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Germanic | A Wisdom Archive on Germanic | | Germanic A selection of articles related to Germanic | |
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germanic, Germanic
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Germanic | | | |  Germanic: Encyclopedia II - German American - First German AmericansGerman immigrants made up a substantial population of colonial Pennsylvania, where they often came into political conflict with the Quakers. The first German settlement in Pennsylvania was founded in 1683, although some Germans were already in America in other colonies at that time. Eventually, Germans would constitute about one-third of the population of Pennsylvania at the time of the Revolution.
A large German colony in Virginia called Germanna was located near Culpeper and was founded by two waves of colonists in 1714 and 1717. Ma ...
See also:German American, German American - First German Americans, German American - German Americans throughout the country, German American - Present Population, German American - Amish Mennonite and Hutterites, German American - German Americans and World War I, German American - German Americans and World War II, German American - German-American Influence, German American - German-American presidents Read more here: » German American: Encyclopedia II - German American - First German Americans |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Conclusion Historical persons like Kafka might be called Germans, or might not. Some would hold that they belong to the German culture, which is what decides if someone is considered a German or not, at least in certain contexts. Similarly, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven - who spent most of their lives in what is Austria today - may be considered to have been central within the German culture.
Thus, the division is not by linguistic classification of the local idiom, but rather by the cultural sphere,. The Dutch and the Flemish are not considered Germans, using a different standard language, while the cl ...
See also:Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference Read more here: » Germans: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Conclusion |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - Pronunciation
Swiss German - Consonants.
Like in all Southern German dialects, Swiss German dialects have no voiced obstruents. Instead, there is a length distinction.
Swiss German /p, t, k/ are not aspirated. Aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] have (in most dialects) secondarily developed by contractions or by borrowings from other languages (mainly standard German), e.g. /ˈ ...
See also:Swiss German, Swiss German - Use, Swiss German - Variation and Distribution, Swiss German - History, Swiss German - Pronunciation, Swiss German - Consonants, Swiss German - Vowels, Swiss German - Suprasegmentals, Swiss German - Grammar, Swiss German - Writing, Swiss German - Vocabulary, Swiss German - Literature, Swiss German - External link Read more here: » Swiss German: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - Pronunciation |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Minorities In recent years, the German-speaking countries of Europe have been confronted with demographic changes due to decades of immigration. These changes have led to renewed debates (especially in the Federal Republic of Germany) about who should be considered German. Non-ethnic Germans now make up more than 8 percent of the German population, mostly the descendants of guest workers who arrived in the 1960s and 1970s. Turks, Italians, Greeks, and people from the Balkans in southeast Europe form the largest single groups ...
See also:Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference Read more here: » Germans: Encyclopedia II - Germans - Minorities |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Austrian German - Standard German in Austria With German being a pluricentric language, Austrian dialects should not be confused with the variety of Standard German spoken by most Austrians, which is distinct from that of Germany or Switzerland. Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.
Austrians speaking Standard German can almost always be recognised by their ac ...
See also:Austrian German, Austrian German - Overview, Austrian German - Subgroups, Austrian German - Intercomprehensiblity and regional accents, Austrian German - Standard German in Austria, Austrian German - Influence of popular culture Read more here: » Austrian German: Encyclopedia II - Austrian German - Standard German in Austria |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - Culture See Germanic mythology, Germanic paganism, Migration Period art
The Germanic tribes were each politically independent, under a hereditary king (see Germanic king). The kings appear to have claimed descendancy from mythical founders of the tribes, the name of some of which is preserved:
Angul — Angles (the Kings of Mercia, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, other Anglo-Saxon dynasties are derived from other descendents of Woden)
Aurvandil — Vandals (uncertain)
Burgundus — Burgundians
C ...
See also:Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of German, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation Read more here: » Germanic peoples: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - Culture |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - History As Alemannic dialects, Swiss German dialects did not participate in the second German vowel shift during medieval times - they use mostly the same vowels as Middle High German. As such, even though the Alemannic dialects belong to High German, their vowels are closer to Low German than other High German dialects or standard German. An exception are certain central Swiss dialects, e.g. the Uri dialect.
Examples:
Most Swiss German dialects, being High-Alemannic dialects, have completed the High German consonant shift, that is, th ...
See also:Swiss German, Swiss German - Use, Swiss German - Variation and Distribution, Swiss German - History, Swiss German - Pronunciation, Swiss German - Consonants, Swiss German - Vowels, Swiss German - Suprasegmentals, Swiss German - Grammar, Swiss German - Writing, Swiss German - Vocabulary, Swiss German - Literature, Swiss German - External link Read more here: » Swiss German: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - History |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - German-Brazilian - Immigration
When Germanic immigrants first arrived in Brazil starting at the beginning of the 1800's they did not identify themselves so much as a unified German-Brazilian group. However, as time went on this common regional identity did emerge for many different geo-socio-political reasons. Germans immigrated from Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Russia. Some of them came from Spanish-speaking Latin American countries.
