersonides - Philosophical and religious works. Part of his writings consist of commentaries on the portions of Aristotle then known, o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - The Rise Of Aristotelian Thought
Judah ha-Levi could not bar the progress of Aristotelianism among the Arabic-writing Jews. As among the Arabs, Ibn Sina and Ibn Roshd lea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Or Hashem: Encyclopedia Ii - Or Hashem - Purpose Of The Work
In the early medieval era there had been a tendency for some Jewish religious rationalists to reinterpret classical Jewish theology in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of Jewish History: Encyclopedia - Timeline Of Jewish History
This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy
Jewish philosophy is not a universally agreed-upon term, but it does exist as a field of scholarship. It is therefore a subject that requ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia - Judaism
Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Philosophy: Encyclopedia - Islamic Philosophy
Islamic philosophy (الفلسفة الإسلامية)is a part of the Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism: Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism is the stream of Judaism which adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics firs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature
Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaism's rabbinic writing/s throughout history. However, the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miracle: Encyclopedia - Miracle
According to many religions, a miracle, derived from the old Latin word miraculum meaning 'something wonderful', is a striking interposit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islam And Judaism: Encyclopedia - Islam And Judaism
The historical interaction of Islam and Judaism began in the 7th century with the spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. Because both ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angel: Encyclopedia - Angel
An angel is an ethereal being found in many religions, whose duties are to assist and serve God or the gods. Angel - Etymology. The Engl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Will: Encyclopedia - Free Will
Free will is the philosophical doctrine that holds that our choices are ultimately up to ourselves. The phrase "up to ourselves" is vague...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Holocaust Theology: Encyclopedia - Holocaust Theology
Holocaust theology refers to a body of theological and philosophical debate, soul-searching, and analysis, with the subsequent related li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1280s: Encyclopedia - 1280s
1240s 1250s 1260s - 1270s - 1280s 1290s 1300s 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 The 1280s is the decade starting January ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1288: Encyclopedia - 1288
For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. 1288 - Events. June 5 - John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1344: Encyclopedia - 1344
1344 - Events. English king Edward III introduces three new gold coins, the florin. leopard, and helm. Unfortunately the amount of gol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbinic Literature - Later Works By Historical Period
Rabbinic literature - Works of the Geonim. The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha, in Babylon (650 - 1250) : She'iltoth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Isaac Abrabanel: Encyclopedia Ii - Isaac Abrabanel - Works
His works may be divided into three classes, referring to: exegesis, such as his commentary upon the entire Bible with the exception of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of Jewish History: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of Jewish History - Post Biblical-history
Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE. 200 BCE–100 CE Throughout this era the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) is gradually canonized. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Jewish Prayer And Practice
Judaism - Prayers. Main article: Jewish services There are three main daily prayer services, named Shacharit, Mincha (literally: "flo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Modern Jewish Philosophy
One of the major trends in modern Jewish philosophy was the attempt to develop a theory of Judaism through existentialism. One of the pri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Jewish Denominations
Over the past two centuries the Jewish community has divided into a number of Jewish denominations; each has a different understanding of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miracle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miracle - Miracles As Viewed By Different Religions
Different religious traditions and doctrines are divided on their views of miracles. Some religions view miracles as the provenence of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Philosophy - The Classical Period
Independent minds exploiting the methods of ijtihad sought to investigate the doctrines of the Qur'an, which until then had been accepted...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angel: Encyclopedia Ii - Angel - Angels In The Tanakh
The Biblical name for angel, מלאך ('malakh"), obtained the further signification of "angel" only through the addition of God's name, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Orthodox Judaism - Subgroups
Orthodox Judaism's central belief is that the Torah, including both the Written Law and the Oral Law, was given directly from God to Mose...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islam And Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam And Judaism - Interplay Between Jewish And Islamic Thought
There was a great deal of intellectual cultural diffusion between Muslim and Jewish rationalist philosophers of the medieval era. See als...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1280s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1280s - War And Politics
1280s - Europe. 1282 - March - Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle; his brot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Will: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Will - In Theology
The theological doctrine of divine foreknowledge is often alleged to be in conflict with free will. After all, if God knows exactly what ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Modern Jewish Philosophy
One of the major trends in modern Jewish philosophy was the attempt to develop a theory of Judaism through existentialism. One of the pri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Modern Jewish Philosophers
The following philosophers have had a substantial impact on the philosophy of modern day Jews who identify as such. They are writers who ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1280s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1280s - Culture
1280s - Natural events. 1280 - The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins (approximate date). 1282 - The most recent eruption of Larder...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1280s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1280s - War And Politics
1280s - Europe. 1282 - March - Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle; his brot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Position In The History Of Thought
