Ögedei, (also Ögädäi, Ögedäi, Ogotai, etc.) (1186-1241), was the third son of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his father to rule as the second great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He continued the expansion the empire that his father had begun. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in Western China and Central Asia. He was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kuriltai held after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish ...

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Genghis Khan ▶ (help·info) (c. 11621–August 18, 1227) (Cyrillic: Чингис Хаан), (also spelled as Chinggis Khan, Jenghis Khan, etc.), (pronounced ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ), born as Tem ...

Including:

• Genghis Khan - Birth and early life
• Genghis Khan - His family
• Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations
• Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan
• Genghis Khan - Military campaigns
• Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia
• Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate
• Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire
• Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kieven Rus
• Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty
• Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire
• Genghis Khan - Politics and economics
• Genghis Khan - Military
• Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests
• Genghis Khan - Civilians
• Genghis Khan - Property and cultural treasures
• Genghis Khan - Division of Mongol Empire into Khanates
• Genghis Khan - Death and burial
• Genghis Khan - His personality
• Genghis Khan - Legacy
• Genghis Khan - In most of the world
• Genghis Khan - In Mongolia
• Genghis Khan - Name and title
• Genghis Khan - Short timeline
• Genghis Khan - Notes

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Batu Khan (Russian: Batyi, Батый) (c. 1205 - 1255) was a Mongol ruler, founder of the Kipchak Khanate. The term "Kipchak" came from the Kipchak Turks in the Mongol forces. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Although Genghis Khan recognized Jochi as his son, his parentage was always a question, as his mother Börte, Genghis Khan's wife, had been captured and raped, so that Jochi was born exactly nine months after her recovery by Genghis Khan. During the lifetime of Genghis, this issue was public knowledge ...

Including:

• Batu Khan - Invasion of Rus
• Batu Khan - Invasion of Central Europe

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The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝 or 大元帝國) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. It invaded and ruled, during its hundred year life, over the Mongol Empire (stretching from Eastern Europe to the Middle-east to Russia), Korea and China. In the historiography of China, it followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in China. Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yu ...

Including:

• Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire
• Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China
• Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest
• Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule
• Yuan Dynasty - Impact
• Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan
• Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest
• Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China
• Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan

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Béla IV (1206-1270) was the king of Hungary between 1235 and 1270. Béla was the son of King András II and Gertrude of Meran. His mother was murdered by Hungarian magnates in 1213, when he was a boy. His father having failed to avenge Queen Gertrude, it was left to Béla to track down and punish his mother's murderers, a campaign which he finally completed some thirty years after her death. In 1218 he was married to Maria Laskarina, the daughter of Emperor Theodore I Lascaris of Nicaea. Their children were: Including:

• Béla IV of Hungary - Sources

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The state of Goryeo ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. The name "Goryeo" is a shortened form of "Goguryeo," the name of a kingdom in northern Korea which was conquered by Silla in 668. The English name "Korea" comes from "Goryeo." See Names of Korea. Two of this period's most notable products are Goryeo pottery — the famous Korean celadon pottery — and the Tripitaka Koreana — the Buddhist scriptures (Tripitak ...

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• Goryeo - History

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Subutai was living proof that the Mongol Empire, more than any that had preceded it, was a meritocracy. An ethnic Tuvan, he was the son of Qaban reportedly in Mongolian history a mere blacksmith, who brought his son to serve Genghis Khan when he was circa 17 years old, and through merit, he rose to the very highest command available to one who was not of the direct line of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan called him one of his "dogs of war" and he earned that fearful name with his campaigns, which remain among the most remarkable in history. Subutai said to Genghis Khan "I will ward off your enemies like ...

See also:

Subutai, Subutai - Early years, Subutai - Tactical ability, Subutai - Attack on central and eastern Europe

Read more here: » Subutai: Encyclopedia II - Subutai - Early years

Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire. Temujin, later to be more prominently known as Genghis Khan, was the first in the line of Yuan rulers. He was the son of Yesügei, the tribal chief of the Kiyad — a tribe in fractured Mongolia. His father was killed in his early life by a rival tribe, the Tartars — this rendered him chief of the Kiyad. Many in the tribe did not take well to a boy-ruler, abandoning him. He and his family were thus reduced to a state of abject poverty — however, at the age o ...

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Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire, Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest, Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule, Yuan Dynasty - Impact, Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest, Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan

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Silesia - Early people. Silesia was inhabited by various people that belonged to changing archeological cultures in the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. According to Tacitus, in the 1st century Silesia was inhabited by a multi-ethnic league dominated by the Lugii/Lygii. The Silingi were also part of this federation, and most likely a Vandalic people that lived south of the Baltic Sea in the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula river area. See also:

Silesia, Silesia - Name of the region, Silesia - History, Silesia - Early people, Silesia - Middle Ages, Silesia - Early Modern Period, Silesia - Silesia in Germany, Silesia - Between the wars, Silesia - Silesia after WWII, Silesia - Natural resources, Silesia - Demographics, Silesia - Major cities in Silesia

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Subutai was, and is, living proof that the Mongol Empire, more than any that had preceded it, was a meritocracy. An ethnic Tuvan, he was the son of Qaban reportedly in Mongolian history a mere blacksmith, who brought his son to serve Genghis Khan when he was circa 17 years old, and through merit, he rose to the very highest command available to one who was not of the direct line of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan called him one of his "dogs of war" and he earned that fearful name with his campaigns, which remain among the most remarkable in history. Subutai said to Genghis Khan "I will ward off your enemies like ...