During World War II, the government of Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas initiated a strict program of forced cultural assimilation - Nacionalismo - ...
See also:German-Brazilian, German-Brazilian - Name and Location, German-Brazilian - Language, German-Brazilian - Immigration, German-Brazilian - German colonisation in Brazil, German-Brazilian - Urban Germans in Brazil, German-Brazilian - Religion, German-Brazilian - Famous Brazilians of German descent Read more here: » German-Brazilian: Encyclopedia II - German-Brazilian - Immigration |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - German American - German-American Influence Germans have contributed to a vast number of areas in American culture and technology. Baron von Steuben, a former Prussian officer, led the reorganization of the U.S. Army during the War for Independence and helped make the victory against British troops possible. The Studebakers built large numbers of wagons used during the Western migration; Studebaker later became an important early automobile manufacturer. Carl Schurz, a refugee from the unsuccessful first German democratic revolution of 1848 (see also Ger ...
See also:German American, German American - First German Americans, German American - German Americans throughout the country, German American - Present Population, German American - Amish Mennonite and Hutterites, German American - German Americans and World War I, German American - German Americans and World War II, German American - German-American Influence, German American - German-American presidents Read more here: » German American: Encyclopedia II - German American - German-American Influence |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Low German - History Old Saxon was the ancestor of the Low Saxon varieties of Low German, recorded from about 800 to 1100.
Middle Low German was the ancestor of Low German recorded from about 1100 to 1500. It was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League, spoken all around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, exerting strong influences on local languages, especially on the Scandinavian languages, on Kashubian and on Estonian.
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See also:Low German, Low German - Official status, Low German - Saxon-derived Dialects in Germany, Low German - Saxon-derived Dialects in the Netherlands, Low German - Classification and related languages, Low German - History, Low German - Sound Change, Low German - Grammar, Low German - Verbs, Low German - Syntax, Low German - Writing system, Low German - Trivia, Low German - Resources Read more here: » Low German: Encyclopedia II - Low German - History |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - German language - Dialects The term "German" is used for the dialects of Germany, Austria, German-speaking Switzerland (that is, outside the French-, Italian-, and Romansch-speaking areas) and some areas in the surrounding countries, as well as for several colonies and other ethnic concentrations founded by German-speaking people (for example German in the United States).
The variation among the German dialects is considerable. Only the neighbouring dialects are mutually understandable. Most dialects are not understandable for someone who knows standard German. ...
See also:German language, German language - Geographic distribution, German language - History, German language - Classification and related languages, German language - Neighboring languages, German language - Official status, German language - Dialects, German language - Standard German, German language - Grammar, German language - Noun inflection, German language - Verb Inflection, German language - Writing system, German language - Alphabet, German language - Phonology, German language - Cognates with English, German language - Examples of German, German language - Names of the German language in other languages, German language - Reference Read more here: » German language: Encyclopedia II - German language - Dialects |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - Classification The concept of "Germanic" as a distinct ethnic identity was hinted at by the early Greek geographer Strabo [1], who distinguished a barbarian group in northern Europe similar to, but not part of, the Celts. Posidonius, to our knowledge, is the first to have used the name.
By the 1st century A.D., the writings of Caesar, Tacitus and other Roman era writers indicate a division of Germanic-speaking peoples into tribal groupings centred on:
the rivers Oder and Vistula (Poland) (East Germanic tribes),
the lower Rhine river (Istvaeones),
the river Elbe (Irminones),
...
See also:Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of German, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation Read more here: » Germanic peoples: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - Classification |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - History
Germanic peoples - Origin.
Regarding the question of ethnic origins, evidence developed by both archaeologists and linguists suggests that a people or group of peoples sharing a common material culture dwelt in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia during the late European Bronze Age (1000 BC-500 BC). This culture group is called the Nordic Bronze Age and spread from southern Scandinavia into northern Germany. The long presence of Germanic tribes in southern Scandinavia (an Indo-European language had probably arrived by 2000 BC) is also evidenced by the fact that no pre-German ...
See also:Germanic peoples, Germanic peoples - Etymology of German, Germanic peoples - Classification, Germanic peoples - The concept of Volk, Germanic peoples - Culture, Germanic peoples - History, Germanic peoples - Origin, Germanic peoples - Collision with Rome, Germanic peoples - Migration Period, Germanic peoples - Role in the Fall of Rome, Germanic peoples - Conversion to Christianity, Germanic peoples - Assimilation Read more here: » Germanic peoples: Encyclopedia II - Germanic peoples - History |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Low German - Trivia The Low German greeting formula Moin and its duplication MoinMoin gave the name for the WikiWiki MoinMoin Project http://moin.sourceforge.net/
There are plans to create a computer vocabulary for Low German in order to translate Desktop environments such as KDE and GNOME. [1]
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See also:Low German, Low German - Official status, Low German - Saxon-derived Dialects in Germany, Low German - Saxon-derived Dialects in the Netherlands, Low German - Classification and related languages, Low German - History, Low German - Sound Change, Low German - Grammar, Low German - Verbs, Low German - Syntax, Low German - Writing system, Low German - Trivia, Low German - Resources Read more here: » Low German: Encyclopedia II - Low German - Trivia |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - German language - Grammar Main article: German grammar
German is an inflected language.
