Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, viroids, prions, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes (e.g. molds and fungi). Microbes represent ideal model systems for study due to the fact that many can be grown quickly and easily in genetically uniform cultures (e.g. agar), which allows for the production of biological materials (e.g. protein or DNA) in reasonable quantities quickly, safely and inexpensively. However, viruses, viroids, and prions cann ...

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The field of biogeochemistry involves scientific study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere), and the cycles of matter and energy that transport the Earth's chemical components in time and space. Biogeochemistry is a systems science. Biogeochemistry - Biogeochemistry research. There are biogeochemistry research groups i ...

Including:

• Biogeochemistry - Biogeochemistry research
• Biogeochemistry - Father of biogeochemistry
• Biogeochemistry - Early development of biogeochemistry

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There are biogeochemistry research groups in many universities around the world. Since this is a highly inter-disciplinary field, these are situated within a wide range of host disciplines, such as earth sciences, environmental sciences, environmental chemistry, agricultural science, soil science and oceanography. Many researchers investigate the biogeochemical_cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, as well as their stable isotopes. The cycles of trace elements such ...

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Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry - Biogeochemistry research, Biogeochemistry - Father of biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry - Early development of biogeochemistry

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Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. The major historic disciplines use physics, geography, mathematics, chemistry, and biology to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system: Including:

• Earth science - Earth's spheres
• Earth science - Interdisciplinary fields
• Earth science - Partial list of the major Earth Science topics
• Earth science - Geology
• Earth science - Soil science
• Earth science - Oceanography
• Earth science - Geography
• Earth science - Limnology
• Earth science - Glaciology
• Earth science - Atmospheric Science
• Earth science - Systems or multidisciplinary

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Vladimir Vernadsky, a Russian scientist in the tradition of Mendeleev, is credited with founding the science of biogeochemistry. Vernadsky distinguished three spheres in the universe domain, where a sphere is a concept similar to the Riemman concept of a space-phase. He observed that each sphere has its own laws of evolution, and that the higher spheres modify and dominate the lowers. The three spheres are: 1. Abiotic sphere - all the non-living energy and material processes. 2. Biosphere - the life proces ...

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Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry - Biogeochemistry research, Biogeochemistry - Father of biogeochemistry, Biogeochemistry - Early development of biogeochemistry

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In Astrobiology, a biosignature is a sign of the presence of life in general and is usually studied with an eye towards identifying and detecting extraterrestrial life. Often, biosignatures in this context are chemical: the detection of DNA in the Martian soil or oxygen in an extrasolar planet's atmosphere would likely be interpreted as diagnostic evidence of life. (Oxygen is highly reactive with many minerals and metals, and is generally assumed to persist in an atmosphere only if lifeforms are actively producin ...

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Biosignature, Biosignature - Biosignatures in Astrobiology, Biosignature - The Viking Missions to Mars, Biosignature - Biosignatures in Geochemistry

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Many scientists are now starting to use an approach known as Earth system science which treats the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent systems. The systems approach, enabled by the combined use of computer models as hypotheses tested by global satellite and ship-board data, is increasingly giving scientists the ability to explain the p ...

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Earth science, Earth science - Earth's spheres, Earth science - Interdisciplinary fields, Earth science - Earth system science, Earth science - Methodology, Earth science - Partial list of the major Earth Science topics, Earth science - The solid Earth, Earth science - Soil science, Earth science - Oceanography, Earth science - Geography, Earth science - Limnology, Earth science - Glaciology, Earth science - Atmospheric science, Earth science - Systems or multidisciplinary

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Furthermore, other modern disciplines known collectively as Earth system science approach the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent systems: Meteorology describes, explains and predicts the weather based on the interaction of principally the ocean and atmosphere. Climatology describes and explains the climate in terms of the interaction of the litho-, pedo-, hydro-, atmo-, cryo-, and bio- sp ...

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Earth science, Earth science - Earth's spheres, Earth science - Interdisciplinary fields, Earth science - Partial list of the major Earth Science topics, Earth science - Geology, Earth science - Soil science, Earth science - Oceanography, Earth science - Geography, Earth science - Limnology, Earth science - Glaciology, Earth science - Atmospheric science, Earth science - Systems or multidisciplinary

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In China, the polymath Shen Kua (1031 - 1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt. The work on rocks Peri lithon by Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle, remained authoritative for millennia. However, its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. It was translate ...

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Geology, Geology - History, Geology - Important principles of geology, Geology - Fields or related disciplines, Geology - Regional geology, Geology - Australia, Geology - United Kingdom, Geology - United States, Geology - National geology, Geology - Planetary geology

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There are a number of important principles in geology. Many of these involve the ability to provide the relative ages of strata or the manner in which they were formed. The Principle of Intrusive Relationships concerns crosscutting intrusions. In geology, when an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be determined that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. There are a number of different types of intrusions, ...

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Geology, Geology - History, Geology - Important principles of geology, Geology - Fields or related disciplines, Geology - Regional geology, Geology - Australia, Geology - United Kingdom, Geology - United States, Geology - National geology, Geology - Planetary geology

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Geology - Australia. Geology of the Yilgarn Craton Geology of Victoria Geology - United Kingdom. Geology of Dorset Geology of Hampshire Geology of Hertfordshire Geology - United States. Geology of the Bryce Canyon area(Utah) Geology of the Canyonlands area (Utah) Geology of the Capitol Reef area (Utah) Geology of Connecticut Geo ...

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Geology, Geology - History, Geology - Important principles of geology, Geology - Fields or related disciplines, Geology - Regional geology, Geology - Australia, Geology - United Kingdom, Geology - United States, Geology - National geology, Geology - Planetary geology

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