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german, German, German - Germany-related, German - People named German, German - Places called German, Deutsch, Germanic
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO German | | | |  German: Encyclopedia II - Bernese German - VarietiesThere is a lot of regional variation within Bernese German. Native people can tell from which village one comes only by hearing the dialect. However, with the increasing importance of the big agglomeration of Bern, the variety of Bern is spreading out, levelling the old village dialects.
Until the first half of the 20th century, there was a considerable range of sociolects within Bernese German cities, especially in Bern where four different groups could be distinguished:
The patrician Bernese German of the high society. ...
See also:Bernese German, Bernese German - Varieties, Bernese German - Phonology, Bernese German - Pragmatics, Bernese German - Vocabulary, Bernese German - Bernese German literature Read more here: » Bernese German: Encyclopedia II - Bernese German - Varieties |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - Bernese German - Phonology main article: Bernese German phonology
Bernese German is distinguished from other Swiss German dialects by the following characteristics:
The vocalisation of l, e.g. Hauue, Esu instead of Halle, Esel ('hall', 'donkey'). This has led to a huge repertoire of diphthongs and triphthongs.
The change of nd to ng, e.g. angers instead of anders ('different'). The many words ending with -ng created the joke that Bernese sounds almost like Chi ...
See also:Bernese German, Bernese German - Varieties, Bernese German - Phonology, Bernese German - Pragmatics, Bernese German - Vocabulary, Bernese German - Bernese German literature Read more here: » Bernese German: Encyclopedia II - Bernese German - Phonology |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion Germanic paganism seems to have begun developing sometime during the 2nd millennium BC, during the Nordic Bronze Age, with influences from neighboring cultures, notably the Celts, and possibly Finnish and Baltic mythologies.
The Proto-Germanic pantheon was divided into two classes, the *Ansuwaz (cognate to Asura) and the *Wanisaz (cognate to *Wenos, a name of *Hausos; see also Vanadis, Wynn, and possibly *Wanax). Members included *Tiwaz, *Wodinaz, *Nerþuz (either a god or a goddess), and *Frijja. Some natural pheno ...
See also:Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - Vocabulary The vocabulary is rather rich - especially in rural areas there are many special terms retained, e.g. regarding cattle or weather. In the cities, much of the rural vocabulary has been lost.
Most borrowings come from Standard German. Many of these are now so common that they have totally replace the original Swiss German words, e.g. the words Hügel 'hill' (instead of Egg, Bühl), Lippe 'lip' (instead of Lefzge). Others have replaced the original words only in parts of Switzerland, e.g. Butter 'butter ...
See also:Swiss German, Swiss German - Use, Swiss German - Variation and Distribution, Swiss German - History, Swiss German - Pronunciation, Swiss German - Consonants, Swiss German - Vowels, Swiss German - Suprasegmentals, Swiss German - Grammar, Swiss German - Writing, Swiss German - Vocabulary, Swiss German - Literature, Swiss German - External link Read more here: » Swiss German: Encyclopedia II - Swiss German - Vocabulary |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German language - History As a consequence of the colonisation patterns the Völkerwanderung, the routes for trade and communication (chiefly the rivers), and of physical isolation (high mountains and deep forests) very different regional dialects developed. These dialects, sometimes mutually unintelligible, were used across the Holy Roman Empire.
As Germany was divided into many different states, the only force working for a unification or standardisation of German during a period of several hundred years was the general preference of writers trying to write in a way that could ...
See also:German language, German language - Geographic distribution, German language - History, German language - Classification and related languages, German language - Neighboring languages, German language - Official status, German language - Dialects, German language - Standard German, German language - Grammar, German language - Noun inflection, German language - Verb Inflection, German language - Writing system, German language - Alphabet, German language - Phonology, German language - Cognates with English, German language - Examples of German, German language - Names of the German language in other languages, German language - Reference Read more here: » German language: Encyclopedia II - German language - History |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German language - History The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration period, separating South Germanic dialects from common West Germanic. The earliest testimonies of Old High German are from scattered Elder Futhark inscriptions, especially in Alemannic, from the 6th century, the earliest glosses (Abrogans) date to the 8th and the oldest coherent texts (the Hildebrandslied, the Muspilli and the Merseburg Incantations) to the 9th century. Old Saxon at this time belongs to the North Sea Germanic cultural sphere, and Low German should fall under German rather than Anglo-Fris ...
See also:German language, German language - Geographic distribution, German language - History, German language - Classification and related languages, German language - Neighboring languages, German language - Official status, German language - Dialects, German language - Standard German, German language - Grammar, German language - Noun inflection, German language - Verb Inflection, German language - Writing system, German language - Alphabet, German language - Phonology, German language - Cognates with English, German language - Examples of German, German language - Names of the German language in other languages, German language - Reference Read more here: » German language: Encyclopedia II - German language - History |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German idealism - Conclusion Spinoza had a great influence on post-Kantian German Idealists. Schopenhauer wrote: "In consequence of Kant's criticism of all speculative theology, almost all the philosophizers in Germany cast themselves back on to Spinoza, so that the whole series of unsuccessful attempts known by the name of post-Kantian philosophy is simply Spinozism tastelessly got up, veiled in all kinds of unintelligible language, and otherwise twisted and distorted," (from The Wor ...
