general relativity

Cassini-Huygens is a joint NASA/ESA/ASI unmanned space mission intended to study Saturn and its moons. The spacecraft consists of two main elements: the Cassini orbiter, named after the Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, and the Huygens probe, named after the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens. It was launched on October 15, 1997 and entered Saturn's orbit on July 1, 2004. On December 25, 2004 the probe separated from the orbiter at approximately 02:00 UTC, with deployment confirmed by th ...

Including:

• Cassini-Huygens - Overview
• Cassini-Huygens - History
• Cassini-Huygens - Spacecraft design
• Cassini-Huygens - Instrumentation
• Cassini-Huygens - Plutonium power source and controversy
• Cassini-Huygens - The Huygens probe
• Cassini-Huygens - Important events and discoveries
• Cassini-Huygens - Timeline
• Cassini-Huygens - Jupiter flyby
• Cassini-Huygens - Test of Einstein's theory of general relativity
• Cassini-Huygens - Spoke phenomenon verified
• Cassini-Huygens - New moons of Saturn
• Cassini-Huygens - Phoebe flyby
• Cassini-Huygens - Saturn rotation
• Cassini-Huygens - Orbiting Saturn
• Cassini-Huygens - Titan flybys
• Cassini-Huygens - Huygens encounter with Titan
• Cassini-Huygens - Enceladus flybys
• Cassini-Huygens - Radio Occultations of Saturn's Rings
• Cassini-Huygens - Trajectory
• Cassini-Huygens - Notes
• Cassini-Huygens - Books and print references

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Celestial mechanics is a division of astronomy dealing with the motions and gravitational effects of celestial objects. The field applies principles of physics, historically Newtonian mechanics, to astronomical objects such as stars and planets. It is distinguished from astrodynamics, which is the study of the creation of artificial satellite orbits. Celestial mechanics - History of celestial mechanics. Although modern analytic celestial mechanics starts 400 years ago with Isaac Newton, prior studies addres ...

Including:

• Celestial mechanics - History of celestial mechanics
• Celestial mechanics - Ancient Civilizations
• Celestial mechanics - Claudius Ptolemy
• Celestial mechanics - Johannes Kepler
• Celestial mechanics - Isaac Newton
• Celestial mechanics - Albert Einstein
• Celestial mechanics - Open problems
• Celestial mechanics - Examples of problems
• Celestial mechanics - Perturbation theory
• Celestial mechanics - External link

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In physics, acceleration (symbol: a) is defined as the rate of change (or time derivative) of velocity. It is thus a vector quantity with dimension length/time². In SI units, this is metre/second². Acceleration - Explanation. To accelerate an object is to change its velocity in relation to time. In this strict scientific sense, acceleration can have positive and negative values – respectively called acceleration (velocity is increased) and deceleration (or retardation -- velocity is decrea ...

Including:

• Acceleration - Explanation
• Acceleration - Relation to relativity

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1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). 1915 - Events. January 12 - The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U.S. Congress. January 12 - United States House of Representatives rejects proposal to give women the right to vote. January 13 – An earthquake (6.8 in Richter scale) in Avezzano, Italy - 32.610 dead January 19 - George Claude patents the neon discharge tube for use in adve ...

Including:

• 1915 - Events
• 1915 - Unknown dates
• 1915 - Births
• 1915 - January
• 1915 - February
• 1915 - March
• 1915 - April
• 1915 - May
• 1915 - June
• 1915 - July-August
• 1915 - September-October
• 1915 - November
• 1915 - December
• 1915 - Deaths
• 1915 - Marriages
• 1915 - Nobel Prizes

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The Alcubierre metric defines the so-called warp drive spacetime introduced by Miguel Alcubierre in 1994. This is a Lorentzian manifold which, if interpreted in the context of general relativity, exhibits features reminiscent of the warp drive from Star Trek: a warp bubble appears in previously flat spacetime and moves off at effectively superluminal speed. Even more striking, inhabitants of the bubble feel no awkward inertial effects, and travelers making a round trip inside a warp bubble experience no time dilation of the kind known from the famous twin paradox from special relativity. T ...

