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Georgian language | A Wisdom Archive on Georgian language | | Georgian language A selection of articles related to Georgian language | |
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Georgian language
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Georgian language | | | |  Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian language - Examples
Georgian language - Word formations.
Georgian has a word derivation system, which allows to derive nouns from verb roots both with prefixes and suffixes.
From the root -ts'er- ("write"), the words ts'erili ("letter"), mts'erali ("writer") are derived.
From the root -ts- ("give"), the word gadatsema ("broadcast") is derived.
From the root -tsd- ("try"), the word gamotsda ("exam") is der ...
See also:Georgian language, Georgian language - Classification, Georgian language - Dialects, Georgian language - History, Georgian language - Writing system, Georgian language - Sound system, Georgian language - Consonants, Georgian language - Vowels, Georgian language - Phonotactics, Georgian language - Grammar, Georgian language - Morphology, Georgian language - Syntax, Georgian language - Vocabulary, Georgian language - Examples, Georgian language - Word formations, Georgian language - Words that begin with multiple consonants, Georgian language - Common phrases Read more here: » Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian language - Examples |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Verbal system
The Georgian verbal system is considerably complex, especially when compared to that of most Indo-European languages. Rather than using the terms "tense", "aspect", "mood", etc. separately, linguists prefer to use the term "screeve" to distinguish between different time frames and moods of the verbal system.
Verbs are traditionally divided into four classes: transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, verbs with no transitive counterparts (medial verbs) and indirect verbs. There are numerous irregular verbs in Georgian, but they all belong ...
See also:Georgian grammar, Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment, Georgian grammar - Case system, Georgian grammar - Nouns, Georgian grammar - Pluralization, Georgian grammar - Pronouns, Georgian grammar - Adjectives, Georgian grammar - Possessive adjectives, Georgian grammar - Adpositions, Georgian grammar - Examples, Georgian grammar - Verbal system, Georgian grammar - Verb classes, Georgian grammar - Screeves, Georgian grammar - Verb components, Georgian grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Georgian grammar - Syntax, Georgian grammar - Word order, Georgian grammar - Questions, Georgian grammar - Negation Read more here: » Georgian grammar: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Verbal system |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Laz language - Linguistic classification Laz is one of the four South Caucasian languages, closely related to Megrelian and somewhat less closely to Georgian. The Laz and Megrelian communities were separated by politics and religion around 500 years ago, and the languages are no longer mutually intelligible. The Laz-Megrelian branch apparently split from Georgian in the 1st millennium BC.
Laz language - Dialects.
Laz has five major dialects:
Hopan, spoken in Hopa;
Vitse-Arkabian, spoken in Arhavi and Fındıklı;
Chkhalan, spoken in Düzköy;
Atinan, spoken in Pazar (forme ...
See also:Laz language, Laz language - Linguistic classification, Laz language - Dialects, Laz language - Geographical distribution, Laz language - Social and cultural status, Laz language - Language features, Laz language - Familial features, Laz language - Distinguishing features Read more here: » Laz language: Encyclopedia II - Laz language - Linguistic classification |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Georgia - Culture of old Georgia The Georgian alphabet was invented in the 5th century BC and reformed by King Parnavaz I of Iberia in 284 BC.
Georgia's medieval culture was greatly influenced by Orthodox Christianity and the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church, which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion. These included churches and monasteries, works of art such as icons, and hagiographies of Georgian saints. As well as this, many secular works of national history, mythology and hagiograpy were also written.
< ...
See also:Culture of Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Culture of old Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Ecclesiastical art, Culture of Georgia - Ecclesiastical monuments, Culture of Georgia - Literary and other written works, Culture of Georgia - Culture of modern Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Famous Georgian cultural figures XX-XXI centuries:, Culture of Georgia - Actors, Culture of Georgia - Ballet dancers, Culture of Georgia - Composers, Culture of Georgia - Folk Musicians, Culture of Georgia - Filmmakers, Culture of Georgia - Opera singers, Culture of Georgia - Painters, Culture of Georgia - Pianists, Culture of Georgia - Poets, Culture of Georgia - Sculptors, Culture of Georgia - Theatre producers, Culture of Georgia - Writers, Culture of Georgia - Links Read more here: » Culture of Georgia: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Georgia - Culture of old Georgia |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Georgia - Famous Georgian cultural figures XX-XXI centuries:
Culture of Georgia - Actors.