The scholastics preserved the continuity of philosophical thought. Without the activity of these Arabic-Jewish philosophers, the culture ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Avicebron, Solomon Ibn Gabirol
The Jewish poet-philosopher Solomon Ibn Gabirol is also known as Avicebron. He died about 1070 CE. He was influenced by Plato. His classi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Saadia Gaon
Saadia Gaon (892-942) is considered one of the greatest of the early Jewish philosophers. His Emunoth ve-Deoth was originally called Kita...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Philo Of Alexandria
Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE - 40 CE) was a Hellenized Jewish philosopher born in Alexandria, Egypt. Philo included in his philosophy both...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Approaches
As with any fusion of religion and philosophy, the attempt is difficult because classical philosophers start with no preconditions for w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Early Jewish Philosophy
Early Jewish philosophy was heavily influenced by the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle and Islamic philosophy. Many early medieval Jewish p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Yehuda Halevi And The Kuzari
The Jewish poet-philosopher Yehuda Halevi (twelfth century) in his polemical work Kuzari made strenuous arguments against philosophy. He ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Bahya Ibn Paquda's Duties Of The Heart
Bahya ibn Paquda lived in Spain in the first half of the eleventh century. He was the author of the first Jewish system of ethics, writte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - The Rise Of Aristotelian Thought
Judah ha-Levi could not bar the progress of Aristotelianism among the Arabic-writing Jews. As among the Arabs, Ibn Sina and Ibn Roshd lea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Maimonides
Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (1135 - 1204), רבי משה בן מיימון, known commonly by his Greek name Maimonides, was a Jewish rabbi, p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - In The Bible
Astrology is not specifically mentioned in the Torah, the five books of Moses. There are two commandments which have been used by some au...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1280s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1280s - Culture
1280s - Natural events. 1280 - The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins (approximate date). 1282 - The most recent eruption of Larder...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Will: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Will - Determinism Versus Indeterminism
Determinism holds that each state of affairs is necessitated (determined) by the states of affairs that preceded it, an extension of caus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angel: Encyclopedia Ii - Angel - Angels As A Development Step Of The Soul
Some mystics believe, that a soul is growing in steps from minerals, plants and animals to men. When the human body dies, a soul could be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - Rabbinic Rejection Of Astrology
In early classical rabbinic works written in the land of Israel (Jerusalem Talmud and Palestinian midrash compilations) astrologers are k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Will: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Will - The Science Of Free Will
Throughout the history of science, attempts have been made to answer the question of free will using scientific principles. Early scienti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Will: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Will - Compatibilist Theories And The Could-have-done-otherwise Principle
Many claim that, in order for a choice to be free in any sense that matters, it must be true that the agent could have done otherwise. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - In The Medieval Era
Many rabbis in the Geonic era (after the close of the Talmud, early medieval period) discussed the varying Talmudic and midrashic views o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Will: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Will - Moral Responsibility
We generally hold people responsible for their actions, and will say that they deserve praise or blame for what they do. However, many be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - Rabbinic Acceptance Of Astrology
However, other statements in the Talmud and in the midrash literature show that many Jews had some level of admiration for astrology. Som...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Will: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Will - Moral Responsibility
We generally hold people responsible for their actions, and will say that they deserve praise or blame for what they do. However, many be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
In Derekh Hashem Section II, chapter 7, Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto discusses the influence of stars on humanity and events on earth. Ther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Early Jewish Philosophy
Early Jewish philosophy was heavily influenced by the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle and Islamic philosophy. Many early medieval Jewish p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Maimonides
Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (1135 - 1204), רבי משה בן מיימון, known commonly by his Greek name Maimonides, was a Jewish rabbi, p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Yehuda Halevi And The Kuzari
The Jewish poet-philosopher Yehuda Halevi (twelfth century) in his polemical work Kuzari made strenuous arguments against philosophy. He ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Position In The History Of Thought
The scholastics preserved the continuity of philosophical thought. Without the activity of these Arabic-Jewish philosophers, the culture ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Modern Jewish Philosophers
The following philosophers have had a substantial impact on the philosophy of modern day Jews who identify as such. They are writers who ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Modern Jewish Philosophers
The following philosophers have had a substantial impact on the philosophy of modern day Jews who identify as such. They are writers who ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Bahya Ibn Paquda's Duties Of The Heart
Bahya ibn Paquda lived in Spain in the first half of the eleventh century. He was the author of the first Jewish system of ethics, writte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Saadia Gaon
Saadia Gaon (892-942) is considered one of the greatest of the early Jewish philosophers. His Emunoth ve-Deoth was originally called Kita...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Approaches
As with any fusion of religion and philosophy, the attempt is difficult because classical philosophers start with no preconditions for w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angel: Encyclopedia Ii - Angel - Other Religions
Angels are also a part of Zoroastrianism (called Amesha Spentas, of whom six are extremely important) and New Age beliefs. Also, angel-li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Philo Of Alexandria
Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE - 40 CE) was a Hellenized Jewish philosopher born in Alexandria, Egypt. Philo included in his philosophy both...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Avicebron Solomon Ibn Gabirol
