genericized trademark

Advertisers use several recognizable techniques in order to better convince the public to buy a product and shape the public's attitude towards their product. These may include: Repetition: Some advertisers concentrate on making sure their product is widely recognized. To that end, they simply attempt to make the name remembered through repetition. Bandwagon: By implying that the product is widely used, advertisers hope to convince potential buyers to "get on the bandwagon." ...

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Advertising, Advertising - History, Advertising - Media, Advertising - Objectives, Advertising - Political uses, Advertising - Impact, Advertising - Techniques, Advertising - Public service advertising, Advertising - Social impact, Advertising - Regulation, Advertising - Critiques of the medium, Advertising - Public perception of the medium, Advertising - Future, Advertising - Bibliography

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The impact of advertising has been a matter of considerable debate and many different claims have been made in different contexts. During debates about the banning of cigarette adervertising, a common claim from cigarette manufacturers was that cigarette advertising does not encourage people to smoke who would not otherwise[1]. The (eventually successful) opponents of advertising, on the other hand, claim that advertising does in fact increase consumption^{See also:}

Advertising, Advertising - History, Advertising - Media, Advertising - Objectives, Advertising - Political uses, Advertising - Impact, Advertising - Techniques, Advertising - Public service advertising, Advertising - Social impact, Advertising - Regulation, Advertising - Critiques of the medium, Advertising - Public perception of the medium, Advertising - Future, Advertising - Bibliography

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A common feature of traditional Australian English was rhyming slang, based on Cockney rhyming slang and imported by migrants from London in the 19th century. Rhyming slang consists of taking a phrase, usually of two words, which rhymes with a commonly used word, then using the first word of the phrase the represent the word. For example "Captain Cook" rhymes with "look", so to "have a captain cook," or to "have a captain," means to "have a look." Rhyming slang was often used to create euphemistic terms for obscene words. In recent years this feature of Australian English has ...

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Australian words, Australian words - Australian vocabulary, Australian words - A to D, Australian words - E to K, Australian words - L to P, Australian words - Q to Z, Australian words - Old declining or expired slang, Australian words - Rhyming slang, Australian words - Cricket slang, Australian words - Australian rules slang, Australian words - Australian Defence Force slang, Australian words - Terms for people, Australian words - Nick names by state or territory, Australian words - Terms or nicknames for ethnicities, Australian words - Clothes, Australian words - Swimwear, Australian words - Food and drink, Australian words - Processed pork, Australian words - Beer glasses, Australian words - Transport, Australian words - Cars, Australian words - Work/goods vehicles, Australian words - Police vehicles

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The game of cricket is immensely popular in Australia and has contributed a rich vein of slang to Australian English. Some of this is shared with rival cricketing nations, like the Poms and the Kiwis. Australians can be bowled over (taken by surprise), stumped' (nonplussed) or clean bowled or alternatively hit for six (completely defeated). When answering questions, one can play a straight bat (or a dead bat) (give a noncommittal answer) or let that one through to the keeperSee also:

Australian words, Australian words - Australian vocabulary, Australian words - A to D, Australian words - E to K, Australian words - L to P, Australian words - Q to Z, Australian words - Old declining or expired slang, Australian words - Rhyming slang, Australian words - Cricket slang, Australian words - Australian rules slang, Australian words - Australian Defence Force slang, Australian words - Terms for people, Australian words - Nick names by state or territory, Australian words - Terms or nicknames for ethnicities, Australian words - Clothes, Australian words - Swimwear, Australian words - Food and drink, Australian words - Processed pork, Australian words - Beer glasses, Australian words - Transport, Australian words - Cars, Australian words - Work/goods vehicles, Australian words - Police vehicles

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The most basic Unix commands and utilities are: Directory and file creation and navigation: ls cd pwd mkdir rm rmdir cp find File viewing and editing: touch more ed vi emacs ex Text processing: echo cat grep sort uniq sed awk tail tee head cut tr split printf File comparison: comm cmp diff patch Misc shell tools: yes test xargs System administration: chmod chown ps su w who Communication: mail telnet ftp finger ssh Shells: sh bash csh ksh tcsh These are the 60 us ...