David (Dodo) Abashidze
Veriko Anjaparidze
Spartak Bagashvili
Givi Berikashvili
Ushangi Chkheidze
Ramaz Chkhikvadze
Giorgi Gegechkori
Iza Gigoshvili
Vaso Godziashvili
Kakhi Kavsadze
Akaki Khorava
Zurab Kipshidze
Zina Kverenchkhiladze
Avtandil Makharadze
Erosi Manjgaladze
Merab Ninidze
Giorgi Sagaradze
Guram Sagaradze
Kar ...
See also:Culture of Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Culture of old Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Ecclesiastical art, Culture of Georgia - Ecclesiastical monuments, Culture of Georgia - Literary and other written works, Culture of Georgia - Culture of modern Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Famous Georgian cultural figures XX-XXI centuries:, Culture of Georgia - Actors, Culture of Georgia - Ballet dancers, Culture of Georgia - Composers, Culture of Georgia - Folk Musicians, Culture of Georgia - Filmmakers, Culture of Georgia - Opera singers, Culture of Georgia - Painters, Culture of Georgia - Pianists, Culture of Georgia - Poets, Culture of Georgia - Sculptors, Culture of Georgia - Theatre producers, Culture of Georgia - Writers, Culture of Georgia - Links Read more here: » Culture of Georgia: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Georgia - Famous Georgian cultural figures XX-XXI centuries: |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Pronouns The following table lists the declension of all six personal pronouns.
As can be seen from the table, all the cases of the third persons except the nominative case can be expressed in two different ways; with or without an "i" at the beginning of the pronoun. The extra letter "i" adds a directional meaning. The closest English equivalent could be the distinction between his, her and that. An example can be "her pencil" versus "that (girl)'s pencil." In English "that" can never behave as a pronoun, but in Georgian, the additional ...
See also:Georgian grammar, Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment, Georgian grammar - Case system, Georgian grammar - Nouns, Georgian grammar - Pluralization, Georgian grammar - Pronouns, Georgian grammar - Adjectives, Georgian grammar - Possessive adjectives, Georgian grammar - Adpositions, Georgian grammar - Examples, Georgian grammar - Verbal system, Georgian grammar - Verb classes, Georgian grammar - Screeves, Georgian grammar - Verb components, Georgian grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Georgian grammar - Syntax, Georgian grammar - Word order, Georgian grammar - Questions, Georgian grammar - Negation Read more here: » Georgian grammar: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Pronouns |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Georgia - Culture of modern Georgia During the modern period, from about the 17th century onwards, Georgian culture has been greatly influenced by cultural innovations imported from elsewhere in Europe.
The first Georgian-language printing house was established in the 1620s in Italy and the first one in Georgia itself was founded in 1709 in Tbilisi.
Georgian theatre has a long history; its oldest national form was the "Sakhioba" (extant from the 3rd century BC to the 17th century AD). The Georgian National Theatre was founded in 1791 in Tbilisi, by the writer, dr ...
See also:Culture of Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Culture of old Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Ecclesiastical art, Culture of Georgia - Ecclesiastical monuments, Culture of Georgia - Literary and other written works, Culture of Georgia - Culture of modern Georgia, Culture of Georgia - Famous Georgian cultural figures XX-XXI centuries:, Culture of Georgia - Actors, Culture of Georgia - Ballet dancers, Culture of Georgia - Composers, Culture of Georgia - Folk Musicians, Culture of Georgia - Filmmakers, Culture of Georgia - Opera singers, Culture of Georgia - Painters, Culture of Georgia - Pianists, Culture of Georgia - Poets, Culture of Georgia - Sculptors, Culture of Georgia - Theatre producers, Culture of Georgia - Writers, Culture of Georgia - Links Read more here: » Culture of Georgia: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Georgia - Culture of modern Georgia |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Laz language - Language features
Laz language - Familial features.
