The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. For instance, some animals have multi-chambered stomachs. Gastrointestinal tract - Basic anatomy. Gastrointestinal tract - The gut. < ...

Including:

• Gastrointestinal tract - Basic anatomy
• Gastrointestinal tract - The gut
• Gastrointestinal tract - Related organs
• Gastrointestinal tract - Physiology
• Gastrointestinal tract - Digestion and excretion
• Gastrointestinal tract - Specialization of organs
• Gastrointestinal tract - Immune function
• Gastrointestinal tract - Uses of gut

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Gastrointestinal tract - The gut. In a normal human adult male, the GI tract is approximately 7 and a half metres long (25 feet) and consists of the following components: Mouth (buccal cavity; includes salivary glands, mucosa, teeth and tongue) Pharynx Esophagus and cardia Stomach, which includes the antrum and pylorus and pyloric sphincter Bowel or intestine: small intestine, which has three parts: duodenum ...

See also:

Gastrointestinal tract, Gastrointestinal tract - Basic anatomy, Gastrointestinal tract - The gut, Gastrointestinal tract - Related organs, Gastrointestinal tract - Physiology, Gastrointestinal tract - Digestion and excretion, Gastrointestinal tract - Specialization of organs, Gastrointestinal tract - Immune function, Gastrointestinal tract - Uses of gut

Read more here: » Gastrointestinal tract: Encyclopedia II - Gastrointestinal tract - Basic anatomy

The endocrine system is a control system of ductless endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones that circulate within the body via the bloodstream to affect distant organs. It does not include exocrine glands such as salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract. The field of medicine that deals with disorders of endocrine glands is endocrinology, a branch of the wider field of internal medicine. Endocrine system - Physiology. The endocrine s ...

Including:

• Endocrine system - Physiology
• Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted
• Endocrine system - In both sexes:
• Endocrine system - In males only
• Endocrine system - In females only
• Endocrine system - Role in disease

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Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Serotonin is believed to play an important part of the biochemistry of depression, migraine, bipolar disorder and anxiety. It is also believed to be influential on sexuality and appetite. The name "serotonin" is something of a misnomer and reflects the circumstances of the compound's discovery. It was initially id ...

Including:

• Serotonin - Biochemistry
• Serotonin - Neurotransmission
• Serotonin - Pharmacology
• Serotonin - Modulating levels of 5-HT
• Serotonin - Antidepressants
• Serotonin - Antiemetics
• Serotonin - Deficiency
• Serotonin - Serotonin syndrome
• Serotonin - See Also

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Vomiting (or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth. Although it probably evolved as a mechanism for expelling ingested poisons, vomiting may result from many causes not related to poisoning, ranging from gastritis to brain tumors, or elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). The feeling that one is about to vomit is called nausea. It usually, but not necessarily, precedes vomiting, but it does not always lead to vomiting. Antiemetics are somet ...

Including:

• Vomiting - Mechanism
• Vomiting - Content
• Vomiting - Causes
• Vomiting - Digestive tract
• Vomiting - Sensory system and brain
• Vomiting - Other
• Vomiting - Related medication
• Vomiting - Emetics
• Vomiting - Antiemetics
• Vomiting - Social implications
• Vomiting - Nausea inducement in groups
• Vomiting - Context
• Vomiting - In language
• Vomiting - In other animals

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Cytochrome P450 oxidase (commonly abbreviated CYP) is a generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, oxidative enzymes (EC 1.14) important in animal physiology. The cytochrome P450 mixed-function monooxygenase system is probably the most important element of Phase I metabolism in animals (metabolism in this context being the chemical modification or degradation of chemicals including drugs and endogenous compounds). Cytochrome P450 sequence homologs have been determined in all lineages of life, including mammals, birds, fish, insects, worms, sea squirts, ...

