germanium

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. At standard temperature and pressure ammonia is a gas. It is toxic and corrosive to some materials, and has a characteristic pungent odor. An ammonia molecule is not flat, but has the shape of a compressed tetrahedron known as a trigonal pyramid, as would be expected from VSEPR theory. This shape gives the molecule an overall dipole moment and makes it polar so that ammonia very readily dissolves in water. The nitrogen atom in the molecule has a lon ...

Including:

• Ammonia - History
• Ammonia - Production
• Ammonia - Properties
• Ammonia - Acidity
• Ammonia - Formation of other compounds
• Ammonia - Ammonia as a ligand
• Ammonia - Uses
• Ammonia - Liquid ammonia as a solvent
• Ammonia - Solubility of salts
• Ammonia - Solutions of metals
• Ammonia - Redox properties of liquid ammonia
• Ammonia - Detection and determination
• Ammonia - Safety precautions
• Ammonia - Toxicity
• Ammonia - Household use
• Ammonia - Laboratory use of ammonia solutions
• Ammonia - Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia gas or liquid
• Ammonia - Reference
• Ammonia - Bibliography

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Argon is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. The third noble gas, in group 18, argon makes up about 1% of the Earth's atmosphere, making it the most common noble gas on Earth. Argon - Notable characteristics. Argon is 2.5 times as soluble in water as nitrogen which is approximately the same solubility as oxygen. This highly stable chemical element is colorless and odorless in both its liquid and gaseous forms. There are few known true che ...

Including:

• Argon - Notable characteristics
• Argon - Applications
• Argon - History
• Argon - Occurrence
• Argon - Compounds
• Argon - Isotopes

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Cadmium zinc telluride, (CdZnTe) or CZT, is (as the name indicates) a compound of cadmium, zinc and tellurium or more strictly speaking, an alloy of cadmium telluride and zinc telluride. A wide, direct bandgap semiconductor, it is used in a variety of applications, including radiation detectors, photorefractive gratings, electro-optic modulators and terahertz generation and detection. Radiation detectors using CZT can operate at room temperature, unlike some other materials (particularly germanium) which require liquid n ...

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• Cadmium zinc telluride - Reference
• Cadmium zinc telluride - External links

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Carbon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. An abundant nonmetallic, tetravalent element, carbon has several allotropic forms: Diamond (hardest known natural mineral). Structure: each atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four others, making a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms. Graphite (one of the softest substances). Structure: each atom is bonded trigonally to three other atoms, making a 2-dimensional network of flat s ...

Including:

• Carbon - Notable characteristics
• Carbon - Applications
• Carbon - Other uses
• Carbon - History and Etymology
• Carbon - Allotropes
• Carbon - Occurrence
• Carbon - Organic compounds
• Carbon - Carbon chains
• Carbon - Carbon cycle
• Carbon - Isotopes
• Carbon - Precautions

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X-ray or Röntgen radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). X-rays are primarily used for diagnostic medical imaging and crystallography. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and as such can be dangerous. In most languages it is called Röntgen radiation (or an equivalent name) after its discoverer Wilhelm Röntgen. X-ray - Physics. X-rays with a wavel ...

Including:

• X-ray - Physics
• X-ray - Detectors
• X-ray - Photographic plates
• X-ray - Geiger counters
• X-ray - Scintillators
• X-ray - Direct semiconductor detectors
• X-ray - Scintillator + Semiconductor detectors
• X-ray - Visibility to the Human Eye
• X-ray - Medical uses
• X-ray - History
• X-ray - Tesla
• X-ray - Hertz
• X-ray - Röntgen
• X-ray - Edison
• X-ray - The 20th century and beyond

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Zone melting is a method of separation by melting in which a molten zone traverses a long ingot of impure metal or chemical. In its common use for purification, the molten region melts impure solid at its forward edge and leaves a wake of purer material solidified behind it as it moves through the ingot. The impurities concentrate in the melt, and are moved to one end of the ingot. This process is also known as the Float zone process, ...

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An integrated circuit (IC) or often referred to as a microchip or simply chip is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) which has been manufactured on a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuit - Introduction. The integrated circuit was made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advanceme ...

