German People's Party

The Weimar Coalition is the name given to the coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the German Democratic Party (DDP), and the Catholic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly which met at Weimar in 1919, and were the principal groups which designed the constitution of Germany's Weimar Republic. These three parties were seen as the most committed to Germany's new democratic system, and together governed Germany until the elections of 1920, w ...

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The history of the party dates back to June 1946, when a group led by Waldemar Koch took the initative in refounding German Democratic Party. At first there were some speculation of forming a united liberal party with the Christian Democrats, but the idea was abandoned soon and in July, 5 1946, the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany was officially founded. It was first of all aimed at uniting Weimar Republic-era members of the German Democratic Party, German People's Party and German National People's Party. Unlike the CDU, th ...

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Liberal Democratic Party of Germany, Liberal Democratic Party of Germany - Foundation, Liberal Democratic Party of Germany - Unification attempts, Liberal Democratic Party of Germany - A Blockpartei, Liberal Democratic Party of Germany - Chairmen of the LDPD, Liberal Democratic Party of Germany - External link

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Planck was musically gifted: he took voice lessons in addition to playing the piano, organ and cello, and composing songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised him against going into physics, saying, "in this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." Planck replied that he didn't wish to discover new things, only to understand the known fundamentals of the field and began his studies in 1874 in Munic ...

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

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Liberalism in Germany - From German Progress Party to German State Party. 1861: Liberals united in the German Progress Party (Deutsche Fortschrittspartei) 1867: The moderate faction seceded as the ⇒ National Liberal Party 1868: A radical South German faction seceded as the ⇒ Democratic People's Party 1884: The party merged with the ⇒ Liberal Union into the German Freeminded Party (Deutsche Freisinnige Partei) 1893: The party split in the ...

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Liberalism in Germany, Liberalism in Germany - Introduction, Liberalism in Germany - Timeline, Liberalism in Germany - From German Progress Party to German State Party, Liberalism in Germany - German People's Party 1868, Liberalism in Germany - National Liberal Party / German People's Party 1918, Liberalism in Germany - Liberal Union, Liberalism in Germany - Freeminded Union, Liberalism in Germany - National Social Union, Liberalism in Germany - Democratic Union, Liberalism in Germany - From Liberal Democratic Party of Germany to Alliance of Free Democrats GDR, Liberalism in Germany - Free Democratic Party, Liberalism in Germany - Liberal Democrats, Liberalism in Germany - Liberal leaders, Liberalism in Germany - Liberal thinkers

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Seven candidates stood in the first round. Hindenburg was not included among them as he would not be nominated as a candidate until the second round. Instead, the most popular candidate of the political right was Karl Jarres of the German People's Party (DVP), a former Minister of the Interior, Vice-Chancellor of Germany and mayor of Duisburg. Otto Braun, the SPD's candidate, was a former Minister-President of Prussia and a well known and respected figure. Zentrum's candidate, ...

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German presidential election 1925, German presidential election 1925 - Electoral system, German presidential election 1925 - First round, German presidential election 1925 - Second round

Read more here: » German presidential election 1925: Encyclopedia II - German presidential election 1925 - First round

Changes November 3, 1923 - The Social Democratic Ministers, Sollmann, Radbruch, and Schmidt, resign. Sollmann is succeeded as Interior Minister by Karl Jarres (DVP). The others are not replaced before the ministry falls Gustav Stresemann - Footnotes. ^  Stresemann in an article for the Hamburger Fremdenblatt, 10 April 1922, quoted after Martin Broszat, 200 Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik, F ...

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Gustav Stresemann, Gustav Stresemann - First Cabinet August - October 1923, Gustav Stresemann - Second Cabinet October - November 1923, Gustav Stresemann - Footnotes, Gustav Stresemann - Books, Gustav Stresemann - External link

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The following parties currently participate in the German parliament, the Bundestag, sorted by the number of seats (refer to the following links for details): Christian Democratic Union (CDU) / Christian Social Union (CSU) – conservative, right of center: 27.8 %, 179 seats and 7.4 %, 46 seats Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) – social democrat, left of center: 34.3 %, 222 seats Free Democratic Party (FDP) – free-market liberal: 9.8 %, 69 seats The Left Party (formerly the Party of Democratic Socialism) – socialist: 8.7 %, 54 seat ...

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List of political parties in Germany, List of political parties in Germany - The parties, List of political parties in Germany - Minor Parties, List of political parties in Germany - More than 0.1 % of the vote at the last federal elections, List of political parties in Germany - Others, List of political parties in Germany - Historical parties, List of political parties in Germany - Parties existing before World War II, List of political parties in Germany - Defunct parties in Western Germany, List of political parties in Germany - Parties in the GDR

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In 1925, Hindenburg had no interest in running for public office. In the first round of the 1925 presidential elections, no candidate had emerged with a majority and a run-off election had been called. The Social Democratic candidate, Prime Minister Otto Braun of Prussia, had agreed to drop out the race and had endorsed the Catholic Center Party's candidate, Wilhelm Marx. Since Karl Jarres, the joint candidate of the two conservative parties, the German People's Party and German National People's Party was regarded as too dull, it seemed lik ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