German language - Noun inflection.
German nouns inflect into:
one of four declension classes
one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Word endings indicate some grammatical genders; others are arbitrary and must be memorised.
two numbers: singular and plural
four cases: nominative, ge ...
See also:German language, German language - Geographic distribution, German language - History, German language - Classification and related languages, German language - Neighboring languages, German language - Official status, German language - Dialects, German language - Standard German, German language - Grammar, German language - Noun inflection, German language - Verb Inflection, German language - Writing system, German language - Alphabet, German language - Phonology, German language - Cognates with English, German language - Examples of German, German language - Names of the German language in other languages, German language - Reference Read more here: » German language: Encyclopedia II - German language - Grammar |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Low German - Grammar The grammar also shows similarities to the English language. Low German declination has only three cases.
Low German - Verbs.
In Low German verbs are conjugated for person, number and tense. Verb conjugation for person is only differentiated in the singular. There are five tenses in Low German: Present tense, Preterite, Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future.
Unlike Dutch, German and southern Low German, the northern dialects form the participle without the prefix ge-, like the Scandinavian langua ...
See also:Low German, Low German - Official status, Low German - Saxon-derived Dialects in Germany, Low German - Saxon-derived Dialects in the Netherlands, Low German - Classification and related languages, Low German - History, Low German - Sound Change, Low German - Grammar, Low German - Verbs, Low German - Syntax, Low German - Writing system, Low German - Trivia, Low German - Resources Read more here: » Low German: Encyclopedia II - Low German - Grammar |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - German wine - German wines The wines have historically been predominately white, and the finest made from riesling. Many wines have been sweet and low in alcohol, light and unoaked. Historically many of the wines (other than late harvest wines) were probably dry (trocken), as techniques to stop fermentation did not exist. Recently much more German white wine is being made in the dry style again. Much of the wine sold in Germany is dry, especially in restaurants. However most exports are still of sweet wines, particularly to the traditional export markets such as Great ...
See also:German wine, German wine - German wines, German wine - Grapes, German wine - White wine grapes, German wine - Red wine grapes, German wine - Types of wine, German wine - Regions Read more here: » German wine: Encyclopedia II - German wine - German wines |
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| | | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - Writing Swiss German dialects are usually not written, but only spoken. All formal writing, newspapers, books and much of informal writing is done in Standard German, which is usually called Schriftdeutsch (written German). Certain dialectal words are accepted regionalisms in Swiss Standard German and are also sanctioned by the Duden, e.g. Zvieri (afternoon snack).
There exist relatively few written works in Swiss dialects. Today especially young people use the dialect more and more in informal written communication (e.g. e-mail or SMS). However, most write standard ...
See also:Swiss German, Swiss German - Use, Swiss German - Variation and Distribution, Swiss German - History, Swiss German - Pronunciation, Swiss German - Consonants, Swiss German - Vowels, Swiss German - Suprasegmentals, Swiss German - Grammar, Swiss German - Writing, Swiss German - Vocabulary, Swiss German - Literature, Swiss German - External link Read more here: » Swiss German: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - Writing |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion Germanic paganism seems to have begun developing sometime during the 2nd millennium BC, during the Nordic Bronze Age, with influences from neighboring cultures, notably the Celts, and possibly Finnish and Baltic mythologies.
The Proto-Germanic pantheon was divided into two classes, the *Ansuwaz (cognate to Asura) and the *Wanisaz (cognate to *Wenos, a name of *Hausos; see also Vanadis, Wynn, and possibly *Wanax). Members included *Tiwaz, *Wodinaz, *Nerþuz (either a god or a goddess), and *Frijja. Some natural pheno ...
See also:Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion |
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| | | | | Germanic: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - Use Unlike most dialects in modern Europe, Swiss German is the spoken everyday language of all social levels in industrial cities as well as in the countryside. Using dialect conveys no social or educational inferiority. There are only a few specific settings where speaking Standard German is demanded or polite, e.g. in education (but not during breaks), in multilingual parliaments (the federal parliaments and a few cantonal and municipal ones), in the main news broadcast or in the presence of German-speaking foreigners. This situation has been called a medial diglossia since the spoken language is mainly the dialect whereas the written ...
See also:Swiss German, Swiss German - Use, Swiss German - Variation and Distribution, Swiss German - History, Swiss German - Pronunciation, Swiss German - Consonants, Swiss German - Vowels, Swiss German - Suprasegmentals, Swiss German - Grammar, Swiss German - Writing, Swiss German - Vocabulary, Swiss German - Literature, Swiss German - External link Read more here: » Swiss German: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - Use |
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