The Jewish poet-philosopher Solomon Ibn Gabirol is also known as Avicebron. He died about 1070 CE. He was influenced by Plato. His classi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Isaac Abrabanel: Encyclopedia Ii - Isaac Abrabanel - Biography
Abravanel was a pupil of Joseph Hayyim, rabbi of Lisbon. Well versed in rabbinic literature and in the learning of his time, he devoted h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Jewish Religious History
Jewish history is an extensive topic; this section will cover the elements of Jewish history of most importance to the Jewish religion an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Critical Historical View Of The Development Of Judaism
Although monotheism is fundamental to Rabbinic Judaism, many critical Bible scholars claim that certain verses in the Torah imply that th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Traditional View Of The Development Of Judaism
The subject of the Hebrew Bible is an account of the Israelites' (also called Hebrews) relationship with God as reflected in their histor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Religious Doctrine And Principles Of Faith
While Judaism has always affirmed a number of Jewish principles of faith, no creed, dogma, set of orthodox beliefs, or fully-binding "cat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - The Traditional Jewish Bookshelf
Jews are often called a "People of the Book," and Judaism has an age-old intellectual tradition focusing on text-based Torah study. The f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Community Leadership
Judaism - Classical priesthood. Judaism does not have a clergy, in the sense of full-time specialists required for religious services. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Jewish Law And Interpretation
The basis of Jewish law and tradition ("halakha") is the Torah (the five books of Moses). According to rabbinic tradition there are 613 c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Introduction
According to both traditional Judaism and modern scholars, a number of qualities distinguish Judaism from the other religions that existe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of Jewish History: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of Jewish History - 1946 To Today
1945–1948 Post-Holocaust refugee crisis. British detain many Jews making aliyah to Palestine in detention camps. 1946–1948 The strugg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islam And Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam And Judaism - Historical
Jews have often lived in predominantly Islamic nations. Since many national borders have changed over the fourteen centuries of Islamic h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islam And Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam And Judaism - Early Relationship
Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam (considered founder by non-Muslims) preached that the pagan Arabs should abandon polytheism, and acc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Philosophy - Definition
The attempt to fuse religion and philosophy is difficult because there are no clear preconditions. On the other hand, classical religious...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Philosophy - Later Islamic Philosophy
The death of Ibn Rushd effectively marks the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called Peripatetic Arabic Schoo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Philosophy - Modern Islamic Philosophy
The tradition of Islamic Philosophy is still very alive today despite the beliefs of many Western cycles considering this tradition to ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Judaism And Other Religions
Judaism - Christianity and Judaism. Main article: Judaism and Christianity See also: Judeo-Christian, Christianity and anti-Sem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbinic Literature - Later Works By Category
Rabbinic literature - Jewish law. Halakha is the Jewish way of life. Notable works in this category include: The major codes of Jewish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Orthodox Judaism - Orthodox Organizations And Groups
The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, more commonly known as the Orthodox Union, or more simply as the "OU", and the Rab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Orthodox Judaism - Beliefs
Orthodox Judaism is composed of different groups with intertwining beliefs, practices and theologies, and in their broad patterns, the Or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angel: Encyclopedia Ii - Angel - Jewish Views
Angels appear in several Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) stories, in addition to the ones previously mentioned above. These include the warn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angel: Encyclopedia Ii - Angel - Christian Views
In the New Testament angels appear frequently as the ministers of God and the agents of revelation (E.g. Matthew 1:20 (to Joseph), 4:11. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angel: Encyclopedia Ii - Angel - Islamic Views
The belief in angels is central to the religion of Islam, beginning with the belief that the Qur'an was dictated to the Prophet Muhammad ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Orthodox Judaism - The Development Of Orthodoxy
Orthodoxy is not a single movement or school of thought. There is no single rabbinic body to which all its rabbis are expected to belong,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orthodox Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Orthodox Judaism - Origin And Definition Of The Name Orthodox
While many Orthodox Jews accept the label "Orthodox", others reject and criticize it because it was never traditionally applied to Jews i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miracle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miracle - Miracles As Supernatural Acts
In this view, a miracle can be defined as a violation of laws of nature by God or some other supernatural being. To wit: There are event...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbinic Literature - Meforshim
Meforshim is a Hebrew word meaning "(classical rabbinical) commentators" (or roughly meaning "exegetes"), and is used as a substitute for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miracle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miracle - Non-literal Reinterpretations Of Miracles
These are held by both classical and modern thinkers. In Numbers 22 is the story of Balaam and the talking donkey. Many hold that for mir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miracle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miracle - Transcendent And Nontranscendent Miracles
Some miracles can be explained by natural processes. For example the crossing of the Red Sea can be explained by natural processes. Howev...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Miracle: Encyclopedia Ii - Miracle - Contemporary Miracles
Contemporary persons who perform many acts that they claim are miracles include the Indian gurus Sathya Sai Baba and Swami Premananda. Ho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Angel: Encyclopedia Ii - Angel - Latter-day Saint Views
Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism), and several of his associates, claimed that they were visited by...   » Read the article