See also:German idealism, German idealism - Meaning of Idealism, German idealism - Background, German idealism - Jacobi, German idealism - Reinhold, German idealism - Schulze, German idealism - Fichte, German idealism - Hegel, German idealism - Schelling, German idealism - Schleiermacher, German idealism - Conclusion Read more here: » German idealism: Encyclopedia II - German idealism - Conclusion |
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| | | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German Mediatisation - Background The German Mediatisation is a name applied to the series of mediatisations and secularisations which occurred in Germany during the Napoleonic Era (occurring 1795 - 1814AD). Mediatisation was, put simply, the process of annexing the lands of one sovereign monarchy to another, often leaving the annexed some rights. Secularisation was the process of annexing the secular lands held by an ecclesiastical ruler (such as a Bishop or a ...
See also:German Mediatisation, German Mediatisation - Background, German Mediatisation - Secularisation, German Mediatisation - Secularised States, German Mediatisation - Mediatisation, German Mediatisation - Mediatised Monarchies, German Mediatisation - Abolished Free and Imperial Cities, German Mediatisation - Related Links Read more here: » German Mediatisation: Encyclopedia II - German Mediatisation - Background |
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| | | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German-Brazilian - Name and Location Deutschbrasilianer (in German), teuto-brasileiro or germano-brasileiro (in Portuguese), or German-Brazilian (in English) basically is a person of German origin (i.e. of that language, one of its dialect, nationality, place of origin or ethnicity) who is native to southern Brazil (and to some extent also existent in some other regions of the country, like in the state of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, and others.) However, most German-Brazilians do live in the southernmost states of Brazil, na ...
See also:German-Brazilian, German-Brazilian - Name and Location, German-Brazilian - Language, German-Brazilian - Immigration, German-Brazilian - German colonisation in Brazil, German-Brazilian - Urban Germans in Brazil, German-Brazilian - Religion, German-Brazilian - Famous Brazilians of German descent Read more here: » German-Brazilian: Encyclopedia II - German-Brazilian - Name and Location |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Sources Most sources documenting Germanic paganism have been lost and it is only from Iceland that there is a substantial literature, namely the Sagas and the Eddas.
Some information is found in the Nibelungenlied and in Beowulf. Limited information also exists in Tacitus' ethnographic work Germania, although some preface is necessary due to context.
Further material has been deduced from folk customs found in surviving rural folk traditions that have either been mildly superficiailly Christianized or lightly modified, including ...
See also:Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Sources, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Caesar, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Reconstruction, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Sources |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German American - German Americans throughout the country Germans trickled in to major US cities in response to the Industrial Revolution, and the demand for cheap immigrant labor made the US an attractive destination for immigration. Following the revolutions in German states in 1848, a wave of immigrant refugees flooded the United States and became known as Forty-Eighters. Heavy German immigration to the United States occurred between 1848 and World War I, during which time nearly 6 million Germans immigrated to the U.S. The Germans became widespread throughout the Northern half of the country, e ...
See also:German American, German American - First German Americans, German American - German Americans throughout the country, German American - Present Population, German American - Diversity, German American - Amish Mennonite and Hutterites, German American - German Americans Assimilation and World War I, German American - German Americans and World War II, German American - German-American Influence, German American - German-American presidents, German American - External link Read more here: » German American: Encyclopedia II - German American - German Americans throughout the country |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - Germanic neopaganism - History The first modern attempt at revival of ancient Germanic religion took place in the 19th Century during the late Romantic Period amidst a general resurgence of interest in traditional Germanic culture, in particular in connection with romantic nationalism in Scandinavia and the related Viking revival in Victorian era Britain. The last traditional pagan sacrifices in Scandinavia, at Trollkyrka, appear to date to about this time.
Organized Germanic pagan or occult groups such as the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft emerged in Germany in ...
See also:Germanic neopaganism, Germanic neopaganism - Terminology, Germanic neopaganism - Ásatrú, Germanic neopaganism - Heathen, Germanic neopaganism - Odinism, Germanic neopaganism - Forn Siðr, Germanic neopaganism - Theodism, Germanic neopaganism - History, Germanic neopaganism - Distribution of adherents, Germanic neopaganism - Factions, Germanic neopaganism - Tenets, Germanic neopaganism - Rites, Germanic neopaganism - Artistic Output And Influence, Germanic neopaganism - Symbolism, Germanic neopaganism - List of Organizations Read more here: » Germanic neopaganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic neopaganism - History |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German idealism - Reinhold Karl L. Reinhold published two volumes of Letters Concerning the Kantian Philosophy in 1790 and 1792. They provided a clear explication of Kant's thoughts, which were previously inaccessible due to Kant's use of complex or technical language.
