See text Bindweeds are annual or herbaceous perennial vines in the genus Convolvulus, in the Morning Glory family Convolvulaceae. Many of the species are problematic weeds, which can swamp other more valuable plants by climbing over them, but some are also deliberately grown for their attractive flowers. This species occurs in many temperate regions. They are mostly slender, creeping winding vines. A few are small perennials. They have simple, a ...

Including:

• Bindweed - Species

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Gadus morhua Gadus macrocephalus Gadus ogac This article is about codfish; for other meanings, see COD. Cod is the common name for the genus Gadus of fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety of other fishes. Cod is a popular food fish with a mild flavor, low fat content, and a dense white flesh that flakes easily. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, an important source of Vitamin A, Vitamin D and omega-3 ...

Including:

• Cod - Species in genus Gadus
• Cod - Related species called cod
• Cod - Unrelated species called cod
• Cod - Order Perciformes:
• Cod - Order Scorpaeniformes
• Cod - Order Ophidiiformes:
• Cod - Species marketed as cod
• Cod - Cod trade

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Danio Danio albolineatus Danio abolineatus var pulcher Danio abolineatus var tweediei Danio choprae Danio dangila Danio feegradei Danio kerri Danio kyathit var spotted Danio kyathit var striped Danio meghalayensis Danio nigrofasciatus Danio roseus Danio rerio Danio rerio var frankei Danio sp aff kerri Danio sp aff kyathit Danio s ...

Including:

• Danionin - Species listed in order of common name
• Danionin - Species Listed in order of Scientific Name categorised by Genus
• Danionin - Danionins renamed or wrongly identified

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List of Quercus species - Section Quercus. The white oaks (synonym sect. Lepidobalanus). Europe, Asia, north Africa, North America. Styles short; acorns mature in 6 months, sweet or slightly bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless. Quercus alba - White oak - eastern North America Quercus aliena - Oriental white oak - eastern Asia Quercus arizonica - Arizona white oak # - southwestern North America Quercus austrina - Bluff oak- ...

Including:

• List of Quercus species - Genus Quercus
• List of Quercus species - Section Quercus
• List of Quercus species - Section Mesobalanus
• List of Quercus species - Section Cerris
• List of Quercus species - Section Protobalanus
• List of Quercus species - Section Lobatae
• List of Quercus species - Notes

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Classification: Family Bataguridae Subfamily Batagurinae Genus Batagur Genus Callagur Genus Chinemys Genus Furculachelys Genus Geoclemys Genus Hardella Genus Hieremys Genus Kachuga Genus Morenia Genus Ocadia Subfamily Geoemydinae Genus Cuora Genus Cyclemys Genus Geoemyda Genus Malayemys Genus Heosemys Genus Mauremys Genus Melanoch ...

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Human evolution is the process of change and development, or evolution, by which human beings emerged as a distinct species. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this change and development occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably physical anthropology and genetics. The term 'human', in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of human evolution usually include other hominids, such as the austral ...

Including:

• Human evolution - History of paleoanthropology
• Human evolution - Before Homo
• Human evolution - The Homo genus
• Human evolution - Homo habilis
• Human evolution - Homo erectus
• Human evolution - Homo ergaster
• Human evolution - Homo heidelbergensis
• Human evolution - Homo sapiens idaltu
• Human evolution - Homo floresiensis
• Human evolution - Homo neanderthalensis
• Human evolution - Homo sapiens
• Human evolution - Additional notes

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Linnaeus, 1758 Perca flavescens (Yellow perch) Perca fluviatilis (European perch) Perca schrenkii (Balkhash perch) A perch is a freshwater bony fish belonging to the family Osteichthyes. Perch, of which there are three species, lend their name to the largest order of vertebrates: the Perciformes, from the Greek perke meaning perch, and the Latin forma meaning shape. All perciform fish share the perch's general morphology. The European perc ...

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William Watson (3 April 1715 – 10 May 1787) was an English physician and scientist who was born and died in London. His early work was in botany, and he helped to introduce the work of Carolus Linnaeus into England. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1741 and vice president in 1772. In 1746 he showed that the capacity of the Leyden jar could be increased by coating it inside and out with lead foil. In the same year he proposed that the two types of electricity—vitreous and resinous—posited by DuFay were actually a ...

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Although they were often compared by early writers to sheep and spoken of as such, their affinity to the camel was very soon perceived. They were included in the genus Camelus in the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus. They were, however, separated by Cuvier in 1800 under the name of Lama along with the Alpaca and the Guanaco. Vicuñas are in genus Vicugna. The animals of the genus Lama are, with the two species of true camels, the sole existing representatives of a very distinct section of the Artiodactyla or eve ...

