Most sources documenting Germanic paganism have been lost and it is only from Iceland that there is a substantial literature, namely the Sagas and the Eddas. Some information is found in the Nibelungenlied and in Beowulf. Limited information also exists in Tacitus' ethnographic work Germania, although some preface is necessary due to context. Further material has been deduced from folk customs found in surviving rural folk traditions that have either been mildly superficiailly Christianized or lightly modified, including ...

See also:

Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Sources, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Caesar, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Reconstruction, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Sources

See also:

Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Sources, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Caesar, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Reconstruction, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period

Main articles: Norse paganism and Norse mythology Early medieval Scandinavian (Viking Age) paganism is much better documented than its predecessors, notably via the records of Norse mythology, recorded in the Edda, and the Sagas, written in Iceland during 1150 - 1400. Sacrifices were known as Blót, seasonal celebrations where gifts were offered to appropriate gods, and attempts were made to predict the coming season. Similar events were sometimes arrange ...

See also:

Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Sources, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Caesar, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Reconstruction, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Viking Age

Heathenry is the term preferred, in the UK (and increasingly elsewhere), by many followers of Germanic paganism or Germanic neopaganism as the name of their religion. While some practitioners use the term as equivalent to Paganism, others use it much more specifically. It is used by those who are re-creating the old religion and worldview from the literary and archaeological sources, who describe themselves as "Heathen" in part to distinguish themselves from other pagans whose rituals come from other sources. Some North ...

Including:

• Heathenry - Heathenry and reconstruction
• Heathenry - What Heathens do
• Heathenry - Runic magic:
• Heathenry - Galdr
• Heathenry - Seidr
• Heathenry - Web resources relevant to Heathenry in Britain

Read more here: » Heathenry: Encyclopedia - Heathenry

The Blót was the pagan Germanic sacrifice to Norse gods and Elves. The word is related to the English word bless and they are derived from blood, an important component in the rites. Blót - Rites and beliefs. The verb blóta meant to "strengthen" and the intention was to strengthen the powers (gods and Elves). The most powerful means was the sacrificed object or being. It was usually animals and in particular pigs and horses. The meat was boiled in large cooking pits with heated stone ...

Including:

• Blót - Rites and beliefs
• Blót - Dates for the blóts
• Blót - Locations
• Blót - Uppsala Sweden
• Blót - Gotland
• Blót - Lejre Denmark
• Blót - Mære Norway
• Blót - Elven blót
• Blót - The Völse blót
• Blót - Later times
• Blót - Sources

Read more here: » Blót: Encyclopedia - Blót

Ethnography had a long and distinguished heritage in classical literature, and the Germania fits squarely within the tradition established by authors from Herodotus to Julius Caesar. Tacitus himself had already written a similar—albeit shorter—essay on the lands and tribes of Britannia in his Agricola (chapters 10–13). The Germania begins with a description of the lands, laws, and customs of the Germans (chapters 1–27); it then segues into descriptions of individual tribes, beginning with those dwelling cl ...

See also:

Germania book, Germania book - Purpose and uses, Germania book - Sources of the book

Read more here: » Germania book: Encyclopedia II - Germania book - Purpose and uses

Norse paganism - Centres of faith. The Germanic tribes rarely or never had temples in a modern sense. The Blót, the form of worship practiced by the ancient Germanic and Scandinavian people resembled that of the Celts and Balts : it could occur in sacred groves. It could also take place at home and/or at a simple altar of piled stones known as a "horgr". However, there seems to have been a few more important centres, such as Skiringsal, Lejre and Uppsala. Adam of Bremen claims that there was a temple in Uppsala (see Temple at Uppsala) with three wooden statues of Thor, Odin and Freyr. ...

See also:

Norse paganism, Norse paganism - Archaeological Sources, Norse paganism - Literary Sources, Norse paganism - Worship, Norse paganism - Centres of faith, Norse paganism - Priests, Norse paganism - Human sacrifice

Read more here: » Norse paganism: Encyclopedia II - Norse paganism - Worship

Besides Beowulf there are other writings. Bede wrote of the old pagan calendar in his De Temporun Ratione where he noted that the third and fourth months were named for the goddesses Hretha and Eostre. Much of Anglo-Saxon religion has to be conjectured based on the Norse and Germanic sources. However the former reached a richer and more complex form so care must always be taken. Some scholars of Anglo-Saxon literature, most notably E.G. Stanley, maintain that no evidence remains of the earlier pagan beliefs, questioning in particular ...