See also:

Subutai, Subutai - Early years, Subutai - Tactical ability, Subutai - Attack on central and eastern Europe

Read more here: » Subutai: Encyclopedia II - Subutai - Early years

Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire. Temujin, later to be more prominently known as Genghis Khan, was the first in the line of Yuan rulers. He was the son of Yesügei, the tribal chief of the Kiyad — a tribe in fractured Mongolia. His father was killed in his early life by a rival tribe, the [[heir. This led to bitterness on the part of Senggum, Wang's former heir, who planned to assassinate Temüjin. Temüjin learned of Senggum's intentions however, and a large civil war broke out among the Mong ...

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Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty - Birth of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Founding an Empire, Yuan Dynasty - Aspirations to China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Conquest, Yuan Dynasty - Golden Age of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Establishment of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Early Rule, Yuan Dynasty - Impact, Yuan Dynasty - Downfall of the Yuan, Yuan Dynasty - Civil Unrest, Yuan Dynasty - Loss of China, Yuan Dynasty - Northern Yuan

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The powerful Mongol leader "Chingis Khan," or "Universal Ruler," settled in this region sometime around 1220 and made it a command post for his military conquest of China, marking the beginning of a time period that has become known as the Yuan Dynasty (Encyclopædia Britannica and Yuan Dynasty). Genghis Khan's real name was Temujin. He emerged as the strongest chieftain among a number of contending leaders in a confederation of clan lineages. His principal opponents in this struggle had been the Naiman Mongols, and he selected Karakorum (west-southwest of modern Ulaanbaatar, near modern Har ...

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Karakorum palace, Karakorum palace - Political History, Karakorum palace - William of Rubruck, Karakorum palace - On-line Bibliographic References

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Gojoseon, Jin Proto-Three Kingdoms:  Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye  Samhan, Gaya Three Kingdoms:  Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla Unified Silla, Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Goryeo Joseon Japanese Rule Divided Korea:  N. Korea, S. Korea List of Monarchs < ...

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Goryeo, Goryeo - History, Goryeo - Founding, Goryeo - Political structure, Goryeo - Power struggles, Goryeo - Mongol invasions, Goryeo - Fall

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Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. Also the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and it is possible that they feared ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Civilians, Genghis Khan - Property and cultural treasures, Genghis Khan - Division of Mongol Empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

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After Genghis Khan died around Gansu, his coffin was carried to central Mongolia. According to his will, he was buried without any markings. The burial place still remains a mystery. Instead of the real tomb, portable mausoleums called naiman chaghaan odru (eight white palaces) enshrined him. They were originally palaces where Genghis Khan lived, but were altered to mausoleums by Ögedei Khan. They settled at the base of the Hentiy Mountains. The site, located in Delgerhaan su ...

See also:

Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, Mausoleum of Genghis Khan - History, Mausoleum of Genghis Khan - Architecture, Mausoleum of Genghis Khan - Rituals

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Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Modern Descendents, Genghis Khan - Notes

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The area of Kielce has been inhabitated at least since 5th century BC. Until 6th or 7th century the banks of the Silnica were inhabitated by Kelts who most probably were the name-sake for the location. They were driven out by a Slavic tribe of Vistulans who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as Malopolska and present-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by Bohemia, however they soon came under the power of the Piast dynasty and became a part of Poland ...

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Kielce, Kielce - History, Kielce - Tourists attractions, Kielce - Education, Kielce - Sports, Kielce - Politics, Kielce - Kielce constituency, Kielce - Famous people from Kielce

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Mongol Empire - Military setup. Main article: Military advances of Genghis Khan The Mongol military organization was simple, but effective. The organization was based on an old tradition of the steppe, which was like today’s decimal system: the army was built upon a squad of ten, called an "arban"; ten "arbans" constituted a company of a hundred, called a "jaghun". Ten "jaghuns" made a regiment of a thousand – "mingghan". Ten "mingghans" would then constitute a regiment of ten thousand ("tumen"), ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

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In 1235 Batu, who earlier had directed the conquest of the Crimea, was assigned an army of possibly 130,000 (actually commanded by Subutai) to oversee an invasion of Europe. The army crossed the Volga and invaded Volga Bulgaria in 1236. It took them a year to extinguish resistance to the Volga Bulgarians, Kypchaks, and Alani. In November 1237 Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his allegiance. A month later, the hordes besieged Ryazan. After six days of the bloodiest battle, this capital was tota ...

See also:

Batu Khan, Batu Khan - Invasion of Rus, Batu Khan - Invasion of Central Europe

Read more here: » Batu Khan: Encyclopedia II - Batu Khan - Invasion of Rus

The destruction of the armies of the Central European countries in 1241 left the way open for the Mongols to invade Europe, and only the death of the Great Khan (Ögedei Khan) prevented it. The famous remark of the French king that he was going to fight the Tartars and would either send them back to hell or be himself sent to paradise was a sign of the fear the Mongol invasions aroused. Ironically, the European invasions were a third theater of operations, second to both the Middle East and Song China. Had the Mongols sent the forces which d ...

See also:

Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol invasion of Europe - Introduction, Mongol invasion of Europe - The invasion of Europe, Mongol invasion of Europe - The war against Hungary, Mongol invasion of Europe - Why were the Mongols so successful?, Mongol invasion of Europe - The end of the Mongol advance in Europe, Mongol invasion of Europe - Second mongol attack against Poland

Read more here: » Mongol invasion of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Mongol invasion of Europe - Introduction