Reinhold also tried to prove Kant's assertion that humans and other animals can know only images that appear in their minds, never "things-in-themselves" (things that are not mere appearances in a mind). In order to establish his proof, Reinhold stated an axiom that could not possibly be d ...
See also:German idealism, German idealism - Meaning of Idealism, German idealism - Background, German idealism - Jacobi, German idealism - Reinhold, German idealism - Schulze, German idealism - Fichte, German idealism - Hegel, German idealism - Schelling, German idealism - Schleiermacher, German idealism - Conclusion Read more here: » German idealism: Encyclopedia II - German idealism - Reinhold |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German idealism - Fichte After Schulze had seriously criticized the notion of a thing-in-itself, Fichte (1762 - 1814) produced a philosophy similar to Kant's, but without a thing-in-itself. Fichte asserted that our representations, ideas, or mental images are merely the the productions of our ego, or knowing subject. For him, there is no external thing-in-itself that produces the ideas. On the contrary, the knowing subject, or ego, is the cause ...
See also:German idealism, German idealism - Meaning of Idealism, German idealism - Background, German idealism - Jacobi, German idealism - Reinhold, German idealism - Schulze, German idealism - Fichte, German idealism - Hegel, German idealism - Schelling, German idealism - Schleiermacher, German idealism - Conclusion Read more here: » German idealism: Encyclopedia II - German idealism - Fichte |
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| | | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German idealism - Schelling With regard to the experience of objects, Schelling (1775 - 1854) claimed that the ideas or mental images in the mind are identical to the extended objects which are external to the mind. Schelling's "absolute identity" asserted that there is no difference between the subjective and the objective, that is, the ideal and the real. In the book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality, philosopher Ken Wilber called Schelling's thought "Plotinus temporalized". That is, Schelling transformed Plotinus' Neo-Platonic emanationi ...
See also:German idealism, German idealism - Meaning of Idealism, German idealism - Background, German idealism - Jacobi, German idealism - Reinhold, German idealism - Schulze, German idealism - Fichte, German idealism - Hegel, German idealism - Schelling, German idealism - Schleiermacher, German idealism - Conclusion Read more here: » German idealism: Encyclopedia II - German idealism - Schelling |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - German grammar - Declension Every German noun is assigned one of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Unlike English, which does not assign a gender to most nouns, the gender of a German noun and the gender of the thing to which the noun refers often differ. For example, in German, a stone (der Stein) is masculine, whereas a girl (das Mädchen) is neuter. Thus, the gender of a noun mainly depends on its nominative ending, not on its real sex. This is called "grammatical gender" a feature of many other languages, such as French. "Mädchen", for ex ...
See also:German grammar, German grammar - Declension, German grammar - Nominal or Noun Phrases, German grammar - The genitive attribute, German grammar - Position, German grammar - Relative clause, German grammar - Nouns, German grammar - Types of declensions, German grammar - Articles and article-like words, German grammar - Possessive article-like pronouns, German grammar - Cardinal numbers, German grammar - Adjectives, German grammar - Strong inflection, German grammar - Weak inflection, German grammar - Mixed inflection, German grammar - Criteria for Inflection, German grammar - The positive form, German grammar - The comparative form, German grammar - The superlative form, German grammar - Pronouns, German grammar - Personal pronouns, German grammar - Pronouns derived from articles, German grammar - Reflexive pronouns, German grammar - Relative clause, German grammar - Demonstrative pronouns, German grammar - Adverbial phrases, German grammar - Native adverbs, German grammar - Accusative nouns with adverbial meaning, German grammar - Adverbial forms of adjectives, German grammar - Prepositional phrases, German grammar - Verbs, German grammar - Simple Infinitives, German grammar - Complex infinitives, German grammar - Conjugation, German grammar - Verbal nouns and verbal adjectives, German grammar - Tenses, German grammar - Flavoring particles, German grammar - Sentences, German grammar - Main Sentence, German grammar - Subordinate clauses Read more here: » German grammar: Encyclopedia II - German grammar - Declension |
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| | | | | German: Encyclopedia II - Baltic German - Territories In Baltic German settlement patterns, the Baltic area consisted of the following territories:
Estland (Latin: Estonia), roughly the northern half of present-day Estonia; major towns: Reval (Tallinn), Narwa (Narva).
Livland (Latin: Livonia), roughly the southern half of present-day Estonia and the northern half of today's Latvia; major towns: Riga, Dorpat (Tartu).
Kurland (Latin: Couronia, also English: Courland), roughly the southern half of present-day Latvia; major to ...
See also:Baltic German, Baltic German - Territories, Baltic German - History, Baltic German - Middle Ages, Baltic German - Reformation, Baltic German - Russian control, Baltic German - Post WWI, Baltic German - Notable Baltic Germans, Baltic German - External link Read more here: » Baltic German: Encyclopedia II - Baltic German - Territories |
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