Including:

• Cytochrome P450 oxidase - Molecular biology
• Cytochrome P450 oxidase - Nomenclature
• Cytochrome P450 oxidase - CYP Families in humans
• Cytochrome P450 oxidase - Other specific CYP functions

Read more here: » Cytochrome P450 oxidase: Encyclopedia - Cytochrome P450 oxidase

Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν anatemnein, to cut up, cut open), is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things. It can be divided into animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytonomy). Major branches of anatomy include comparative anatomy, histology, and human anatomy. Anatomy - Animal anatomy. Including:

• Anatomy - Animal anatomy
• Anatomy - Human anatomy
• Anatomy - Major body systems
• Anatomy - Organs
• Anatomy - Bones in the human skeleton
• Anatomy - Glands
• Anatomy - Tissues
• Anatomy - Externally visible parts of the human body
• Anatomy - Other anatomic terms not classified

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Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme (EC 1.14.99.1) that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane). Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain; this is the method of action of well-known drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Cyclooxygenase - Physiology. See also prostaglandin and eicosanoid for more details COX converts arachidon ...

Including:

• Cyclooxygenase - Physiology
• Cyclooxygenase - Pharmacology
• Cyclooxygenase - Classical NSAIDs
• Cyclooxygenase - Newer NSAIDs

Read more here: » Cyclooxygenase: Encyclopedia - Cyclooxygenase

C6H4(OCOCH3)COOH Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. It has also an anticoagulant (blood thinning) effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks. Low-dose long-term aspirin irreversibly blocks formation of thromboxane A2 in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, and this blood thi ...

Including:

• Aspirin -  Name
• Aspirin - Discovery
• Aspirin - Synthesis of aspirin
• Aspirin - How it works
• Aspirin - Indications
• Aspirin - Contraindications and warnings
• Aspirin - Common side effects
• Aspirin - Overdose

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The liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. It plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including drug detoxification, glycogen storage, and plasma protein synthesis. It also produces bile, which is important for digestion. Medical terms related to the liver often start in hepato- or hepatic from the Greek word for liver, hepar. Liver - Anatomy. The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.0 - 2.5 kilograms, and is a soft, pinkish-brown " ...

Including:

• Liver - Anatomy
• Liver - Surface anatomy
• Liver - Functional anatomy
• Liver - Physiology
• Liver - Diseases of the liver
• Liver - Liver transplantation
• Liver - Development
• Liver - Fetal blood supply
• Liver - Analogous organs
• Liver - Liver as food
• Liver - Cultural allusions

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The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system of the higher life forms that is not consciously controlled. It is commonly divided into two usually antagonistic subsystems: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls such vital functions as heart rate, dilation of the bronchioles and dilation and constriction of the pupil; the digestive tract is controlled almost completely by autonomic mechanisms. Autonomic nervous system - Nomenclature. ...

Including:

• Autonomic nervous system - Nomenclature
• Autonomic nervous system - Function
• Autonomic nervous system - Individual components
• Autonomic nervous system - The Cranial Sympathetics
• Autonomic nervous system - Connections with the Spinal Nerves
• Autonomic nervous system - Development

Read more here: » Autonomic nervous system: Encyclopedia - Autonomic nervous system

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (L.: Ferrum) and atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 metal. Iron is notable for being the final element produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, and thus the heaviest element which does not require a supernova or similarly cataclysmic event for its formation. It is therefore the most abundant heavy metal in the universe. Iron - Notable characteristics. Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth, and is believed to be the tenth most abundant element ...

Including:

• Iron - Notable characteristics
• Iron - Applications
• Iron - History
• Iron - Occurrence
• Iron - Extraction from ore
• Iron - Compounds
• Iron - Biological role
• Iron - Isotopes
• Iron - Precautions

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AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is defined as a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the depletion of the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, commonly called HIV (Marx et al., 1982). Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus' progression in a human patient, there is no known cure. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has b ...

Including:

• AIDS - Infection by HIV
• AIDS - Symptomology
• AIDS - AIDS and HIV case definitions
• AIDS - Clinical symptoms of AIDS
• AIDS - Transmission
• AIDS - Prevention
• AIDS - Prevention of sexual transmission of HIV
• AIDS - Prevention of blood or blood product route of HIV transmission
• AIDS - Mother to child transmission
• AIDS - Treatment
• AIDS - Alternative medicine
• AIDS - HIV test
• AIDS - Epidemiology
• AIDS - Origin of HIV/AIDS
• AIDS - Alternative theories
• AIDS - AIDS News

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Mammalian cytochrome P450 oxidases have about 500 amino acids and a heme (hæm) group at the active site. Most can metabolize multiple substrates, and many can catalyze multiple reactions, which accounts for their central importance in metabolizing the potentially endless variety of endogenous and exogenous molecules. Most animal cytochromes P450 have a cofactor cytochrome P450 reductase and require the nucleoside cofactor NADPH and molecular oxygen (O2) to function. The Human Genome Project has identified 63 hu ...