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Alfred North Whitehead, OM (February 15, 1861, Ramsgate, Kent, UK – December 30, 1947, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) was a British mathematician who evolved into a philosopher. He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education. He is the coauthor, along with Bertrand Russell, of the epochal Principia Mathematica. Alfred North Whitehead - Life. For a biography, see Lowe (1985) and Lowe and Schneewind (1990). A complicating factor is t ...

Including:

• Alfred North Whitehead - Life
• Alfred North Whitehead - Books
• Alfred North Whitehead - Secondary literature

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Anti-gravity is a hypothetical means of countering or otherwise modifying the effects of gravity, typically in the context of spacecraft propulsion. Such systems are limited to the realm of science fiction given the current understanding of the way gravity works, but this has not stopped legions of hopefuls from making various spinning disks and magnets in hopes of perfecting such a device. Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of mainstream physics. Newton's Law of Gravitation cons ...

Including:

• Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of mainstream physics
• Anti-gravity - Conventional effects that look like anti-gravity
• Anti-gravity - Anti-gravity in the context of non-mainstream physics

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The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand. It is located in central Washington DC, USA, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences on Constitution Avenue, near to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The statue was sculpted by Robert Berks in 19 sections and then welded together. It weighs 7,000 pounds (3.2 metric tons) and would stand 21 feet (6.4 m) high. The statue sits on ...

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edit In cosmology, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy which permeates all of space and has strong negative pressure. According to the theory of relativity, the effect of such a negative pressure is qualitatively similar to a force acting in opposition to gravity at large scales. Invoking such an effect is currently the most popular method for explaining the observations of an accelerating universe as well as accounting for a significant portion of the missing mass in the universe. Two prop ...

Including:

• Dark energy - Evidence for dark energy
• Dark energy - Nature of dark energy
• Dark energy - Cosmological constant
• Dark energy - Quintessence
• Dark energy - Other ideas
• Dark energy - Implications for the fate of the universe
• Dark energy - History

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1880s 1890s 1900s - 1910s - 1920s 1930s 1940s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1910s - Events and trends. The 1910s represent the culmination of European militarism which had its beginings during the second half of the 19th Century. The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade, as well as the legacy of military alliances, would forever be changed by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne, on 28 June 1914. The ...

Including:

• 1910s - Events and trends
• 1910s - Technology
• 1910s - Science
• 1910s - War peace and politics
• 1910s - Culture religion
• 1910s - Others
• 1910s - World leaders
• 1910s - Entertainers

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1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). 1919 - Events. 1919 - January. January 1 - Iolaire sinking disaster January 1 - Edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company January 5 - Spartacist uprising - Socialist demonstrations in Berlin turn into attempted communist revolution January 9 - Spartacus revolutionary council folds – Friedrich Ebert orde ...

Including:

• 1919 - Events
• 1919 - January
• 1919 - February-April
• 1919 - May-June
• 1919 - July-November
• 1919 - December
• 1919 - Unknown dates
• 1919 - Births
• 1919 - January-April
• 1919 - May-August
• 1919 - September-December
• 1919 - Deaths
• 1919 - Nobel Prizes

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Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 – April 26, 1951) was a German physicist who introduced the fine-structure constant in 1919. Arnold Sommerfeld was born in Königsberg where he studied mathematics and physical sciences at its university. After receiving his doctorate in 1891 he changed to the University of Göttingen, where he received a professorship in 1896. He became professor of mathematics at the University of Clausthal-Zellerfeld in 1897 and of technical engineering at the University of Aachen in 190 ...

Including:

• Arnold Sommerfeld - External link

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For the computer science term, see Action at a distance (computer science). In physics, action at a distance is the interaction of two objects which are separated in space with no known mediator of the interaction. This term was used most often with early theories of gravity and electromagnetism to describe how an object could "know" the mass (in the case o ...

Including:

• Action at a distance physics - Electricity
• Action at a distance physics - Gravity
• Action at a distance physics - Newton
• Action at a distance physics - Einstein
• Action at a distance physics - Quantum mechanics

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Autodynamics is a replacement for special relativity and general relativity proposed by physicist Ricardo Carezani, in the early 1940s. Much of what is known about Autodynamics comes from the Society for the Advancement of Autodynamics (SAA), which in particular publishes Carezani's book and maintains a webpage [16]. According to this site Carezani proposed his theory "after he found a mathematical error in Einstein's calculations for the theory of relativity." Also ...