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Hindenburg was born in what was then Posen (now Poznań) on Podgorna street (Podgorna street in Poznan, Poland), located in the Kingdom of Prussia, as the son of the Prussian aristocrat Robert von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg and his wife Luise (born Schwickart). Hindenburg was embarrassed by his mother’s non-aristocratic background, and for this reason hardly mentions her at all in his memoirs. After his education at the Wahlstatt and Berlin cadet schools, he fought at the 1866 Battle of Königgrätz and in the 1870-1871 Franco ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

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After the end of the war, von Hindenburg again retired from the military in 1918, and announced his intention to retire from public life. In 1919, Hindenburg was called before a Reichstag Commission that was investigating the responsibility for both the outbreak of war in 1914 and for the defeat in 1918. Hindenburg had not wanted to appear before the commission, and had been subpoenaed. The appearance of Hindenburg before the commission was an eagerly waited public event. Ludendorff, who had fallen out with Hindenburg over the decision to co ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

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When the Nazis seized power in 1933, Planck had already reached the age of 74; he had to witness how many Jewish friends and colleagues were expelled from their positions and humiliated, and how hundreds of scientists emigrated from Germany. Again he tried "persevere and continue working" and asked scientists who were considering emigration to stay in Germany. In some cases he was successful with this request, such as in the case of Heisenberg. Hahn asked Planck whether they should gather a number of well-known German professo ...

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

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After the war, a number of German physicists assembled in Göttingen in order to reestablish the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. In July of 1945, Planck agreed to act formally as its president, again. The British occupation authorities insisted on changing the name, and therefore in February 1948 the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft was established. Despite his deteriorating health, Planck resumed travelling in order to give public talks. In 1946, he went to London on the occasion of the 300th birthday of Isaac Newton. He was the only German invited. On April 1st of 1946, Planck was succe ...

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

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Hindenburg played a supporting but key role in the Nazi Machtergreifung (Seizure of Power) in 1933. In the "Government of National Concentration" headed by Hitler, the Nazis were in the minority. Besides Hitler, the only other Nazi ministers were Hermann Göring and Wilhelm Frick. Most of the other ministers were hold-overs from the von Papen and Schleicher governments, and the ones who were not, such as Alfred Hugenberg of the D.N.V.P., were not Nazis. This had the effect of assuring Hindenburg that the room for radical moves on the ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

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After the election's first round Jarres withdrew in favour of Hindenburg, who was a monarchist and popular former general. Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to stand, but only after first consulting with the deposed Kaiser. His major supporters were the DVP, the German National People's Party (DNVP) and the Bavarian People's Party (BVP). The DVP, and especially its leader Gustav Stresemann, had reservations about the idea of a Hindenburg presidency because of its possible repe ...

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German presidential election 1925, German presidential election 1925 - Electoral system, German presidential election 1925 - First round, German presidential election 1925 - Second round

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1 Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler in History page 8. 2 Turner, Henry Hitler's Thirty Days to Power page 41. 3 Noakes, Jeremy & Pridham, Geoffrey (editors) Nazism 1919-1945 Volume 1 The Rise to Power 1919-1934 pages 104-105. 4 Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler in History page 8. ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

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Hindenburg was buried in the Tannenberg memorial against the wishes he had expressed during his life. Hindenburg always said he wanted to buried next to his beloved wife. In 1945, German troops removed his and his wife's coffins, to save them from the approaching Soviets, to Marburg an der Lahn in Western Germany (Hindenburg was an Honorary Citizen of this town), where he was interred anew in the famous Saint Elizabeth Church in the North Tower Chapel. He still rests there, although the church chapter recently voted to keep the lights switch ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

Read more here: » Paul von Hindenburg: Encyclopedia II - Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion

In 1905 the three epochal papers of hitherto completely unknown Albert Einstein were published in the journal Annalen der Physik; Planck was among the few who immediately recognized the significance of the special theory of relativity. Thanks to his influence this theory was soon widely accepted in Germany. Planck also contributed considerably to extend the special theory of relativity. However, Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (photons), harbingered by Philipp Lenard's 1902 discovery of the photoelectric effect, was initially r ...

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

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Although Hindenburg was now lapsing in and out of senility, he was persuaded to run for re-election in 1932, as the only candidate who could defeat Adolf Hitler. Hindenburg had wanted to leave office in 1932, but was urged by the Kamarilla to run again in order to keep Hitler out of office. Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to stay in office, but wanted to avoid an election. The only way this was possible was for the Reichstag to vote for an two-thirds majority to cancel the election. Since the Nazis were the second-largest party, ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

Read more here: » Paul von Hindenburg: Encyclopedia II - Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions

With the completion of his habilitation thesis, Planck became an unpaid private lecturer in Munich, waiting until he would be offered an academic position. Although he was initially ignored by the academic community, he furthered his work on the field of heat theory and discovered one after the other the same thermodynamical formalism as Gibbs without realizing it. Clausius's ideas on entropy occupied a central role in his work. In April 1885 the University of Kiel appointed Planck an associate professor of theoretical physics. Fu ...

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

Read more here: » Max Planck: Encyclopedia II - Max Planck - Academic career

Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen, his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich, and his paternal uncle was a judge. Max Planck was born in Kiel on April 23, 1858 to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, where Planck at ...

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

Read more here: » Max Planck: Encyclopedia II - Max Planck - Origin and youth