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Unix, Unix - History, Unix - 1960s and 1970s, Unix - 1980s, Unix - 1990s, Unix - 2000s, Unix - Standards, Unix - List of Unixes, Unix - Research Unix, Unix - AT&T UNIX Systems & descendants, Unix - Free Unix-like operating systems, Unix - Impact, Unix - Branding, Unix - Canonical Unix Commands, Unix - Sources

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Main article: Mac OS X history Despite its branding as simply "version 10" of the Mac OS, it has a history largely independent of the earlier Mac OS releases. It is based on the Mach kernel and the BSD implementation of Unix, which were incorporated into NEXTSTEP, the object-oriented operating system developed by Steve Jobs's NeXT company after he was forced from Apple in 1985. Meanwhile, Apple attempted to create a "next generation" operating system of its own (see Taligent and Copland), but with little success. Eventually, Ne ...

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Mac OS X, Mac OS X - History, Mac OS X - Description, Mac OS X - Compatibility, Mac OS X - Notable features, Mac OS X - Criticisms, Mac OS X - Naming, Mac OS X - Versions, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.0 Cheetah, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.1 Puma, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.2 Jaguar, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.3 Panther, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard

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Mac OS X is a radical departure from previous Macintosh operating systems, as its underlying code base is completely different from previous versions. Although the most significant architectural changes were under the surface, the Aqua graphical user interface was the most striking and visible new feature. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes (similar to the hardware of the first iMacs), brought more color and texture to the windows and controls on the Desktop than OS 9's "Platinum" appearance offered. Initially, this ra ...

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Mac OS X, Mac OS X - History, Mac OS X - Description, Mac OS X - Compatibility, Mac OS X - Notable features, Mac OS X - Criticisms, Mac OS X - Naming, Mac OS X - Versions, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.0 Cheetah, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.1 Puma, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.2 Jaguar, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.3 Panther, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard

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In 1994, Novell, the company that owned the rights to the Unix System V source at the time, sold the trademarks of Unix to the X/Open Company (now The Open Group), and sold the related business operations to Santa Cruz Operation. Whether Novell also sold the copyrights to the actual software is currently the subject of litigation in SCO v. Novell. By decree of The Open Group, the term "UNIX" refers more to a class of operating systems than to a specific implementation of an operating system; those operating systems which meet The Open ...

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Unix, Unix - History, Unix - 1960s and 1970s, Unix - 1980s, Unix - 1990s, Unix - 2000s, Unix - Standards, Unix - List of Unixes, Unix - Research Unix, Unix - AT&T UNIX Systems & descendants, Unix - Free Unix-like operating systems, Unix - Impact, Unix - Branding, Unix - Canonical Unix Commands, Unix - Sources

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The Unix system had a great impact on the surrounding community. Some consider it the most influential operating system in changing other proprietary operating systems, leading Unix to be called "the most important operating system you may never use." Following the lead of Multics, it was written in high level language as opposed to assembler (assembler was in vogue at the time). It had a drastically simplified file model compared to many contemporary operating systems. The file system hierarchy contained machine services and d ...

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Unix, Unix - History, Unix - 1960s and 1970s, Unix - 1980s, Unix - 1990s, Unix - 2000s, Unix - Standards, Unix - List of Unixes, Unix - Research Unix, Unix - AT&T UNIX Systems & descendants, Unix - Free Unix-like operating systems, Unix - Impact, Unix - Branding, Unix - Canonical Unix Commands, Unix - Sources

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Unix - AT&T UNIX Systems & descendants. Each of the systems in this list is evolved from the version before, with Unix System III evolving from both the UNIX Time-Sharing System v7 and the descendants of the UNIX Time-Sharing System v6. Unix System III (1981) Unix System IV (1982) Unix System V (1983) Unix System V Release 2 (1984) Unix System V Release 3.0 (1986) Unix System V Release 3.2< ...

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Unix, Unix - History, Unix - 1960s and 1970s, Unix - 1980s, Unix - 1990s, Unix - 2000s, Unix - Standards, Unix - List of Unixes, Unix - Research Unix, Unix - AT&T UNIX Systems & descendants, Unix - Free Unix-like operating systems, Unix - Impact, Unix - Branding, Unix - Canonical Unix Commands, Unix - Sources

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In 1983, Richard Stallman announced the GNU project, an ambitious effort to create a free software Unix-like system; "free" in that everyone who received a copy would be free to use, study, modify, and redistribute it. GNU's goal was achieved in 1992. Its own kernel development project, GNU Hurd, had not produced a working kernel, but a compatible kernel called Linux was released as free software in 1992 (under the GNU General Public License). These "GNU/Linux" systems are commonly referred to as just Linux ...

