Jabir Ibn Hayyan (full name Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan Al-Azdi, أبو موسى جابر بن حيان الأزدي; ca.721, Tus, Iran – 815, Kufa, Iraq), known in Europe by the Latinized name Geber, was one of the most notable Islamic alchemists. His books strongly influenced European alchemists and justified their search for the philosopher's stone. He is credited with the invention of many types of now-basic chemical laboratory equipment, and with the discovery and description of many now-commonplace chemical substan ...

Including:

• Geber - Biography
• Geber - Contributions to chemistry
• Geber - Contributions to alchemy
• Geber - Writings by Jabir
• Geber - Translated work of Jabir

Read more here: » Geber: Encyclopedia - Geber

Including:

• Gebers - Appearances in Comic Books
• Gebers - Reference

Read more here: » Gebers: Encyclopedia - Gebers

Geber (Hebrew, Jewish) or Gibborim. "Mighty men"; the same as the Kabirim. In heaven, they are regarded as powerful angels, on earth as the giants mentioned in chapter vi. of Genesis.

(See also: Geber, Theosophy, Spirituality, Body mind and Soul, Spiritual Dictionary, )

Jabir is often called "Father of Chemistry", because he was the first scholar to scientifically systematize that science, to whose theory and practice he made many noteworthy contributions. In spite of his leanings toward mysticism (he was considered a Sufi) and superstition, he more clearly recognized and proclaimed the importance of experimentation. "The first essential in chemistry," he declared, "is that you should perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work nor makes experim ...

See also:

Geber, Geber - Biography, Geber - Contributions to chemistry, Geber - Contributions to alchemy, Geber - Writings by Jabir, Geber - Translated work of Jabir

Read more here: » Geber: Encyclopedia II - Geber - Contributions to chemistry

Events An iconoclastic synod is held. Egbert of Wessex ravages the territories of the west Welsh (Cornwall). Births Deaths June 2: Saint Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), Arab alchemist (approximate date) Category: 815 ...

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Zeitgebers are environmental cues that usually help keep the circadian cycle. They reset an internal clock used in endogenous rhythms. Zeitgebers include sunlight, noise, social interactions, and alarm clocks. Zeitgeber is a German compound word, made from "Zeit" (the time) and "Geber" (substantive from the verb "geben" - "to give") from:http://www.tcn.net/~opticom/Biological_Clock/zeitgebers.html ...

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From Ahura Mazda. They were the ancient Persian nobles who worshipped Ormazd, and, rejecting images, inspired the Jews with the same horror for every concrete representation of the Deity. They seemed in Herodotus' time to have been superseded by the Magian religionists. The Parsis and Gebers, (geberim, mighty men, of Genesis vi. and x. 8) appear to be Magian religionists. See also. Spiegel's Yasna, xl Spiegel's Yasna, xl ...

Including:

• Mazdeans - Reference

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Events Former Byzantine emperor Anastasius II leads a revolt against emperor Leo III Theuderic IV succeeds Chilperic II Battle of Toulouse Anbasa ibn Suhaim Al Kalbi is appointed governor of Al-Andalus Births Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan (a.k.a. Geber), Arabian alchemist (approximate date) Al-Saffah, first Abbasid caliph (d. 754) Deaths Anastasius II, Byzantine Emperor Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne (698-721) and presume ...

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A distilled beverage, also called spirits or liquor, is a preparation for consumption containing ethyl alcohol purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as wine, malt, or grain. Distilled beverage is usually restricted to alcoholic beverages. Distilled beverage - Background. Beer and wine are generally limited to a maximum alcohol content of about 15 percent by volume, beyond which yeast is adversely affected and cannot ferment; although in recent years high alcohol tolerant yea ...

Including:

• Distilled beverage - Background
• Distilled beverage - Distillation history
• Distilled beverage - Ancient
• Distilled beverage - Middle East
• Distilled beverage - Europe

Read more here: » Distilled beverage: Encyclopedia - Distilled beverage

Aqaba (Arabic: العقبة al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal town with a population of 101,290 (2000) and 2% of Jordan's population in the far south of Jordan (29.5167° N 35.0° E). Aqaba is strategically important to Jordan as it is the country's only seaport. The town borders Eilat, Israel and there is a border post where it is possible to cross between the two countries. Both Aqaba and Eilat ar ...