Including:

• Autodynamics - Addition of Velocities in Autodynamics

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The mathematical constant π is a real number which may be defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference (Greek περιφέρεια, periphery) to its diameter in Euclidean geometry, and which is in common use in mathematics, physics, and engineering. The name of the Greek letter π is pi (pronounced pie in English), and this spelling can be used in typographical contexts where the Greek letter is not available. π is also known as Archimedes' constant (not to be confused with Archime ...

Including:

• Pi - Properties
• Pi - Formulae involving π
• Pi - Geometry
• Pi - Analysis
• Pi - Continued fractions
• Pi - Number theory
• Pi - Dynamical systems and ergodic theory
• Pi - Physics
• Pi - Probability and statistics
• Pi - History of π
• Pi - Numerical approximations of π
• Pi - Miscellaneous formulae
• Pi - Less accurate approximations
• Pi - Open questions
• Pi - The nature of π
• Pi - Fictional references
• Pi - π culture

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edit A black hole is a concentration of mass great enough that the force of gravity prevents anything from escaping it except through quantum tunnelling behaviour (known as Hawking Radiation). The gravitational field is so strong that the escape velocity near it exceeds the speed of light. This implies that nothing, not even light, can escape its gravity, hence the word "black". The term "black hole" is widespread, even though it does not refer to a hole in the usual sense, but rather a region of space fro ...

Including:

• Black hole - History
• Black hole - Evidence
• Black hole - Formation
• Black hole - Observation
• Black hole - Have we found them?
• Black hole - Recent discoveries
• Black hole - Features and issues
• Black hole - The event horizon
• Black hole - The singularity
• Black hole - Entering a black hole
• Black hole - Rotating black holes
• Black hole - Entropy and Hawking radiation
• Black hole - Black hole unitarity
• Black hole - Mathematical theory
• Black hole - Alternative models

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Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (September 17, 1826 - July 20, 1866) (pronounced REE mahn) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to analysis and differential geometry, some of them paving the way for the later development of general relativity. His name is connected with the Riemann zeta function, the Riemann hypothesis, the Riemann integral, the Riemann lemma, Riemannian manifolds, the Riemann mapping theorem, Riemann-Hilbert problems, Riemann surfaces, the Riemann-Roch theorem ...

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The baryon asymmetry problem in astrophysics refers to the apparent fact that the baryons in the universe which have been observed are overwhelmingly matter as opposed to anti-matter. Neither the standard model of particle physics, nor the theory of general relativity provide an obvious explanation for why this should be so. There are competing theories to explain this part of the phenomena of baryogenesis, but there is no one consensus theory to explain this phenomena at this time. Other related archive

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In theoretical physics, the BRST formalism is a method of implementing first class constraints. The letters BRST stand for Becchi, Rouet, Stora, and (independently) Tyutin who discovered this formalism. It is a sophisticated method to deal with quantum physical theories with gauge invariance. For example, the BRST methods are often applied to gauge theory and quantized general relativity. BRST formalism - Classical version. This is related to a supersymplectic manifold where pure operators are grade ...

Including:

• BRST formalism - Classical version
• BRST formalism - Quantum version
• BRST formalism - Example

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Quantum mechanics is a physical science dealing with the behaviour of matter and electromagnetic waves on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. Since all matter is made of atoms, quantum mechanics is also important in understanding how large objects such as stars and galaxies and even the Big Bang can be analyzed and explained. Quantum mechanical departures from classical physics are most often encountered at small length scales, very low or very high energies, or extremely low temperatures. Quantum mechanics is the basis of mod ...

Including:

• Basics of quantum mechanics - Background
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Old quantum theory
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Planck's constant
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Reduced Planck's constant
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Bohr atom
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Wave-particle duality
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Development of modern quantum mechanics
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Full quantum mechanical theory
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Schrödinger wave equation
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Uncertainty Principle
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Wavefunction collapse
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Eigenstates and eigenvalues
• Basics of quantum mechanics - The Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Dirac wave equation
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Quantum entanglement
• Basics of quantum mechanics - Notes

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