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Unix, Unix - History, Unix - 1960s and 1970s, Unix - 1980s, Unix - 1990s, Unix - 2000s, Unix - Standards, Unix - List of Unixes, Unix - Research Unix, Unix - AT&T UNIX Systems & descendants, Unix - Free Unix-like operating systems, Unix - Impact, Unix - Branding, Unix - Canonical Unix Commands, Unix - Sources

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In comparison to Microsoft Windows, some critics point to the lack of upgrade pricing on Mac OS X; users of previous versions have to pay full price for a new version. This is in part a semantic argument, depending on whether a retail Mac OS X package is considered an "upgrade" or not. On one hand, it can only be used on a Mac, all of which were sold with some version of the Mac OS, so it is arguably an upgrade. On the other hand, no price distinction is made between upgrading version 9.0 or version 10.3 to version 10.4, suggesting th ...

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Mac OS X, Mac OS X - History, Mac OS X - Description, Mac OS X - Compatibility, Mac OS X - Notable features, Mac OS X - Criticisms, Mac OS X - Naming, Mac OS X - Versions, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.0 Cheetah, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.1 Puma, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.2 Jaguar, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.3 Panther, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger, Mac OS X - Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard

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In 1949, the Xerox introduced the first xerographic copier called model:A. Xerox became so successful that photocopying came to be popularly known as "Xeroxing", a situation that Xerox has very actively fought in order to prevent "xerox" from becoming a genericized trademark. "Xerox" has been found in some dictionaries as the synonym of photocopying, leading to letters and ads from the Xerox corporation asking that the entries be modified, and that people not use the term "Xerox" in this way. However, this is mainly only true for North Ameri ...

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Photocopying, Photocopying - Invention, Photocopying - Use, Photocopying - Digital technology, Photocopying - Color photocopiers, Photocopying - Copyright issues, Photocopying - Forensic identification, Photocopying - Literature

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Noah Webster, the author of extremely popular readers and spelling books for schools, published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, in 1806. In it, he introduced features that would be a hallmark of future editions such as American spellings (center rather than centre, honor rather than honour, program rather than programme, etc.) and including technical terms from the arts and sciences rather than confining his dictionary to l ...

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Webster's Dictionary, Webster's Dictionary - 19th- and early 20th-century editions, Webster's Dictionary - Webster's Third New International, Webster's Dictionary - Changes, Webster's Dictionary - Criticism, Webster's Dictionary - Revisions and updates, Webster's Dictionary - The Collegiate Dictionary, Webster's Dictionary - The name Webster used by others, Webster's Dictionary - Competition, Webster's Dictionary - Online editions

Merriam-Webster introduced its Collegiate Dictionary in 1898 and the series is now in its 11th edition. Since the publication of Webster's International in 1890, two Collegiate editions have been issued as abridgements each of their Unabridged editions. By the 9th edition, the Collegiate had adopted changes which distinguish it as a separate entity rather than an abridgement of the Third New International. Some proper names had been returned to the word list, including names of Knights of the ...

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Webster's Dictionary, Webster's Dictionary - 19th- and early 20th-century editions, Webster's Dictionary - Webster's Third New International, Webster's Dictionary - Changes, Webster's Dictionary - Criticism, Webster's Dictionary - Revisions and updates, Webster's Dictionary - The Collegiate Dictionary, Webster's Dictionary - The name Webster used by others, Webster's Dictionary - Competition, Webster's Dictionary - Online editions

Pop-Tarts - Pop-Tarts. Apple Cinnamon (Frosting was removed from Apple Pop-Tarts in the early 90's) Blueberry Brown Sugar Cinnamon Cherry (Discontinued) Chocolate Chip Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Cinnamon Roll French Toast Frosted Blueberry Frosted Brown Sugar Cinnamon Frosted Cherry Frosted Caramel Chocolate Frosted Chocolate Fudge Frosted Chocolate Vanilla Crème Frosted Cookies &a ...

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Pop-Tarts, Pop-Tarts - History, Pop-Tarts - Pop-Tarts In Pop Culture, Pop-Tarts - List of Flavors, Pop-Tarts - Pop-Tarts, Pop-Tarts - Pop-Tarts Low-Fat, Pop-Tarts - Pop-Tarts Pastry Swirls Discontinued, Pop-Tarts - Pop-Tarts Snak-Stix Discontinued, Pop-Tarts - Pop-Tarts Cereal, Pop-Tarts - Sources

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Similar to forensic identification of typewriters, computer printers and copiers can be traced down by imperfections in their output. The mechanical tolerances of the toner and paper feed mechanisms cause banding, which contain information about the individual device's mechanical properties. It is usually possible to identify the manufacturer and brand, but in some cases the individual printer can be identified from ...