Including:

• Integrated circuit - Introduction
• Integrated circuit - Advances in integrated circuits
• Integrated circuit - Popularity of ICs
• Integrated circuit - Classification and complexity
• Integrated circuit - Manufacture
• Integrated circuit - Fabrication
• Integrated circuit - Packaging
• Integrated circuit - History origins and generations
• Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC
• Integrated circuit - SSI MSI LSI
• Integrated circuit - VLSI
• Integrated circuit - ULSI WSI SOC
• Integrated circuit - Other developments
• Integrated circuit - Key industrial and academic data
• Integrated circuit - Notable ICs
• Integrated circuit - Manufacturers
• Integrated circuit - VLSI conferences
• Integrated circuit - VLSI journals

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Spirulina corakiana Spirulina crispum Spirulina labyrinthiformis Spirulina laxa Spirulina laxissima Spirulina major Spirulina meneghiniana Spirulina nordstedtii Spirulina princeps Spirulina subsalsa Spirulina subtilissima Spirulina platensis Spirulina tenerrima Spirulina weissii Spirulina is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria (commonly called blue-green algae), wit ...

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• Spirulina - Nutritional facts
• Spirulina - Reference

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Eka is a prefix for a chemical element which is listed in the periodic table under another element. The prefix eka- was used especially to name as yet undiscovered elements. For example germanium was called ekasilicon until its discovery. The prefix originates from the Sanskrit word "eka" meaning "one" and was coined by Dmitri Mendeleev. The prefixes dvi- and tri- from the Sanskrit prefixes meaning "two" and "three" respectively, have been used for undiscovered elements two or three places in the periodic t ...

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Michigan State University - Agriculture school. The Michigan Constitution of 1850 called for the creation of an "agricultural school",[1] though it was not until February 12, 1855, that Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Bingham signed a bill establishing the nation's first agriculture college, the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan.[2] ...

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Michigan State University, Michigan State University - History, Michigan State University - Agriculture school, Michigan State University - Land Grant pioneer, Michigan State University - Co-ed college, Michigan State University - Big Ten university, Michigan State University - Global leader by 2012, Michigan State University - Campus, Michigan State University - North campus, Michigan State University - South campus, Michigan State University - Academics, Michigan State University - Rankings, Michigan State University - Research, Michigan State University - Endowment, Michigan State University - Athletics, Michigan State University - Football, Michigan State University - Men's basketball, Michigan State University - Student life, Michigan State University - Activism, Michigan State University - Media, Michigan State University - People, Michigan State University - 19th century, Michigan State University - 20th/21st centuries, Michigan State University - Notes

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LogP - Shake Flask or tube Method. The classical and most reliable method of LogP determination is the Shake-flask method, which consists of mixing a known amount of solute in a known volume of octanol and water, then measuring the distribution of the solute in each solvent. The most common method of measuring the distribution of the solute is by UV/VIS spectroscopy. There are a num ...

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LogP, LogP - Application, LogP - Shake Flask or tube Method, LogP - HPLC determination, LogP - Electrochemical methods, LogP - Prediction

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Light-emitting diode - Physical function. A LED is a special type of semiconductor diode. Like a normal diode, it consists of a chip of semiconducting material impregnated, or doped, with impurities to create a structure called a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers - electrons and holes flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and ...

See also:

Light-emitting diode, Light-emitting diode - LED technology, Light-emitting diode - Physical function, Light-emitting diode - Blue and white LEDs, Light-emitting diode - Other colors, Light-emitting diode - Organic light-emitting diodes OLEDs, Light-emitting diode - Operational parameters and efficiency, Light-emitting diode - Considerations in use, Light-emitting diode - Advantages of using LEDs, Light-emitting diode - Disadvantages of using LEDs, Light-emitting diode - LED applications, Light-emitting diode - List of known applications for LEDs, Light-emitting diode - Illumination applications, Light-emitting diode - LED display panels, Light-emitting diode - Resources

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History of chemistry - Origins. Although the chemistry comes from the ancient Babylon, Egypt and especially Persia after Islam but, the birth of chemistry is often more strictly dated to Antoine Lavoisier's discovery of the law of conservation of mass, and thereby to his refutation of the phlogiston theory of combustion in 1783. (Phlogiston was supposed to be an almost undetectable substance liberated by flammable materials in burning.) Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in Russi ...

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History of chemistry, History of chemistry - Early developments, History of chemistry - Origins, History of chemistry - The vitalism debate and organic chemistry, History of chemistry - The dispute about atomism, History of chemistry - The periodic table, History of chemistry - Industrial exploitation, History of chemistry - The modern definition of chemistry, History of chemistry - Quantum chemistry, History of chemistry - Molecular biology and biochemistry, History of chemistry - Semiconductor processing, History of chemistry - Notes

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The optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. Although fibers can be made out of either transparent plastic or glass, the fibers used in long-distance telecommunications applications are always glass, because of the lower optical attenuation. Both multi-mode and single-mode fibers are used in communications, with multi-mode fiber used mostly for short distances (up to 500 m), and single-mode fiber used for longer distance links. Because of the tighte ...