Like many languages of the Caucasus, Laz has a rich consonantal system (in fact, the richest among the South Caucasian family) but only five vowels (a,e,i,o,u). The nouns are inflected with agglutinative suffixes to indicate grammatical function (4 to 7 cases, depending on the dialect) and number (singular or plural), but not by gender.
The Laz verb is inflected with suffixes according to person and number, and also for tense, aspect, mood, and (in some dialects) evidentia ...
See also:Laz language, Laz language - Linguistic classification, Laz language - Dialects, Laz language - Geographical distribution, Laz language - Social and cultural status, Laz language - Language features, Laz language - Familial features, Laz language - Distinguishing features Read more here: » Laz language: Encyclopedia II - Laz language - Language features |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Nouns The declension of a noun depends on whether the root of the noun ends with a vowel or a consonant. If the root of the noun ends with a vowel, the declension can be either truncating (roots ending with -e or -a) or non-truncating (roots ending with -o or -u). In the truncating declensions, the last vowel of the word stem is lost in the genitive and the instrumental cases. The table below lists the suffixes for each noun case, with an example next to it.
(* truncation of the last vowel occurs)
See also:Georgian grammar, Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment, Georgian grammar - Case system, Georgian grammar - Nouns, Georgian grammar - Pluralization, Georgian grammar - Pronouns, Georgian grammar - Adjectives, Georgian grammar - Possessive adjectives, Georgian grammar - Adpositions, Georgian grammar - Examples, Georgian grammar - Verbal system, Georgian grammar - Verb classes, Georgian grammar - Screeves, Georgian grammar - Verb components, Georgian grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Georgian grammar - Syntax, Georgian grammar - Word order, Georgian grammar - Questions, Georgian grammar - Negation Read more here: » Georgian grammar: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Nouns |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Laz language - Social and cultural status Laz has no official status in either Turkey or Georgia, and no written standard. It is presently used only for familiar and casual interaction; for literary, business, and other purposes, Laz speakers use their country's official language (Turkish or Georgian). Occasional publications in Laz are written using the corresponding alphabets. Laz speakers seem to be decreasing in number because of rapid assimilation into the mainstream Tu ...
See also:Laz language, Laz language - Linguistic classification, Laz language - Dialects, Laz language - Geographical distribution, Laz language - Social and cultural status, Laz language - Language features, Laz language - Familial features, Laz language - Distinguishing features Read more here: » Laz language: Encyclopedia II - Laz language - Social and cultural status |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Adjectives Adjectives agree in case with the nouns they modify. The declension of adjectives is different from that of nouns, but like that of nouns, it depends on whether the root of the adjective ends with a consonant or a vowel: a vowel-final-stem adjective is identical in all cases, while a consonant-final-stem adjective changes from case to case. (Put another way, one might say that vowel-final-stem adjectives do not actually decline for case.) The following table presents declensions of the adjectives did- ("big") and ç'aghara- ("grey") with the noun datv- ("bear").
G ...
See also:Georgian grammar, Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment, Georgian grammar - Case system, Georgian grammar - Nouns, Georgian grammar - Pluralization, Georgian grammar - Pronouns, Georgian grammar - Adjectives, Georgian grammar - Possessive adjectives, Georgian grammar - Adpositions, Georgian grammar - Examples, Georgian grammar - Verbal system, Georgian grammar - Verb classes, Georgian grammar - Screeves, Georgian grammar - Verb components, Georgian grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Georgian grammar - Syntax, Georgian grammar - Word order, Georgian grammar - Questions, Georgian grammar - Negation Read more here: » Georgian grammar: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Adjectives |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Case system Georgian has seven grammatical cases: nominative, ergative, dative, genitive, instrumental, adverbial and vocative.
The nominative, ergative and dative are core cases, and due to the complex morphosyntactic alignment of Georgian, each one has several different functions and also overlap with each other, in different contexts. They will be treated together with the verb system.