See also:

Anglo-Saxon religion, Anglo-Saxon religion - Origins and History, Anglo-Saxon religion - Transmission and Development, Anglo-Saxon religion - Sources of present knowledge, Anglo-Saxon religion - Beliefs, Anglo-Saxon religion - The Gods, Anglo-Saxon religion - Holy Symbols, Anglo-Saxon religion - Practices, Anglo-Saxon religion - Christian Prohibitions of Magic and Other Practices

Read more here: » Anglo-Saxon religion: Encyclopedia II - Anglo-Saxon religion - Sources of present knowledge

Main articles: Norse paganism and Blót Norse mythology - Centres of faith. The Germanic tribes rarely or never had temples in a modern sense. The Blót, the form of worship practiced by the ancient Germanic and Scandinavian people resembled that of the Celts and Balts : it could occur in sacred groves. It could also take place at home and/or at a simple altar of piled stones known as a "horgr". However, there seems to have been a few more important c ...

See also:

Norse mythology, Norse mythology - Overview, Norse mythology - Sources, Norse mythology - Cosmology, Norse mythology - Supernatural beings, Norse mythology - Völuspá: the origin and end of the world, Norse mythology - Kings and heroes, Norse mythology - Norse worship, Norse mythology - Centres of faith, Norse mythology - Priests, Norse mythology - Human sacrifice, Norse mythology - Interactions with Christianity, Norse mythology - Modern influences, Norse mythology - Bibliography

Read more here: » Norse mythology: Encyclopedia II - Norse mythology - Norse worship

Main articles: Old Uppsala and Temple at Uppsala. The German chronicler Adam of Bremen has described how it was done at the Temple at Uppsala at Old Uppsala in Sweden, ca 1070: Thor was the most powerful god and ruled over thunder and lightning, wind and rain, sunshine and crops. He sat in the centre with a sceptre (Mjolnir) in his hand, and on each side were Odin, the god of war, in full armour and Frey, the god of peace and love, attributed with an enormous erected phallus. All the pagan gods have their priests w ...

See also:

Blót, Blót - Rites and beliefs, Blót - Dates for the blóts, Blót - Locations, Blót - Uppsala Sweden, Blót - Gotland, Blót - Lejre Denmark, Blót - Mære Norway, Blót - Elven blót, Blót - The Völse blót, Blót - Later times, Blót - Sources

Read more here: » Blót: Encyclopedia II - Blót - Uppsala Sweden

The Franks, originally a pagan, barbarian, Germanic people who migrated over the River Rhine in the late fifth century into a crumbling Roman Empire, were, by the early eighth century, the masters of Gaul and a good portion of central Europe east of the Rhine and the protectors of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, their ancient dynasty of kings, the Merovingians, had long before descended into a state of complete disutility. Their chief officers, the mayors of the palace, had, practically-speaking, usurped all government powe ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Background

Main articles: Old Uppsala and Temple at Uppsala. The German chronicler Adam of Bremen has described how it was done at the Temple at Uppsala at Old Uppsala in Sweden, ca 1070: Thor was the most powerful god and ruled over thunder and lightning, wind and rain, sunshine and crops. He sat in the centre with a sceptre (Mjolnir) in his hand, and on each side were Odin, the god of war, in full armour and Frey, the god of peace and love, attributed with an enormous erected phallus. All the pagan gods have their priests w ...