See also:

Cytochrome P450 oxidase, Cytochrome P450 oxidase - Molecular biology, Cytochrome P450 oxidase - Nomenclature, Cytochrome P450 oxidase - CYP Families in humans, Cytochrome P450 oxidase - Other specific CYP functions

Read more here: » Cytochrome P450 oxidase: Encyclopedia II - Cytochrome P450 oxidase - Molecular biology

As a medical specialty, radiology can be classified into two subfields. Diagnostic radiology is concerned with the use of various imaging modalities to aid in the diagnosis of disease. Radiation therapy uses radiation to treat diseases such as cancer. While originally encompassed within radiology, therapeutic radiology — or, as it is now called, radiation oncology — is now a separate field. Radiologyy is a widely divers religion and s ...

See also:

Radiology, Radiology - Subdivisions, Radiology - Training, Radiology - Diagnostic radiology, Radiology - Plain radiography, Radiology - CT scanning, Radiology - Ultrasound, Radiology - MRI/NMR, Radiology - Nuclear medicine

Read more here: » Radiology: Encyclopedia II - Radiology - Subdivisions

As a medical specialty, radiology can be classified into two subfields. Diagnostic radiology is concerned with the use of various imaging modalities to aid in the diagnosis of disease. Radiation therapy uses radiation to treat diseases such as cancer. While originally encompassed within radiology, therapeutic radiology — or, as it is now called, radiation oncology — is now a separate field. ...

See also:

Radiology, Radiology - Subdivisions, Radiology - Training, Radiology - Diagnostic radiology, Radiology - Plain radiography, Radiology - CT scanning, Radiology - Ultrasound, Radiology - MRI/NMR, Radiology - Nuclear medicine

Read more here: » Radiology: Encyclopedia II - Radiology - Subdivisions

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) can be synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. It is a common experiment performed in organic chemistry labs, and generally tends to produce low yields due to the relative difficulty of its extraction from an aqueous state. ...

See also:

Aspirin, Aspirin -  Name, Aspirin - Discovery, Aspirin - Synthesis of aspirin, Aspirin - How it works, Aspirin - Indications, Aspirin - Contraindications and warnings, Aspirin - Common side effects, Aspirin - Overdose

Read more here: » Aspirin: Encyclopedia II - Aspirin - Synthesis of aspirin

In a piece of research for which he was awarded both a Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1982 and a knighthood, John Robert Vane, who was then employed by the Royal College of Surgeons in London, showed in 1971 that aspirin suppresses the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This happens because cyclooxygenase, an enzyme which participates in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, is irreversibly inhibited when aspirin acetylates it. This makes aspirin different from other NSAIDS (such as diclofenac and ibu ...

See also:

Aspirin, Aspirin -  Name, Aspirin - Discovery, Aspirin - Synthesis of aspirin, Aspirin - How it works, Aspirin - Indications, Aspirin - Contraindications and warnings, Aspirin - Common side effects, Aspirin - Overdose

Read more here: » Aspirin: Encyclopedia II - Aspirin - How it works

The endocrine system links the brain to the organs that control body metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction. Signal transduction of some hormones with steroid structure involves nuclear hormone receptor proteins that are a class of ligand activated proteins that, when bound to specific sequences of DNA serve as on-off switches for transcription within the cell nucleus. These switches control the development and differentiation of skin, bone and behavioral centers in the brain, as well as th ...

See also:

Endocrine system, Endocrine system - Physiology, Endocrine system - Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted, Endocrine system - In both sexes:, Endocrine system - In males only, Endocrine system - In females only, Endocrine system - Role in disease

Read more here: » Endocrine system: Encyclopedia II - Endocrine system - Physiology