Including:

• Aqaba - History

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Edom (אֱדוֹם, Standard Hebrew Edom, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĔḏôm, Assyrian Udumi, Syriac ܐܕܘܡ), a Hebrew word meaning "red", is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible, as well as to the nation that purportedly traced their ancestry to him. Edom - Esau as Edom. The Book of Genesis mentions "red" a number of times when describing Esau, and has been alternate name in describing him: "The first one [Esau] came out reddish (admoni in ...

Including:

• Edom - Esau as Edom
• Edom - The Edomites
• Edom - In the Bible
• Edom - Economy
• Edom - Post-Biblical Times
• Edom - Edomite religion
• Edom - Identification with Rome
• Edom - Controversy
• Edom - Resources

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General CH2(COOH)•COH(COOH)•CH2(COOH) C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O Phase behavior Acid-base properties Solid properties Safety More info SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is a good, natural preservative and is also used to add ...

Including:

• Citric acid - Properties
• Citric acid - History
• Citric acid - Production
• Citric acid - Uses
• Citric acid - Safety

Read more here: » Citric acid: Encyclopedia - Citric acid

Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure water-free acetic acid is a colourless hygroscopic liquid (that is, it readily absorbs water) that freezes below 16.7 °C (62 °F) to a colourless crystalline solid. Acetic acid is corrosive, and its vapour is irritating to eyes and nose, although it is a weak acid based ...

Including:

• Acetic acid - Nomenclature
• Acetic acid - History
• Acetic acid - Chemical properties
• Acetic acid - Biochemistry
• Acetic acid - Production
• Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation
• Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation
• Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation
• Acetic acid - Fermentation
• Acetic acid - Applications
• Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer
• Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride
• Acetic acid - Ester production
• Acetic acid - Vinegar
• Acetic acid - Use as solvent
• Acetic acid - Other applications
• Acetic acid - Safety

Read more here: » Acetic acid: Encyclopedia - Acetic acid

Alchemy is an early protoscientific and philosophical discipline combining the elements of chemistry, metallurgy, physics, medicine, astrology, semiotics, mysticism, and art. Alchemy has been practiced in ancient Egypt, India, and China, in Classical Greece and Rome, in the Islamic Empire, and then in Europe up to the 19th century — in a complex network of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2500 years. The alchemists did not follow what is now known as the scientific method, and much of the "knowledge" they p ...

Including:

• Alchemy - Overview
• Alchemy - Alchemy as a proto-science
• Alchemy - The changing goals of alchemy
• Alchemy - Alchemy and astrology
• Alchemy - Alchemy in the age of science
• Alchemy - Alchemy as a subject of historical research
• Alchemy - Etymology
• Alchemy - History
• Alchemy - Alchemy in Ancient Egypt
• Alchemy - Chinese alchemy
• Alchemy - Indian alchemy
• Alchemy - Alchemy in the Greek world
• Alchemy - Alchemy in the Roman Empire
• Alchemy - Alchemy in the Islamic world
• Alchemy - Alchemy in Medieval Europe
• Alchemy - Alchemy in the Modern Age and Renaissance
• Alchemy - The decline of Western alchemy
• Alchemy - Modern 'alchemy'
• Alchemy - Alchemy in art and entertainment
• Alchemy - Literature
• Alchemy - Music
• Alchemy - Other alchemical pages
• Alchemy - Related and alternative philosophies
• Alchemy - Scientific connections
• Alchemy - Substances of the alchemists
• Alchemy - Other resources

Read more here: » Alchemy: Encyclopedia - Alchemy

Al-Razi, (full name Abū Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakarīya al-Rāzi) (ابو بکر الرازی), also known as "Zakaria al-Razi" in Arabic; or in Latin as Rhazes and Rasis. According to al-Biruni born in Rayy, Iran in the year 251AH/865AD and died in Rayy, Iran 313AH/925AD. He was a versatile Persian philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of ...