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Photocopying, Photocopying - Invention, Photocopying - Use, Photocopying - Digital technology, Photocopying - Color photocopiers, Photocopying - Copyright issues, Photocopying - Forensic identification, Photocopying - Literature

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Colored toner became available in the 1950s, though full color copiers were not commercially available until 3M released the Color-in-Color copier in 1968, which used a dye sublimation process rather than the normal electrostatic technology. The first electrostatic color copier was released by Canon in 1973. Color photocopying has been of concern to governments in that it makes counterfeiting currency much simpler. Some countries have introduced anti-counterfeiting technologies into their currency specifically to make it harder ...

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Photocopying, Photocopying - Invention, Photocopying - Use, Photocopying - Digital technology, Photocopying - Color photocopiers, Photocopying - Copyright issues, Photocopying - Forensic identification, Photocopying - Literature

Read more here: » Photocopying: Encyclopedia II - Photocopying - Color photocopiers

The photocopying of copyright-protected material (e.g. books or scientific papers) is subject to restrictions in most countries; however it is common practice, especially by students, as the cost of purchasing a book for the sake of one article or a few pages may be excessive. In fact the principle of fair use (in the United States) or fair dealing (in other Berne Convention countries) allow this type of copying for research purposes. In some countries, such as Canada, some universities pay royalties from each photocopy made at univer ...

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Photocopying, Photocopying - Invention, Photocopying - Use, Photocopying - Digital technology, Photocopying - Color photocopiers, Photocopying - Copyright issues, Photocopying - Forensic identification, Photocopying - Literature

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Beginning in the late 1980s, an open operating system standardization effort known as POSIX provided a common baseline for all operating systems; IEEE based POSIX around the structure of the Unix system. At around the same time a separate but very similar standard, the Single UNIX Specification, was also produced by the Open Group. Starting in 1998 these two standards bodies began work on merging the two standards, and the latest revisi ...

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Unix, Unix - History, Unix - 1960s and 1970s, Unix - 1980s, Unix - 1990s, Unix - 2000s, Unix - Standards, Unix - List of Unixes, Unix - Research Unix, Unix - AT&T UNIX Systems & descendants, Unix - Free Unix-like operating systems, Unix - Impact, Unix - Branding, Unix - Canonical Unix Commands, Unix - Sources

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The viscous type is generally simpler, and relies on the properties of a dilatant fluid - that is, one which thickens when subject to shear. Silicone-based oils are often used. Here, a chamber of fluid rotates with the normal motion of the output shafts, but a differential motion causes paddles or vanes to move through the fluid. The greater the speed of the vanes, the more resistance the fluid will put up to oppose this motion. In contrast to the mechanical type, the limiting action is much softer and more proportional to the slip, so for the ...

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Limited slip differential, Limited slip differential - Mechanical, Limited slip differential - Viscous, Limited slip differential - Factory Names

Read more here: » Limited slip differential: Encyclopedia II - Limited slip differential - Viscous

Australian words - Cars. Commodore - popular family car designed and built by Holden (see below). Falcon - popular family car designed and built by Ford Australia. Holden - Australian branch of General Motors. Manufacturers of the Commodore in addition to other models. Magna - family car designed and built by Mitsubishi Motors Australia, until 2004. Replaced by the Mitsubishi 380. ...

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Australian words, Australian words - Australian vocabulary, Australian words - A to D, Australian words - E to K, Australian words - L to P, Australian words - Q to Z, Australian words - Old declining or expired slang, Australian words - Rhyming slang, Australian words - Cricket slang, Australian words - Australian rules slang, Australian words - Australian Defence Force slang, Australian words - Terms for people, Australian words - Nick names by state or territory, Australian words - Terms or nicknames for ethnicities, Australian words - Clothes, Australian words - Swimwear, Australian words - Food and drink, Australian words - Processed pork, Australian words - Beer glasses, Australian words - Transport, Australian words - Cars, Australian words - Work/goods vehicles, Australian words - Police vehicles

Read more here: » Australian words: Encyclopedia II - Australian words - Transport