The non-core cases are the genitive, the instrumental, the adverbial and the vocative.
The genitive case is the equivalent of the prepositio ...
See also:Georgian grammar, Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment, Georgian grammar - Case system, Georgian grammar - Nouns, Georgian grammar - Pluralization, Georgian grammar - Pronouns, Georgian grammar - Adjectives, Georgian grammar - Possessive adjectives, Georgian grammar - Adpositions, Georgian grammar - Examples, Georgian grammar - Verbal system, Georgian grammar - Verb classes, Georgian grammar - Screeves, Georgian grammar - Verb components, Georgian grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Georgian grammar - Syntax, Georgian grammar - Word order, Georgian grammar - Questions, Georgian grammar - Negation Read more here: » Georgian grammar: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Case system |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Adpositions Georgian does not have prepositions but postpositions. The adpositional particles are appended at the end of nouns. They might be written separately or together with the noun, but they are in fact enclitic.
Each postposition governs (requires) a specific case of the noun (this is akin to the usage of prepositions in German or Latin). Only one postposition governs the nominative case (-vit "like"), and there are no postpositions that govern the ergative or the vocative ...
See also:Georgian grammar, Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment, Georgian grammar - Case system, Georgian grammar - Nouns, Georgian grammar - Pluralization, Georgian grammar - Pronouns, Georgian grammar - Adjectives, Georgian grammar - Possessive adjectives, Georgian grammar - Adpositions, Georgian grammar - Examples, Georgian grammar - Verbal system, Georgian grammar - Verb classes, Georgian grammar - Screeves, Georgian grammar - Verb components, Georgian grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Georgian grammar - Syntax, Georgian grammar - Word order, Georgian grammar - Questions, Georgian grammar - Negation Read more here: » Georgian grammar: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Adpositions |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment Georgian syntax and verb agreement are those of a nominative-accusative language. That is, the subject of an intransitive verb and the subject of a transitive verb are treated alike when it comes to word order within the sentence and their agreement marks in the verb complex. Nominative-accusative alignment is the most common in the world's languages, and is found in all Western Indo-European languages (such as English language, German, and French).
However, Georgian case morphology (that is, the declension of nouns using case marks) ...
See also:Georgian grammar, Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment, Georgian grammar - Case system, Georgian grammar - Nouns, Georgian grammar - Pluralization, Georgian grammar - Pronouns, Georgian grammar - Adjectives, Georgian grammar - Possessive adjectives, Georgian grammar - Adpositions, Georgian grammar - Examples, Georgian grammar - Verbal system, Georgian grammar - Verb classes, Georgian grammar - Screeves, Georgian grammar - Verb components, Georgian grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Georgian grammar - Syntax, Georgian grammar - Word order, Georgian grammar - Questions, Georgian grammar - Negation Read more here: » Georgian grammar: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment |
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| | | | Georgian language: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Syntax
Georgian grammar - Word order.
Word order in Georgian is not very strict. One common sentence structure follows the pattern subject - indirect object - direct object - verb. For example, the sentence "I am writing a letter to my mother" can be expressed as follows (where NOM = nominative case, DAT = dative case, PRES = present screeve):
It is also possible to construct a sentence using a different order (subject - verb - direct object - indirect ob ...
See also:Georgian grammar, Georgian grammar - Morphosyntactic alignment, Georgian grammar - Case system, Georgian grammar - Nouns, Georgian grammar - Pluralization, Georgian grammar - Pronouns, Georgian grammar - Adjectives, Georgian grammar - Possessive adjectives, Georgian grammar - Adpositions, Georgian grammar - Examples, Georgian grammar - Verbal system, Georgian grammar - Verb classes, Georgian grammar - Screeves, Georgian grammar - Verb components, Georgian grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Georgian grammar - Syntax, Georgian grammar - Word order, Georgian grammar - Questions, Georgian grammar - Negation Read more here: » Georgian grammar: Encyclopedia II - Georgian grammar - Syntax |
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