See also:

Blót, Blót - Rites and beliefs, Blót - Dates for the blóts, Blót - Locations, Blót - Uppsala, Sweden, Blót - Gotland, Blót - Lejre, Denmark, Blót - Mære, Norway, Blót - Elven blót, Blót - The Völse blót, Blót - Later times, Blót - Sources

Read more here: » Blót: Encyclopedia II - Blót - Uppsala, Sweden

The Franks, originally a pagan, barbarian, Germanic people who migrated over the River Rhine in the late fifth century into a crumbling Roman Empire, were, by the early eighth century, the masters of Gaul and a good portion of central Europe east of the Rhine and the protectors of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, their ancient dynasty of kings, the Merovingians, had long before descended into a state of complete disutility. Their chief officers, the mayors of the palace, had, practically-speaking, usurped all government powe ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Background

History of Lithuania - Stalinism. The mass deportation campaigns of 1941-52 exiled 29,923 families to Siberia and other remote parts of the Soviet Union. Official statistics state that more than 120,000 people were deported from Lithuania during this period, while some sources estimate the number of political prisoners and deportees at 300,000. In response to these events, an estimated several tens of thousands of resistance fighters participated in unsuccessful partisan warfare against the Soviet regime from 194 ...

See also:

History of Lithuania, History of Lithuania - Before statehood, History of Lithuania - Baltic tribes, History of Lithuania - Towards the creation of single state, History of Lithuania - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Lithuania - Pagan Lithuania, History of Lithuania - Christian Lithuania, History of Lithuania - Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth 1569-1795, History of Lithuania - Early years of new state, History of Lithuania - Wars against Swedes and Russians, History of Lithuania - Destruction of the state, History of Lithuania - Imperial Russian occupation 1795-1914, History of Lithuania - Domination of Russia, History of Lithuania - Napoleon's invasion, History of Lithuania - Persecutions, History of Lithuania - Revolts, History of Lithuania - Revival of Lithuanian Language, History of Lithuania - World War 1 1914-1918, History of Lithuania - Independent interwar Lithuania 1918-1940, History of Lithuania - Freedom wars 1918-1922, History of Lithuania - Democratic Lithuania 1922-1926, History of Lithuania - Authoritarian regime 1926-1938, History of Lithuania - Collapse of the state 1938-1940, History of Lithuania - World War II 1940-1945, History of Lithuania - First Soviet occupation 1940-1941, History of Lithuania - Independent Lithuania 1941, History of Lithuania - German occupation 1941-1944, History of Lithuania - Second Soviet occupation, History of Lithuania - Soviet occupation 1944-1990, History of Lithuania - Stalinism, History of Lithuania - Policy of Brezhnev, History of Lithuania - Policy of Khrushchev, History of Lithuania - Rebirth 1988-1990, History of Lithuania - Independent modern Lithuania 1990-2004, History of Lithuania - Struggle for independence 1990-1991, History of Lithuania - Building the new state 1991-1996, History of Lithuania - Going forward 1996-2004, History of Lithuania - Lithuania in the European Union 2004-present, History of Lithuania - External link

Read more here: » History of Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - History of Lithuania - Soviet occupation 1944-1990

Othila: The 24th (or 23rd) rune of the Elder Futhark, corresponding to the letter o.

The oldest literal meaning of this rune passed down to us from the continental Germanic source is "noble." ... The Othila rune represents the vrtue of loyalty towards one's family, tribe or village, and towards one's country.... Magically, the Othila rune can be used to invoke Odin in his aspect of wanderer and teacher.

Also See: Othel, Ethel

(See also: Othila, Magic, Shamanism, Paganism, Wicca)

In 1000 AD, Iceland became nominally Christian, although continuation of pagan worship in private was tolerated. Most of Scandinavia was Christianized during the 11th century. Adam von Bremen gives the last report of vigorous Norse paganism. Sometimes, the subjects of a lord who converted to Christianity refused to follow his lead (this happened to the Swedish kings Olof of Sweden, Anund Gårdske and Ingold I) and would sometimes force the lord ...

See also:

Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Sources, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Caesar, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Reconstruction, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

During the Migration period, Germanic religion was subject to syncretic influence from Christianity and Mediterranean culture (see also Runes, Erilaz). Jordanes' Getica is a 6th century account of the Goths. According to the Getica, the chief god of the Goths was Mars, who they believed was born among them. Now Mars has always been worshipped by the Goths with cruel rites, and captives were slain as his victims. They thought that he who is the lord of war ought to be appeased by the shedding of human bloo ...

See also:

Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Sources, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Caesar, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Reconstruction, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Migration Age

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