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Optical fiber, Optical fiber - Optical description, Optical fiber - Materials, Optical fiber - Optical fiber communication, Optical fiber - Comparison with electrical transmission, Optical fiber - Governing standards, Optical fiber - Other uses of optical fibers, Optical fiber - Fiber Optic Sensors, Optical fiber - Manufacture, Optical fiber - Optical fiber cables, Optical fiber - History, Optical fiber - Footnotes

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Neutrinos can interact via the neutral current (involving the exchange of a Z boson) or charged current (involving the exchange of a W boson) weak interactions. In a neutral current interaction, the neutrino leaves the detector after having transfered some of its energy and momentum to a target particle. All three neutrino flavors can participate regardless of the neutrino energy. However, no neutrino flavor information is left behind. In a charged current interaction, the neutrino transforms into its partner lepton (el ...

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Neutrino, Neutrino - Types of neutrinos, Neutrino - Flavor Oscillations, Neutrino - History, Neutrino - Mass, Neutrino - Neutrino sources, Neutrino - Human generated, Neutrino - The Earth, Neutrino - Atmospheric neutrinos, Neutrino - Solar neutrinos, Neutrino - Cosmological phenomena, Neutrino - Cosmic background radiation, Neutrino - Neutrino detection, Neutrino - Motivation for scientific interest in the neutrino

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X-ray - Photographic plates. The detection of X-rays is based on various methods. The most commonly known method are a photographic plate, or cassette, and rare earth screens. The X-ray photographic plate is frequently used in hospitals to produce images of the internal organs and bones of a patient. The part of the patient to be X-rayed is placed between the X-ray source and the photographic plate to produce what is a shadow of all the internal structure of that particular part of the body being X-rayed. ...

See also:

X-ray, X-ray - Physics, X-ray - Detectors, X-ray - Photographic plates, X-ray - Geiger counters, X-ray - Scintillators, X-ray - Direct semiconductor detectors, X-ray - Scintillator + Semiconductor detectors, X-ray - Visibility to the Human Eye, X-ray - Medical uses, X-ray - History, X-ray - Tesla, X-ray - Hertz, X-ray - Röntgen, X-ray - Edison, X-ray - The 20th century and beyond

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Kilby was born in Jefferson City, Missouri. He spent much of his early life in Great Bend, Kansas and graduated from Great Bend High School. Road signs at the entrances to the town commemorate his time there. Kilby received his bachelor of science degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1947 with a degree in Electrical Engineering. He obtained a master's degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1950, while simultane ...

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Jack Kilby, Jack Kilby - Biography, Jack Kilby - Select patents

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In ionic hydrides the hydrogen behaves as a halogen and obtains an electron from the metal to form a hydride ion (H-), thereby obtaining the stable electron configuration of helium or filling up the s-orbital. The other element is a metal more electropositive than hydrogen, usually one of the alkali metals or alkaline earth metals. The hydrides are called binary if they only involve two elements including hydrogen. Chemical formulae for binary ionic hydrides are either MH (as in LiH) or MH2 (as in MgH2). Gallium, indium, thallium and lanthanide hydrides are also ionic. < ...

See also:

Hydride, Hydride - Ionic hydrides, Hydride - Covalent hydrides, Hydride - Interstitial hydrides of the Transitional metals, Hydride - Usage

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Mendeleev, after becoming a teacher, wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870). As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that lead him to postulate his periodic table. Unknown to Mendeleev, several others had also been working on their own tables of elements. The process of Mendeleev's table system emerging as the best was a gradual one. One such table was John Newlands, who published his Law of Octaves in 1864. However, ...

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Dmitri Mendeleev, Dmitri Mendeleev - Biography, Dmitri Mendeleev - Periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev - Other achievements, Dmitri Mendeleev - Notes

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In ionic hydrides the hydrogen behaves as a halogen and obtains an electron from the metal to form a hydride ion (H-), thereby obtaining the stable electron configuration of helium or filling up the s-orbital. The other element is a metal more electropositive than hydrogen, usually one of the alkali metals or alkaline earth metals. The hydrides are called binary if they only involve two elements including hydrogen. Chemical formulae for binary ionic hydrides are either MH (as in LiH) or MH2 (as in MgH2). Gallium, indium, thallium and lanthanide hydrides are also ionic. < ...

See also:

Hydride, Hydride - Electronegativity convention, Hydride - Ionic hydrides, Hydride - Covalent hydrides, Hydride - Interstitial hydrides of the Transitional metals, Hydride - Usage

Read more here: » Hydride: Encyclopedia II - Hydride - Ionic hydrides