See also:

Lama genus, Lama genus - Classification, Lama genus - Characteristics

Read more here: » Lama genus: Encyclopedia II - Lama genus - Classification

Hydras are small animals with a body length ranging from 1 mm to 20 mm when fully extended. They have a tubular body secured by a simple adhesive foot. At the free end of the body is a mouth opening surrounded by a ring of 5 to 12 thin mobile tentacles. Each tentacle is clothed with highly specialised stinging cells called nematocysts. Nematocytes look like miniature light bulbs with a coiled thread inside. At the narrow, outer edge is a short trigger hair. Upon contact with prey, the contents of the nematocyst are explosively discharged, firing a dart-like thread containing neurotoxins ...

See also:

Hydra genus, Hydra genus - Form, Hydra genus - Morphology, Hydra genus - Motion and locomotion, Hydra genus - Reproduction, Hydra genus - Feeding, Hydra genus - Morphallaxis, Hydra genus - Senescence

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Hydras have two main body layers separated by mesoglea, a gel-like substance. The outer layer is the epidermis and the inner layer is called the gastrodermis. The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple cells. The nervous system of Hydra is a nerve net, which is simple compared to mammalian nervous systems. They do not have a recognisable brain. Nerve nets connect sensory photoreceptors and touch sensitive nerve cells that are found in the body wall and tentacles of hydras. Respiration occurs by diffusion through the epidermis. Some excretion and ...

See also:

Hydra genus, Hydra genus - Form, Hydra genus - Morphology, Hydra genus - Motion and locomotion, Hydra genus - Reproduction, Hydra genus - Feeding, Hydra genus - Morphallaxis, Hydra genus - Senescence

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When feeding, Hydras extend their body to maximum length and then slowly extend their tentacles. Despite their simple construction, the tentacles of hydra are extraordinarily extensible and can be 4 - 5 times the length of the body. Once fully extended, the tentacles are slowly manoeuvred around waiting for a suitable prey animal to touch a tentacle. Once contact has been made, nematocysts on the tentacle fire into the prey and the tentacle itself coils around the prey. Within 30 seconds, most of the remaining tentacles have already joined i ...

See also:

Hydra genus, Hydra genus - Form, Hydra genus - Morphology, Hydra genus - Motion and locomotion, Hydra genus - Reproduction, Hydra genus - Feeding, Hydra genus - Morphallaxis, Hydra genus - Senescence

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Genus mathematics - Orientable surface. The genus of a connected, orientable surface is an integer representing the maximum number of cuttings along closed simple curves without rendering the resultant manifold disconnected. It is equal to the number of handles on it. Alternativly, it can be defined for a closed surface in terms of the Euler characteristic χ, via the relationship χ = 2 − 2g, where g is the genus. For instance: A sphere, disc and annulus all have genus zero. A torus has genus one, as does the ...

See also:

Genus mathematics, Genus mathematics - Topology, Genus mathematics - Orientable surface, Genus mathematics - Non-orientable surface, Genus mathematics - Knot, Genus mathematics - Handlebody, Genus mathematics - Graph theory, Genus mathematics - Algebraic geometry

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The traditional Pythagorean tuning of the diatonic, also known as Ptolemy's "ditonic diatonic", has two identical 9/8 tones in succesion, making the other interval 256/243: hypate parhypate lichanos mese | 256/243 | 9/8 | 9/8 | -498 -408 -204 0 cents However, the most common tuning in practice from about the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD appears to have been Archytas's diatonic, or Ptolemy's "tonic diatonic", which has the superparticular 28/ ...

See also:

Diatonic genus, Diatonic genus - Tunings of the diatonic

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If Hydras are alarmed or attacked, the tentacles can be retracted to small buds and the body column itself can be retracted to a small gelatinous sphere. Due to the simplicity of the nerve net, hydras generally react in the same way, regardless of the direction of the stimulus. Hydras are generally sedentary, but they do move quite readily. They do this by bending over and attaching themselves to the substrate with their mouth and tentacles and then release their foot which provides the normal attachment. The body then bends over and ...

See also:

Hydra genus, Hydra genus - Form, Hydra genus - Morphology, Hydra genus - Motion and locomotion, Hydra genus - Reproduction, Hydra genus - Feeding, Hydra genus - Morphallaxis, Hydra genus - Senescence

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From April and throughout the summer, the number of snails copulating increases due to the high temperature and humidity which enhances the possibility of oviposition. The Pulmonate snails are hermaphrodite, meaning that both female and male sexual organs are present in the same individual. The snails produce both eggs and sperm in the ovotetis called the hermaphrodite gland, but it is later separated into two divisions, a sperm duct and oviduct, respectively. Mating takes several hours, sometimes a day. A few days later, the eggs are laid in the soil ...