Including:

• Al-Razi - Biography
• Al-Razi - Al-Razi's Masters and Opponents
• Al-Razi - Contributions to medicine
• Al-Razi - Smallpox vs. measles
• Al-Razi - Allergies and fever
• Al-Razi - Pharmacy
• Al-Razi - Ethics of medicine
• Al-Razi - Books and articles on medicine
• Al-Razi - Books on medicine
• Al-Razi - Translations
• Al-Razi - Alchemy
• Al-Razi - The Transmutation of Metals
• Al-Razi - Chemical instruments and substances
• Al-Razi - Hermeticism
• Al-Razi - Major works on alchemy
• Al-Razi - Books on alchemy
• Al-Razi - Philosophy
• Al-Razi - On existence
• Al-Razi - Metaphysics
• Al-Razi - Excerpt from The Philosophical Approach
• Al-Razi - Books on philosophy
• Al-Razi - Quotes from Rhazes
• Al-Razi - Quotes on Rhazes
• Al-Razi - References and further reading

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Geber (Hebrew) (from gabar to be strong)

pl gibborim. Man, with the connotation of might or strength; hence a mighty or strong man. Intimately connected with the word kabbirim (kabiri or kabeiroi), geber has a triple meaning, signifying a mighty spiritual power or being, of angelic character, as well as giants or titans on earth -- the latter the reflection of the former. The planets, likewise, because of their indwelling spiritual angels or rectors, are frequently called by the same name.

See also Gibborim.

(See also: Geber, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

In the Marvel Comics universe, the Gibborim appeared in the Runaways comic book series. In this universe, the Gibborim were an ancient race of six-fingered giants who wished to wipe the Earth clean of humanity. They enlisted six couples in the Los Angeles area to help them in their plan as the Pride. To do this, the Pride would annually murder a young girl in an occult ceremony called the "Rite of Blood" in order to feed her soul to the Gibborim in the subsequent "Rite of Thunder;" this ritual was to be performed for 25 years. As an i ...

See also:

Gebers, Gebers - Appearances in Comic Books, Gebers - Reference

Read more here: » Gebers: Encyclopedia II - Gebers - Appearances in Comic Books

There are a couple of possible theories of origin for the term "gibberish". One says that the basis is in the old word "gibber" which is allied to "jabber". However, "gibberish" was in use before the word "gibber", therefore making this a dubious theory. A better explanation says the word comes from Geber, the name of an Arabian alchemist in the 11th century. He invented a strange terminology so that his works could not be understood by others; more importantly, he could not be accused of heresy, which was punishable by death. "Gibberish" ...

See also:

Gibberish, Gibberish - Gibberish language game, Gibberish - Origin of the term

Read more here: » Gibberish: Encyclopedia II - Gibberish - Origin of the term

Philosopher's stone - Transmutation of metals. The concept apparently originated from the theories of the 8th century Islamic alchemist Geber. He analyzed each Aristotelian element in terms of four basic qualities of hotness, coldness, dryness, and moistness. Thus, fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. He further theorized that every metal was a combination of t ...

See also:

Philosopher's stone, Philosopher's stone - The stone in alchemy, Philosopher's stone - Transmutation of metals, Philosopher's stone - The stone as a spiritual metaphor, Philosopher's stone - Claims and frauds, Philosopher's stone - Edward Kelley, Philosopher's stone - The stone and modern science, Philosopher's stone - The stone in art and entertainment, Philosopher's stone - Novels, Philosopher's stone - Comics, Philosopher's stone - Movies and animations, Philosopher's stone - Musical works, Philosopher's stone - Video and computer games

Read more here: » Philosopher's stone: Encyclopedia II - Philosopher's stone - The stone in alchemy

Philosopher's stone - Transmutation of metals. The concept apparently originated from the theories of the 8th century Islamic alchemist Geber. He analyzed each Aristotelian element in terms of four basic qualities of hotness, coldness, dryness, and moistness. Thus, fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. He further theorized that every metal was a combination of t ...

See also:

Philosopher's stone, Philosopher's stone - The stone in alchemy, Philosopher's stone - Transmutation of metals, Philosopher's stone - The stone as a spiritual metaphor, Philosopher's stone - Claims and frauds, Philosopher's stone - Edward Kelley, Philosopher's stone - The stone and modern science, Philosopher's stone - The stone in art and entertainment, Philosopher's stone - Novels, Philosopher's stone - Comics movies and animations, Philosopher's stone - Musical works, Philosopher's stone - Video and computer games

Read more here: » Philosopher's stone: Encyclopedia II - Philosopher's stone - The stone in alchemy