See also:

Helix genus, Helix genus - Where snails are naturally found, Helix genus - What snails eat and who eats snails, Helix genus - External features, Helix genus - Mating, Helix genus - Growth and death, Helix genus - Respiration, Helix genus - Taxonomy, Helix genus - External link

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Since snails in the Helix genus are terrestrial rather than fresh-water or marine, they have developed a simple lung for respiration. Many other snails that belong to the class Gastropoda have gills instead. Oxygen is carried by the blood pigment hemocyanin. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of blood through the capillaries. A muscular valve regulates the process of opening and closing the entrance of the lung. When the valve opens, the air can either leave or come into the lung. The valve plays an important role in r ...

See also:

Helix genus, Helix genus - Where snails are naturally found, Helix genus - What snails eat and who eats snails, Helix genus - External features, Helix genus - Mating, Helix genus - Growth and death, Helix genus - Respiration, Helix genus - Taxonomy, Helix genus - External link

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Previous Papal denouncers of Freemasonry were: Clement XII - In Eminenti Benedict XIV - Providas Rominarum Pius VII - Ecclesiam A Jesu Christo Leo XII - Quo Graviora Pius VIII - Traditi Humilitati Gregory XVI - Mirari Vos Pius IX - Qui Pluribus Leo XIII's denunciation of Freemasonry should be seen in context of his examination of socialism (Quod Apostolici Muneris), his defence of Christian marriage (Arcanum) and on the role of government (Diuturnum). Because of ...

See also:

Humanum Genus, Humanum Genus - Two Cities, Humanum Genus - Historical circumstances, Humanum Genus - Condemnation of Jeffersonian Principles, Humanum Genus - Background

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The genus of a graph is the minimal integer n such that the graph can be drawn without crossing itself on a sphere with n handles (i.e. an oriented surface of genus n). Thus, a planar graph has genus 0, because it can be drawn on a sphere without self-crossing. The non-orientable genus of a graph is the minimal integer n such that the graph can be drawn without crossing itself on a sphere with n cross-caps (i.e. an non-orien ...

See also:

Genus mathematics, Genus mathematics - Topology, Genus mathematics - Orientable surface, Genus mathematics - Non-orientable surface, Genus mathematics - Knot, Genus mathematics - Handlebody, Genus mathematics - Graph theory, Genus mathematics - Algebraic geometry

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Humanum Genus criticises many Jeffersonian principles, which are today equated by most people with the founding principles of the United States. For example, paragraph 22 condemns popular sovereignty: Then come their doctrines of politics, in which the naturalists lay down that all men have the same right, and are in every respect of equal and like condition; that each one is naturally free; that no one has the right to command another; that it is an act of violence to require men to obey an ...

See also:

Humanum Genus, Humanum Genus - Two Cities, Humanum Genus - Historical circumstances, Humanum Genus - Condemnation of Jeffersonian Principles, Humanum Genus - Background

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It starts by using the Augustinian concept of the two cities, the City of Man and the City of God. So the human race was "separated into two diverse and opposite parts, of which the one steadfastly contends for truth and virtue, the other of those things which are contrary to virtue and to truth. The one is the kingdom of God on earth, namely, the true Church of Jesus Christ ... The other is the kingdom of Satan," whi ...

See also:

Humanum Genus, Humanum Genus - Two Cities, Humanum Genus - Historical circumstances, Humanum Genus - Condemnation of Jeffersonian Principles, Humanum Genus - Background

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The encyclical argued that the late Nineteenth Century was a time of particular danger for Christians as the "partisans of evil" were now far more open, as evidenced by the new openness of Freemasonry. Freemasonry had been condemned by previous Popes as contrary to Christian doctrine, but the nature (if not beliefs) of Freemasonry was changing as Freemasons were now far more open in their practices and affiliations. It had long been a practice of the church to forbid Catholics from becoming freemasons, often backed up by temporal governments. This did not stop Freemasonry growing ...

See also:

Humanum Genus, Humanum Genus - Two Cities, Humanum Genus - Historical circumstances, Humanum Genus - Condemnation of Jeffersonian Principles, Humanum Genus - Background

Read more here: » Humanum Genus: Encyclopedia II - Humanum Genus - Historical circumstances